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Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Polygeneration and CO2 Capture
Li Zheng, Ni Weidou
Tsinghua BP Clean Energy Research & Education Center
August 23rd, Beijing
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Outline
Energy challenges China is facing: strongly related with coal
Polygeneration could be a comprehensive way to solve China’s energy problem
Polygeneration and CO2 capture
Conclusions
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Statistics of China Energy
Primary energy in China
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
bil. tce
Coal fraction in total energy mix
50
60
70
80
90
100
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
coal fraction / %
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
million toe
oil NG hydel nuclear
1.5
1
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Current and future energy mix of China
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
0
12
3
4
56
7
8
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
year
100Mt
demand China prodn.
Increasing Dependence on Oil Import
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Energy intensities (GDP @ market exchange rates)
2.408
0.861
0.6410.491
0.4090.293 0.287 0.234 0.221 0.202 0.183 0.12 0.104
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
FSU
Chi
na
Indi
a
Non
-OEC
D
Sout
h K
orea
Bra
zil
Wor
ld
Mex
ico
USA
OEC
D
EU-1
5
Hon
g K
ong
Japa
n
toe per $1000 GDP (2000$ mkt fx)
8.3 times of Japan
4.3 times of OECD
3.9 times of USA
1.3 times of India
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
China’s CO2 emission: 2nd place and increase fast
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
年份
CO2 / Mt
US/美国 China/中国 Russia/俄罗斯 Japan/日本
Source: IEO2004, EIA/DOE
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
CO2 emission from power and transportation @2001
total CO2 emission: 3050 Mtcoal: 2340 Mt, 76.8%
oil: 640 Mt tons, 21.1%
coal power: 50.9% of total coal consumption, CO2=1190 Mt
transportation: total=148 Mtgasoline: 14.2Mt, CO2=52 Mt
diesel: 26.7Mt, CO2=97Mt
CO2 emission: Power : transportation=8:1
Sources: IEO2004, EIA/DOE,中国能源统计年鉴2004
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Coal vs Energy challenges China is facing
Energy securityespecially import oil dependency
Energy efficiency improvement
Environment pollutionSOx,NOx,dust
mercury, inspirable particulates
GHG emission
coal dominant
coal expected to help
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Polygeneration: a promising comprehensive solution
Coal
Direct
burning
Acid rain, particulate, CO2
Element S
Gasification island
Clean syngas
Liquid fuel synthesis
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
production
CO2
CO2 sequestration
Future hydrogen economy
Other chemical products
Alternative vehicle fuels
Alternative LPG
Used in urban
Town gas
Clean and
high-efficiency
power generation
Fuel cell car
Coal
Direct
burning
Acid rain, particulate, CO2
Element S
Gasification island
Clean syngas
Liquid fuel synthesis
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
production
CO2
CO2 sequestration
Future hydrogen economy
Other chemical products
Alternative vehicle fuels
Alternative LPG
Used in urban
Town gas
Clean and
high-efficiency
power generation
Fuel cell car
Coal
Direct
burning
Acid rain, particulate, CO2
Element S
Gasification island
Clean syngas
Liquid fuel synthesis
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
production
CO2
CO2 sequestration
Future hydrogen economy
Other chemical products
Alternative vehicle fuels
Alternative LPG
Used in urban
Town gas
Clean and
high-efficiency
power generation
Fuel cell car
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Polygeneration: a comprehensive solution
Ease the pressure for energy resource: due to higher efficiency to co-produce multi-products; use high sulfur coalEase and buffer shortage of liquid fuel: large scale production of alternative fuels as methanol, DME, F-T liquid and hydrogenSuperior environmental behavior: eliminating conventional pollutants completely, less incremental cost for heavy metals and inspirable dustUltimate clean energy solution for small town and rural area:
To provide clean town gas for urban areas with no NG supplyTo provide DME as an alternative to and using the infrastructureof LPG for distributed small towns and rural areas
Meet future CO2 reduction requirement:the coal gasification based systems can be easily shifted to CO2capture with less incremental costIt is also easier and cheaper to change into H2 production
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Polygeneration and CO2 reduction
Polygeneration by its nature can make the CO2capture easy
Different polygeneration configurations could meet time progressive CO2 reduction needs
Polygeneration can reduce CO2 with less efficiency penalty and less incremental capital cost
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
WTT CO2 emission of different coal-derived fuels
0.0E+00
8.0E-02
1.6E-01
2.4E-01
3.2E-01
11-G
PME
OH
+Tan
12-L
PME
OH
+Tan
13-H
2+G
as
14-H
2+Pi
pe
15-H
2+LH
2
16-H
2+H
ybri
de
17-L
PDM
E18
-300
kt/y
MeO
H
19-1
20kt
/y M
eOH
20-4
0kt/y
MeO
H
CO2 emission kg/MJ
Transportation subsystem Refueling subsystem Production subsystem
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1-GPM
EOH+IGCC+T
ank
2-Po
lyGPM
EOH+T
ank
3-LP
MEOH+T
ank
4-PL
PMEOH+T
ank
5-SL
PMEO
H+T
ank
6-Po
lyH2+
Gas7-
PolyH
2+Pi
pe8-
PolyH
2+LH
29-
PolyH
2+Hyb
ride
10-P
olyLP
DME
Efficiency %
CO2 emission of oil (~10-13g/MJ)
1-GPMeOH+IGCC2-Parallel polygeneration, recycle 3-LPMeOH+IGCC4-Parallel polygeneration, once-through5-Series polygeneration, once-through
How can coal based system be competitive with
oil in CO2?
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Polygeneration by its nature can make the CO2 capture easy
Coal
SyngasGenerator
Combined/HybridCycle
O2
Ash/PM MercuryPure Sulfur
Dilute CO2
Slag
Concentrated CO2
Chemical Process
MeOH DME F-T Liquid
Heavy Oil
Petro Coke
Ethanol
Gas Adjustment
Cleaning
Bypass
Recycle (Optional)
+
Hydrogen
Biomass
Wastes
Natural Gas
ASUAir N2
Gas Production and Preparation Section
Fuels or Chemicals Production Section
Power Generation Section
PolygerationCarbon CMeOH
CO2 concentrated
CO2 in flue gas
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Power-MeOH Polygenerationwith CO-rich gas and in once-through mode (no shift)
Conc. CO2 out: 14.7%
dilu. CO2 out: 74%
Assume MeOH_CO2=10g/MJ Elec_CO2=221.7 g /MJ
Pure elec_CO2=222-250g/MJ
CO2_reduction=11%
η=46.8%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Power-MeOH Polygenerationwith H2-rich gas and in once-through mode (w. shift)
SHIFT
Conc. CO2 out:58.9%
dilu. CO2 out: 31.5%
Assume MeOH_CO2=10g/MJ
Elec_CO2= 114 g/MJ
Pure elec_CO2=222-250g/MJCO2_reduction=48.7-54.4%
η=39.73%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Coal to MeOH with shift and recycle
108 g CO2/MJ Concentrated CO2 out 102 g/MJ
Diluted CO2 out 6 g/MJ
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Four steps for polygeneration development--meeting time progressive CO2 reduction needs by different
configurations
1. By increasing IGCC efficiency
2. Co-production of power and high value added chemicals or fuels
e.g. Power + Methanol
3. CO2 recovery from power and/or hydrogen productionCO2 capture in H2 production from coal gasification
CO2 capture from IGCC plant
CO2 capture from IGCC+H2 production
4. Hybrid cycle with SOFC to increase efficiency further
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
To Increase IGCC efficiency
coal IGCC without CO2 capture
Diluted CO2180~190 gCO2/MJ
Electricity
η=52.49%
by using
•9H gas turbine
•dry powder coal gasification
•high temperature dry cleaningCO2 reduced by 15-25% than supercritical PC plant
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Co-production of power and methanol
coal Power+MeOHw/o shift
Diluted CO2, 74%221.7 gCO2/MJ
MEOH
Electricity
Concentrated CO2, 14.7%
coal Power+MeOHw. shift
Diluted CO2, 31.5%114.0 gCO2/MJ
MEOH
Electricity
Concentrated CO2, 58.9%
η=46.8% (LHV) CO2 reduced by 11% than supercritical PC plant
η=39.7% (LHV) CO2 reduced by 49-54% than supercritical PC plant
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
CO2 recovery from power and/or hydrogen production
coal Power+H2Power ratio 0%
Diluted CO2, 10~18%8.4~28.6 gCO2/MJ
H2
Concentrated CO2, 82~90%
coal Power+H2Power ratio 50%
Diluted CO2, 9%16.6 gCO2/MJ
H2
Electricity
Concentrated CO2, 91%
CO2 reduced by 92.5~93.3%
CO2 reduced by 87.1~96.6%
coal IGCC with CO2 capture
Diluted CO230.8 gCO2/MJ
E
CO2 reduced by 86.1~87.7%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Hybrid cycle with SOFC to increase efficiency further
coal SOFC CO2capture w/o shift
Diluted CO2, 20%34.6 gCO2/MJ
Electricity
Concentrated CO2, 80%reduced by 84.4-86.1%
coal SOFC CO2capture w. shift
Diluted CO2, 5.7%9.94 gCO2/MJ
Electricity
Concentrated CO2, 94.3%reduced by 95.5-96%
coal SOFC CO2 capture w. 50% power
Diluted CO2, 3.9%6.4 gCO2/MJ
H2
Electricity
Concentrated CO2, 96.1%reduced by 97.1-97.5%
coal SOFC hybridw/o CO2 capture
flue gas CO2155-160 gCO2/MJ
Electricity
CO2 reduced by 28-38%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
CO2 reduction by increasing energy efficiency of power generation
� � � � � � IGCC SOFC��� �0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
��
��
(LH
V�
%)
39� 4551� 52.5
60� 65
� � � � � � IGCC SOFC��� �0
50
100
150
200
250
300
��
��
��
(gC
O2/M
J) 222� 250
180� 190� � � 15%� 25% 155� 160
� � � 28%� 38%
PC plant IGCC SOFC Hybrid PC plant IGCC SOFC Hybrid
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Efficiency penalty and incremental capital cost for CO2reduction
SCP IGCC SOFC77 SOFC930
10
20
30
40
50
60
Gen
erat
ing
effic
ienc
y (L
HV
,%) Before reducing
After reducing
41.6
28.3
52.5
42.6
64.5 64.556.957.2
SCP IGCC SOFC77 SOFC930
100
200
300
400
500
128.66
52.96
209.32
526.53
Cap
ital c
ost (
RM
B/to
nne
CO
2)
Capacity factor 85%
7.67.39.913.3∆η
SOFC93SOFC77IGCCSCP
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Conclusions
Polygeneration is a promising comprehensive solution for energy challenges China is facing
CO2 emission from coal power is 8 times higer than that of transportation and has characters of large scale and central emission. Therefore, CO2 reduction from coal power should be the major start point.
Polygeneration by its nature can make the CO2 capture easy
Different polygeneration configurations could meet time progressive CO2 reduction needs
Polygeneration can reduce CO2 with less efficiency penalty and less incremental capital cost
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
backup slides
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Example 2: 600 MW IGCC plant with HT dry cleaning, w/o CO2 capture
Diluted CO2 180~190 gCO2/MJ
Efficiency 52.5% (LHV)
CO2 emission less than supercritical plant 15~25%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
600 MW IGCC plant with HT dry cleaning, w. CO2 capture
Diluted CO2 :180~190 gCO2/MJ
Efficiency:52.5% (LHV)
CO2 emission less than supercritical plant 15~25%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
600 MW IGCC plant with ambient temp. cleaning, w/o CO2 capture
HP BFW
A
COS
MDEA CLAUS/SCOT
Shell
HP
HPA
IP
IP
HP BFW
LP
LPLP
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Power+MeOH production witn CO-rich syngas once through
Selexol
CO2
BFW
TC
L P HPIP
B
B
BFW
C
C
110
LP
IP HP
COS
Diluted CO2:74%,221.7 gCO2/MJ
Efficiency 46.8% (LHV)
CO2 emission less than supercritical plant 11%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Power+MeOH production with shift reactor
Selexol
CO2
BFW
WGS
TC
L P HPIP
B
B
BFW
C1
C
110
LP
IP HP
C2
C1 C2
Diluted CO2:31.5%,114 gCO2/MJ
Efficiency 46.8% (LHV)
CO2 emission less than supercritical plant 11%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
IGCC+H2 production with different power fraction
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
减排CO2的煤气化SOFC混合循环
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
减排CO2的煤气化SOFC混合循环(带水煤气变换)
Shell
/
EXP
SOFC阳极阴极
B
A
HP
IP
IPLP LP
BC
A
HP
HTS
LTS
C
K.O.CO2
CO2
G
1
23
45
6
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
能量效率和二氧化碳排放对比总结
� � � � � � IGCC SOFC��� �0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
��
��
(LH
V�
%)
39� 4551� 52.5
60� 65
� � � � � � IGCC SOFC��� �0
50
100
150
200
250
300
��
��
��
(gC
O2/M
J) 222� 250
180� 190� � � 15%� 25% 155� 160
� � � 28%� 38%
PC plant IGCC SOFC Hybrid PC plant IGCC SOFC Hybrid
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
采用常温净化系统的煤气化SOFC混合循环电厂(无补燃,单压SOFC结构)
HP BFW
A
COS
MDEA CLAUS/SCOT
Shell
A
HP
HP
IP
IP
HP BFW
LP LP
EXP
阳极
阴极
燃烧
室
回热器
SOFC
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
CO2 reduction rates of different configurations
Diluted CO2 87%201 gCO2/MJ(MeOH+Power)
Electricity from 40% coal power plant 235 gCO2/MJCO2 reduction for electricity about 15%
CoalElectricity
MeOH
Concentrated CO2 13%
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Analysis of power plants with CO2 mitigation (contd.)
CO2 mitigation cost ($/ton C)
96.5
208.8209.5
310.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
NGCC Coal-SCS Coal-USC IGCC
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Analysis of power plants with CO2 mitigation (contd.)
Efficiency (% HHV)
43.142.740.5
53.6
373128.9
43.3
0102030405060
NGCC Coal-SCS Coal-USC IGCC
CO2 VentedCO2 Captured
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Analysis of power plants with CO2 mitigation (contd.)
CO2 mitigation cost ($/ton C)
96.5
208.8209.5
310.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
NGCC Coal-SCS Coal-USC IGCC
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Coal Gasification System Ready for Large-Scale H2 production and Utilization
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Coal Gasification is the Core of Future New Thermal Cycles
When coupled with High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), the efficiency of IGCC-SOFC could be up to 60%~65%.SOFC has the similar function like Water Gas Shift for increasing CO2 concentration in syngas
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
General Conclusions
According to the projection of energy demand and supply, coal will still play the dominant role (50%~60% in 2050)
Coal utilization will contribute about 70%~75% of CO2 in China (at present 76.8%)
Coal mainly will be used for power generation in future (up to 80%, at present about 45~50%)
It means coal fired power plants will contribute 60% or more CO2 of total
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Genetic characteristics of polygeneration system
Heritage of all environmental virtues of IGCCSOx, NOx, dust, Mercury
Simplicity and higher efficiencyonce through→reduce the size and energy consumption of recycling
CO-rich gas synthesis →saving shift reactor
more flexibility for balancing energy recovery and simplicity of the system
Nature of easy CO2 captureconcentrated CO2+diluted CO2
meets time progressive CO2 reduction requirements by different configuration (e.g. w. or w/o shift reactor)
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
Conclusions
Polygeneration has the nature of easy CO2 captureDifferent configurations could meet time-progressive CO2 reduction demand and can evolve up to near zero CO2 system.When coupled with CO2 sequestration, coal derived synthetic fuels has the prospect to be competitive with other fuels.Polygeneration is the sustainable, technically consistent, technologically realistic, economically beneficial, and ecologically friendly way for CO2 mitigation, capture, and further sequestration. It is really the most important strategy in China.
Prof. Li Zheng, Tsinghua CEC
END
Thank you!