Polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals of astrophysical interest, i

P O L Y A T O M I C M O L E C U L E S , M O L E C U L A R I O N S , AND

R A D I C A L S OF A S T R O P H Y S I C A L I N T E R E S T , I*

M A R K A N D E Y S I N G H and JAI P R A K A S H C H A T U R V E D I

Department of Physics, University of Gorakhpur, India

(Received 19 April, 1989)

Abstract. This paper has been devoted to basic molecular studies of polyatomics. A critical analysis of the 356 available references in literature has been made to select 98 polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing three, four, and five atoms of astrophysical significance. The results have been arranged in a text-cure-tabular form. The compilation contains various information for each molecule, such as the spectral region, transition levels, astrophysical objects, where the respective molecules have been detected (say, comet, meteorite, Sun, planet, star, interstellar matter, interstellar cloud, molecular cloud, interstellar space, Galaxy, etc.).

A few important areas of active research in laboratory astrophysics have also been identified in this article: laboratory astrophysics, molecular cloud chemistry, isotopic abundance, planetary and cometary atmospheres through satellites. Seventy-five new polyatomic molecules (containing three, four, and five atoms) of astrophysical significance have also been listed.

1. Introduction

In many problems involving the estimation of the physical condition (viz., temperature, pressure, density, and abundance) of the emitter, in various cosmic sources, it is desirable to have a knowledge of the astrophysical objects where the respective molecules have been detected.

Spectra of astrophysical origin are due to conditions which are usually widely different from those normally existing in terrestrial sources. Variation in pressure, temperature, concentration - one or more of these - will give rise to differences in spectra. Attempts have been made to simulate these conditions in the laboratory with a view to identifying the spectra of astrophysical sources and studying mechanism that leads to a particular spectrum. Our knowledge of extra-terrestrial sources is solely through the study of the radiation, we receive from them. The spectroscopic features of this radiation, compared with those of terrestrial sources lead to the identification of the emitter and also to the structure and composition of the celestial source and the analysis of this radiation gives also information about the mass, size, pressure, temperature, magnetic field, and motion of extra-terrestrial bodies as well as the intervening space. However, these conditions are very often different from those normally existing on the Earth. This lead to changes in the spectral features and line intensities and the consequent difficulty in identification. It has been found that, by a suitable adjustment of the experimental conditions, spectra occurring in extra-terrestrial sources can also be produced in the laboratory. Different temperatures and pressures, at which matter astrophysical sources exists, are responsi- ble for the observation of spectra of simple polyatomic and diatomic molecules or

* Astrophysics and Space Science Review Paper I.

Astrophysics and Space Science 162: 251-278, 1989. �9 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium.

252 MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI

radicals, their ions and neutral atoms as well as their ions (sometimes a dozen or more

electrons removes). For purposes of identification it is, therefore, necessary to obtain

these spectra in the laboratory and compare the two sets.

Study of the laboratory spectra and determination of atomic and molecular constants

are also often helpful in identification of a spectrum of astrophysical origin even though

the actual transition involved may not be obtained in the laboratory - one can build the

spectrum from the constants determined and then compare the two. Moreover,

knowledge of the constants can be used in explaining abundances or absence of certain species.

A critical analysis of the available literature regarding their identification of 98

polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals (containing three, four, and five

atoms) in tabular form according to molecular weight are given in Tables I, II, and III .

The references of each of the tables are given in separate.

TABLE I

Molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing three atoms of astrophysical interest

1. H3 +

(i) Parameter: MW = 3.024 (ii) Identification:

(49) Molecular clouds. (125) IRC+ 10216. (17) Jupiter (atmosphere), interstellar clouds.

2. H2D +

(i) Parameter: MW = 4.034

(ii) Identification: (179) Radio astronomical objects. (128) The (1 lo ~ 1 ~1) transition in NGC 2264 and in interstellar clouds.

3. CH~


(ii) Identification : (49) Molecular clouds. (115,116) Diffuse interstellar clouds.

4. CH 2


(ii) Identification: (49, 116) Molecular clouds, interstellar clouds. (58) Stars (C-rich). (85) Cometary atmospheres. (76, 77, 113, 118, 145) Stars (R, N, several late N-type) comets. (20) IRC+ 10216, circumstellar envelope.

5. NH 2


MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 253

Table I (continued)

(ii) Identification : (18, 145, 146) Comet (V). (85, 147) Cometary spectra, cometary atmospheres. (112) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere). (116) Interstellar clouds. (114, 118) Comet (head) at 26618 ~, 26967 ~, and 27350 ~. (174) Comet West 1975 n (head at 25703).

6. H20 +


(ii) Identification: (18, 37) Comet (V, 222.5-5 #). (49) Molecular clouds. (85) Cometary atmospheres. (114) Comet (heat, tail). (116, 117) Interstellar clouds, interstellar medium. (148) Comet (tail) (0, 7, 0) at 26542 A, (0, 6, 0) at 26987 ]~, (0, 5, 0) at 27468 ]~. (80, 81) Comet Kohoutek (optical range). (52) Interstellar clouds. (171) Komet Kohoutek comet (V). (138) Interstellar medium. (174) Comet Kohoutek 1973 XII (tail), (0, 10, 0) at 25489 A, (0, 9, 0) at 25799 .~; comet West 1975,

(head).

7. H20


(ii) Identification: (30, 32, 74, 82, 83, 107) M33, IC342, NGC 253, NGC 4945, NGC 3079, NGC 6240, NGC 1068,

NGC 3034, NGC 4258, NGC 6946. (119) W49N, W51, Sgr B2. (164) Dark clouds. (132) Late-type stars. (139) Towards p Ophiuchi. (163) Miras (21.35 cm). (141) Central star (Maser). (142) Z Cygni, M8, lightning spectrum (224660-8900 ~). (145) Abundance of gases matter in Earth (atmosphere, (1-10) • 10- 3 kg cm - z), Venus (atmosphere,

10-2 kg cm-2), and in Mars (atmosphere, (0.5-2.5) x 10-6 kg cm-2). (21, 31) R, 21.3 cm and 21.4 cm in 1968 by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group (isotopic

species, i.e., HDO and H z 180. (87, 100) Stellar shell (maser), Cep A (HII regions). (45, 59) Protostellar gas cloud, HII region, Sgr B2. (52, 63, 65) Interstellar cloud. (14) Comet Bowell (1982 I), Comet Cernis (1983 XII). (71, 167) Atmospheric spectrum (100-300 GHz), stratosphere (spectrum). (58, 156) Stars (O-rich, C-rich). (149) Stellar atmospheres. (150) Jupiter (spectrum) (25 # regions). (27) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 cm- 1). (13, 15, 18, 37, 40, 91, 92, 93, 170) The 616--523 line in comet 1983d, radio observations in comet

IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII), comet (R) (222.5-5 p).

254

Table I (continued)

MARKANDEY S1NGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI

(39, 50) Comet Bradfield 1974 IIl, comet Halley. (49, 67) Molecular clouds. (10, 72, 73, 112) Jupiter, Earth (atmosphere). (85, 114) Comet (head, atmosphere). (115, 116, 137) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (10, 71, 110, 135, 176) Sunspot, umbra (spectrum) (Do ~ = 5.10 eV, transitions f~, X bands v.r.s.). (23, 24, 38, 53, 120, 145, 148, 172, 173, 176) Comet (head), Venus, Mars, Earth (atmospheres).

8. HDO


(ii) Identification: (7, 9) Earth's atmosphere (absorption spectrum). (27) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 era- 1). (145) Earth (atmosphere), Sun (spectrum). (167) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratospheric (spectrum).

9. C2H


(ii) Identification: (58, 156) Stars (C-rich). (69, 90, 124, 125) IRC + 10216, TMC-1. (85) Cometary atmospheres. (115, 116) Diffuse interstellar clouds, in interstellar clouds. (31) R. (86, 99) IRC+ 10216 (N = 1-0 at 87 GHz, 4010 and 4108 cm-~ (22.4 ~tm) show strong electronic

bands). (157) Molecular clouds and in interstellar space.

10. C~D


(ii) Identification: (165) Orion. (33, 166) Interstellar clouds.

11. HCN


(ii) Identification: (21, 31) R, 22.1 mm and 23.4 mm in 1970 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO group (isotopic

species, i.e., DCN, HI3CN, HCISN). (131) Stars (C-rich, 23 gin). (122) Stars (S-type, C/O ~ 1), planetary nebula, NGC 7027. (129, 143) M82, NGC 253. (20, 43, 44, 70, 123,124, 125, 183) IRC + 10216, interstellar medium, Stellar envelopes (O-rich, C-rich,

like NML Tau), OH 231.8 + 4.2, IRC + 10420. (60, 96, 111,126, 175,182) Interstellar clouds, Orion-KL, Spike of KL in the region of OMC1, carbon

stars (late-type), IRC + 10216. (44, 70, 95, 98,109, 154, 161) OH 231.8 + 4.2 (J = 1-0), bipolar envelope, O-rich objects, C-rich objects

(isotopic species, i,e., H13CN), stars (bipolar AGB, M-type). (37, 39, 40, 46, 47, 50, 64, 68, 84, 122, 133,156, 184) Comet Halley (J = 1 --* 0 at 88.6 GHz, ~,~2.5-12 #),

Comet Kohoutek 1973III, comets (by radio observations), 30circumstellar envelopes (J = 1 ~ 0), stars (C-rich), AFGL 2233, IRC + 10401.


Table I (continued)

(27, 167) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 cm-1), atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz). (42, 61, 69, 88, 90, 105, 106, 115, 116, 149) Interstellar medium, TMC-1, interstellar clouds, diffuse

interstellar medium, dark clouds, interstellar space, interstellar dark clouds, stellar atmospheres, diffuse interstellar clouds.

(18, 22, 51, 80, 85, 89, 91, 112, 114, 145,148, 155) Jupiter, Saturn (atmospheres), comet (atmosphere, head), stars (R-, N-type), carbon stars (atmospheres, N-type), comet (R region).

(16) Jupiter (221800-2200 ~).

12. HNC


(ii) Identification : (25, 69, 90, 105) Interstellar space, TMC-1, interstellar clouds (isotopic species, i.e., HNI3C). (31) R, 23.3 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO group (isotopic species, i.e., DNC,

HNI3C, and H~SNC).

13. DCN


(ii) Identification: (180) Interstellar clouds. (31) R, 22.1 mm and 24.4 mm in 1972 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by BTI group.

14. DNC


(ii) Identification: (21) R, 23.3 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO.

15. COH §


(ii) Identification: (159) Sgr B2. (28) Interstellar medium. (31) R.

16. HOC +


(ii) Identification : (41) Interstellar medium. (179) Radio astronomical objects.

17. CHO +


(ii) Identification: (85) Cometary atmospheres.

18. CHO



256

Table I (continued)

MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI

19. HCO +


(ii) Identification : (130, 143) NGC 253, M82. (68, 69) TMC-1 (212-1m). (60, 96, 111,126, 175) Spike of KL region of OMC-1. (96, 109) IRC+ 10216. (42, 57, 90, 108, 115, 140) Interstellar medium, interstellar matter, L 134N, Bok 335, TMC-1, inter-

stellar clouds, diffuse interstellar clouds. (26, 48, 75, 116, 168, 169) Interstellar space, molecular clouds (line at 89190 MHz), interstellar clouds. (31) R (isotopic species, i.e., DCO +, H13CO+, HC180+).

20. HCO


(ii) Identification : (67) Molecular clouds. (149) Stellar atmospheres. (31) R.

21. N2H +


(ii) Identification: (48, 75, 105, 168, 169) Interstellar clouds, TMC-1. (66, 152, 158) Molecular clouds, interstellar space. (31) R (isotopic species, i.e., N2D+).

22. DCO §


(ii) Identification: (68) TMC-1. (127) OMC-1. (108) L 134N, Bok 335.

23. N2D +


(ii) Identification: (21) R.

24. HNO


(ii) Identification: (41) Interstellar medium, (31) R.

25. HO2


(ii) Identification: (167) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratosphere (spectrum).


Table I (continued)

26. H2S


(ii) Identification: (43, 44, 123, 183) IRC+ 10216. (31) R, 21.8 mm in 1972 by NARO 36 ft telescope by NASA/BTI group. (160) Towards OH 231.8 + 4.2. (62, 149, 151, 156) Interstellar medium, molecular clouds, stellar atmospheres, stars (O-rich). (112) Jupiter, Saturn (atmospohere). (16, 34, 37) Comet (222.5-5 #), Venus, Jupiter (221800-2200 ,~).

27. C 3


(ii) Identifieation : (52, 85, 116) Interstellar clouds, comet (atmosphere). (145, 147) Comet (head), stars (R-, N-types), comet (spectrum). (11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 55, 114, 136, 148) Comet (223950-4150,~.), comet (head), i.e., trans. 3~_ ~Z at

223880-4100 ~, ~Z - ~ at 223970-4070 A, ~ - ~ at 224020-4070 ~; the most conspicous being at 24540 ~.

28. C2N


(ii) Identification: (58) Stars (C-rich).

29. NaOH



30. C20


(ii) Identification: (90) Transition 5(4)-4(3) in TMC-1, interstellar clouds.

31. MgOH


(ii) Identification : (156) Stars (O-rich).

32. c o y


(ii) Identification : (18, 36, 54, 85, 145) Comet (UV, V) Venus (ionosphere), Mars, comet (atmospheres). (56, 114, 136, 148) Comet Kohoutek 1973 XII (tail), (i.e., trans. 2 z _ 27r ' (1, 0) at 23378 A, (0, 0) at

23509 A, (0, 1) at 23674 A). (56) Comet West (22890 A). (53, 55, 56) Trans. (B - X) in comet (222880-2900 A). (35) Halley-type comet (inner coma) (i.e., production rate Qr~2o ~ 2 • 1029 molecule s - 1).

258

Table I (continued)


33. CO 2


(ii) Identification: (1, 2, 3, 16) Mars, Venus (spectrum). (37, 50, 58, 156, 170) Comet (222.5-5 #), comet Halley (222.5-12/~), stars (O-rich, C-rich). (67, 78, 79, 85, 101,102, 103, 116, 120, 121,144, 145, 149) Molecular clouds, cometary atmospheres,

Earth (atmosphere), interstellar clouds, comet, stars (atmospheres), comet (nucleus), cometary spectra (222000-2200 ~.), Sun (spectrum), Mars, Venus (ionosphere), abundance of gases matter in Earth (atmosphere, 0.5 x 10- 3 kg c m - 2), Venus (atmosphere, (95 + 25) kg c m - 2), Mars (atmosphere, (1.4 ___ 0.2) x 10 -2 kg cm -2) (isotopic species, i.e., 13CO2, 12C160180).

(53, 54, 55, 172, 173) Comet (nucleus) cometary spectra (222000-2200 ~). (135) Photosphere (spectrum).

34. NzO


(ii) Identification: (134) Comets. (6, 8, 9, 16, 27, 135, 144, 145, 167) Sun (spectrum), Earth (atmosphere, 200-300 GHz), Venus,

stratosphere (spectrum, 20-84 c m - 1 ).

35. HCS +


(ii) Identification: (33) R. (69, 90) Line (212-101) in dark cloud TMC-1.

36. NO 2


(ii) Identification: (16) Venus.

(167) Stratosphere (spectrum).

37. O 3


(ii) Identification: (4, 5, 16, 27, 104, 167,177, 178, 181) Earth (atmosphere), Venus, stratospheric spectrum (20-84 c m - 1 ). (29,145, 167) Upper atmosphere of Earth (200-300 GHz), stratosphere (spectrum) (isotopic species,

i.e., 16017Ot80, 160160170, 160180170, 160160180) `

38. SiC 2


(ii) Identification: (149, 156) Star (atmosphere), stars (C-rich). (58, 69, 124, 125, 153, 162, 183) Stars (C-rich), IRC+ 10216 (abundance relative to H z = 1 x I0 - to).

39. HOC1


MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES~ I 259

Table I (continued)

(ii) Identification: (167) Stratosphere (spectrum), atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz) (isotopic species, i.e., HO37Cl).

40. OCS


(ii) Identification: (16) Venus. (37) Comet (222.5-5#). (90) J = 7 ~ 6 (dark clouds, L 134N). (21, 31) R, 22.5 mm and 22.7 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by BTI/Columbia group. (167) Stratosphere (spectrum), atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz).

41. SO2


(ii) Identification : (16, 37, 90, 115) Venus, comet (222.5-5 #), dark clouds, interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (43, 70, 109, 183) IRC + 10216, massive bipolar envelope, objects (O-rich). (60, 96, 111, 126, 175) Spike of KL region of OMC-1. (120, 167) Venus (ionosphere), stratosphere (spectrum). (97, 159) Sgr B2, Orion. (31) R (isotopic species, i.e., 34802).

42. CS~


(ii) Identification: (37, 55, 94) Comets (nucleus), comet (222.5-5/0.

43. TiO2


(ii) Identification: (156) Stars (O-rich).

44. TiF 2


(ii) Identification : (156) Stars (O-rich).

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260

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and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 431.

262

Table I (continued)


86. Huggins, P. J., Glassgold, A. E., and Morris, M.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 279, 284. 87. Hughes, V. A.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 298, 830. 88. Huntress, W. T., Jr. and Anicich, V. G.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, 237. 89. Irvine, W. M. et al.: 1984, Icarus 60, 215. 90. Irvine, W. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

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SP-393, p. 272. 94. Jackson, W. M. et al.: 1982, Astron. Astrophys. 107, 385. 95. Jewell, P. R., Schenewerk, M. S., and Snyder, L. E.: 1989 (in prep.). 96. Johansson, L. E. B., Andertsson, C., Ellder, J., Friberg, P., Hjalmarson, A., Hoglund, B., Irvine, W. M.,

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D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 305. 106. Lrger, A. and d'Hendecourt, L.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry,

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Co., Dordrecht, Holland.

MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, 1 263

Table I (continued)

125. Omont, A.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 357.

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Dordrecht, Holland, p. 205. 160. Ukita, N. and Morris, M.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 121, 15. 161. Vardya, M. S.: 1966, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soe. 134, 347. 162. Vardya, M. S.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astroehemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

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264

Table 1 (continued)


165. Vrtilek, J. M., Gottlieb, C. A., Langer, W. D., Thaddeus, P., and Wilson, R. W.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 296, L35.

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Dordrecht, Holland, p. 311. 181. Wulf, O. R.: 1935, J. Opt. Soc. 25, 231. 182. Ziurys, L. M. and Turner, B. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry,

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TABLE II

Molecules, molecular ion, and radicals containing four atoms of astrophysical interest

1. CH;


(ii) Identification : (30, 76) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds, TMC-1. (37, 75) Molecular clouds, diffuse interstellar clouds. (56) Cometary atmospheres.

2. CH3


(ii) Identification: (5) Jupiter's spectrum (221800-2200 A). (40) Stars (C-rich). (56) Cometary atmospheres. (67) TMC-I. (73) Jupiter, Saturn (atmospheres). (76) Interstellar clouds.


Table H (continued)

3. NH 3


(ii) Identification : (14, 21) R, 21.3 cm in 1961 and in 1968 by Hat Greek 20 ft by telescope by Berkeley group (isotopic

species, i.e., NH2D and 15NH2). (12) The (1, 1) band in 100 dark clouds. (24, 25, 27, 38, 88, 101, 102) Comets, Halley comet (222.5-12#). (1, 3, 20, 22, 33, 46, 47, 55, 62, 63, 73, 77, 82, 88, 90, 91, 107) Saturn, Venus, Jupiter, Jovian

(atmosphere). (4) Inversion line (3, 3) in comet 1983d (radio observations), comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII). (92) Jupiter's spectrum (25 # regions). (6) Kleinmann-Low nebula. (7) R, comet. (8) Supernova remnant. (9, 13, 31, 32, 78, 79, 80) v band at 210.5 gm (carbon-rich sources, IRC+ 10216). (44, 60, 70, 81, 106) 'Spike' of KL region of OMC-1. (54) Line (212-1oa) in TMC-1. (56, 58) Cometary, planetary (atmosphere). (59, 65, 75) The (1, 1) band (interstellar clouds, dark clouds, TMC-I). (68, 69) IC 341, NGC 253. (71, 75) Interstellar medium, DR21. (74) Stars (O-rich supergiant). (45, 52, 57) Interstellar medium, molecular clouds.

4. NH2D


(ii) Identification: (99) Ori (KL). (14, 21) R, 21.3 cm in 1961 and 1968 by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group.

5. H30 +


(ii) Identification: (37) Molecular clouds. (56) Cometary atmospheres. (76) Interstellar clouds. (108) Radio astronomical objects.

6. C2H 2


(ii) Identification: (5) Jupiter's spectrum (221800-2200 ~). (55, 73) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere). (16) TMC-1. (39, 40, 48) Stars (C-rich). (24) Comet (222.5-5 #). (56) Cometary atmospheres. (76) Interstellar clouds. (79, 80) IRC+ 10216. (83) Circumstellar cloud around the IRC+ 10.216 ~

266

Table H (continued)


(85) Carbon-rich atmospheres. (88, 97) Stars (R, N, and carbon type). (89) Stellar atmospheres. (98) Stars (C-rich).

7. HCNH +


(ii) Identification : (111) Sgr B2. (110) Interstellar clouds. (108) Radio astronomical objects.

8. H2NC +


(ii) Identification: (30) Interstellar medium, TMC-1.

9. H2CN +


(ii) Identification: (56) Cometary atmospheres. (80) IRC+ 10216.

10. H2CO +



11. HaCO


(ii) Identification: (14, 21) R, 22.1 crn in 1969 by NRI 85 ft telescope by Berkeley/NRI group,

21.0 em by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group, 24.0 mm by NRAO 36 ff telescope by UMd group, 22.1 mm by NRAO 36 ff telescope by NASA/BTI group, 22.06 mm and 22.0 mm by NARO 36 ff telescope by NASA/BTI group, 26.2 cm in 1969 (isotopic species H213CO, H2C180, HDCO).

(2, 45, 52) Interstellar clouds, interstellar medium, molecular clouds. (23, 24) Comet (222.5-5/~). (34) Line emission at 4.8 GHz (NGC 7538). (35) Dust cloud, L 134. (38) Comet Halley (222.5-12 #). (41, 42, 43, 103) M82, LMC, NGC 5128, NGC 253, NGC 4945. (50) Supernova remnant. (56) Cometary atmospheres. (59) Dark clouds. (66, 84) Diffuse interstellar medium, dark interstellar clouds along the plane of Gould's belt. (61) Orion A, TMC-I, L t83.


Table H (continued)

(64) Dense molecular clouds, OMC-I, OMC-2 (mass 7 x 103 Mo). (89) Stellar atmospheres. (100) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratospheric spectrum. (104) 4.8 GHz line (NGC 2024, W3). (105) Isotope (H 213CO) toward the W33 and outside of galactic center observed at 4.593 GHz.

12. HCDO


(ii) Identification: (109) Interstellar clouds. (14, 21) R, 22.1 cm and 26.2 cm in 1969 by NRI 85 ft telescope by Berkeley/NRI group,

21.0 cm in 1969 by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group, 24.0 mm in 1969 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UMd group, 22.1 mm in 1969 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by NASA/BT1 group, 22.06 mm and 22.0 mm in 1969 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by NASA/BTI group.

13. PH 3


(ii) Identification : (49, 55) Jupiter (atmosphere).

14. H202


(ii) Identification : (100) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratospheric spectrum.

15. C3H


(ii) Identification: (21) R. (28, 96) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (60, 79, 80, 93, 94) IRC+ 10216. (98) Stars (C-rich). (59, 67, 93, 94) Dark interstellar clouds, TMC-1, L 134N, L 183.

16. HCEN


(ii) Identification : (59) Trans. 5(4)-4(3) in interstellar clouds.

17. CHCO +


(ii) Identification" (56) Cometary atmospheres.

18. HNCO


268

Table H (continued)


(ii) Identification: (14, 21) R, 21.4 cm and 23.4 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO group. (59) Dark clouds.

19. HCNO


(ii) Identification : (95) Carbon stars.

20. HOCN



21. HOCO +


(ii) Identification: (28) Interstellar medium. (108) Radio astronomical objects.

22. H C O f


(ii) Identification: (15) Space.

23. COzH §



24. H2CS


(ii) Identification: (14, 21) R, 29.5 cm in 1971 and in 1972 by Berkes 210 ft telescope by CSTRO group. (59) Dark clouds. (86) Sgr B2.

25. C3N


(ii) Identification : (10, 11) Supernova remnant. (21) R. (40) Stars (C-rich). (53) The (9-8) and (10-9) transitions at 89 055 and 98 949 MHz in molecular cloud and in interstellar

space. (54, 67, 79, 80) IRC+ 10216, dark clouds, TMC-1. (59) Dark clouds.

MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES~ I 269

Table H (continued)

26. C30


(ii) Identification: (18, 19, 72) TMC-1, L 134N. (19) Hot giant molecular clouds. (28) Interstellar medium. (54) Space, interstellar clouds. (59) L 134N, L 183.

27. C2N 2

(i) Parameter: M W = 52.042

(ii) Identification : (26) Comet 1983e. (73) Saturn (atmosphere).

28. HNCS



29. 04


(ii) Identification : (36, 87) Earth (atmosphere), Sun (V). (88) Earth (upper atmosphere).

30. SiO 3


(ii) Identification: (29) Orion Nebula (210 # region).

31. Si2C 2


(ii) Identification: (98) Stars (C-rich).

32. ? (X-Ogen)

(i) Parameter: MW = -

(ii) Identification: (21) 23.4 mm in 1970 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by NRAO/UVa group.

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Alma-Ata, p. 180.

270

Table H (continued)


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Tokyo.


Table H (continued)

41. Gardner, F. F. and Whiteoak, J. B.: 1974, Nature 247, 526. 42. Gardner, F. F. and Whiteoak, J. B.: 1976a, Proc. Astron. Soc. Australia 3, 63. 43. Gardner, F. F. and Whiteoak, J. B.: 1976b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 175, 9. 44. Genzel, R., Downes, D., Ho, P, T. P., and Bieging, J.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 259, L103. 45. Ghosh, K. K., Saleem, S. S., and Kutty, K. N.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.),

Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 293. 46. Gille, J. C. and Lee, T. H.: 1969, in G. W. Lockwood and H. M. Dyck (eds.), Kitt Peak National Obs.

Contr., No. 460, p. 932. 47. Giver, L. P., Boese, R. W., and Miller, J. H.: 1969, in G. W. Lockwood and H. M. Dyck (eds.), KittPeak

National Obs. Contr., No. 460, p. 941. 48. Glassgold, A. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.),Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordreeht, Holland, p. 379. 49. Goldman, A., Cook, G. R., and Bonomo, F. S.: 1980, J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Trans. 24, 2ll . 50. Goss, W. M., Kalberla, P. M. W., and Dickel, H. R.: 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 139, 317. 51. Graham, D. A., Emerson, D. T., Weiler, K. W., Wielebinski, R., and de Jager, G.: 1978,Astron, Astrophys.

70, L69. 52. Greenberg, J. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co,,

Dordreeht, Holland, p. 501. 53. Gu61in, M. and Thaddeus, P.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 212, L81. 54. Gu61in, M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordreeht, Holland, p. 171. 55. Hanel et al.: 1979, Science 204, 972 (32). 56. Huebner, W. F., Keady, J. J., Boice, D. C., Schmidt, H. U., and Wegmann, R.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya

and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 431. 57. Huntress, W. T., Jr. and Anicich, V. G.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, 237. 58. Ibragimov, K. Yu. and S orokina, L. P.: 1976, Investigation of the Atmospheres of Giant Planets, Alma-Ata,

p. 55. 59. Irvine, W. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 245. 60. Johansson, L. E. B., Andertsson, C., Ellder, J., Friberg, P., Hjalmarson, A., Hoglund, B., Irvine, W. M.,

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211. 62. Klein, M. J., Olsen, E. T., and Gulkis, S.: 1976, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 8, 475. 63. Kuiper, G. P.: 1949, The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, University of Chicago Press, Chicago,

p. 304. 64. Kutner, M. L., Evans II, N. J., and Tucker, K. D.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 209, 452. 65. Langer, W. D. and Graedel, T. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D.

Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 305. 66. Leger, A. and d'Hendecourt, L.: in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel

Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 557. 67. Macleod, J. M., Avery, L. W., and Broten, N. W.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 282, L89. 68. Martin, R. N. and Ho, P. T. P.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 74, L7. 69. Martin, R. N., Ho, P. T. P., and Ruf, K.: 1982, Nature 296, 632. 70. Masson, C. R., Berg, G. L., Claussen, M. J., Heiligman, G. M., Leighton, R. B., Lo, K. Y., Moffet, A. T.,

Phillips, T. G., Sargent, A. l., Scott, S. L., Wannier, P. G., and Woody, D. P.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 283, L37.

71. Matsakis, D. N., Brandshaft, D., Cheuny, A. C., Chui, M. F., Yngvesson, K. S., Gardiasmenos, A. G., Shanley, J. F., and Ho, P. T. P.: 1976, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 8, 551.

72. Matthews, H. E., Irvine, W. M., Friberg, P., Brown, R. D., and Godfrey, P. D.: 1984, Nature 310, 125. 73. McElroy, M. B.: 1969, in R. Jastrow and G. J. F. MacDonald (eds.), J. Atmospheric Sci. 26, 808 (Kitt

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272

Table H (continued)


75. Mitchell, G. F.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 275.

76. Mitchell, G. F. and Watt, G. D.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 151, 121. 77. Nanmov, A. P., Zinicheva, N. B., and Muratov, N. N.: 1976, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Radiofiz. 19,

5. 78. Olofsson, H.: 1985, in P. A. Shaver and K. Kjar (eds.), Proc. of the ESO-IRAM-Onsala Workshop on

(Sub)-Millimeter Astronomy, ESO. 79. Omont, A.: 1985, in M. Morris and B. Zuckerman (eds.), Mass-Loss from Red Giants, D. Reidel Publ.

Co., Dordrecht, Holland. 80. Omont, A.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 357. 81. Panls, T. A., Wilson, T. L., Bieging, J. H., and Martin, R. N.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 124, 23. 82. Prasad, S. S. and Capone, L. A.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 5596. 83. Ridgway, S. T., Hall, N. B., Kleinmann, S. G., Weinberger, D. A., and Wojslaw, R. S.: 1976, Nature

264, 345. 84. Sandqvist, A., Londblad, P. O., and Lindroos, K. P.: 1976, Stars and Galaxies from ObservationalPoint

of View, p. 520. 85. Sharp, C. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 407. 86. Sinclair, M. W., Fourikis, N., Ribes, J. C., Robinson, B. J., Brown, R. D., and Godfrey, P. D.: 1973,

Australian J. Phys. 26, 85. 87. Sinha, K.: 1978, 'Molecules in Solar Atmosphere', Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur,

India. 88. Stranghan, B. P. and Walker, S.: 1976, Spectroscopy, Vol. 3, Chapman and Hall, New York, p. 208. 89. Tarafdar, S. P.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 559. 90. Taylor, F. W.: 1973, J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Trans. 13, 1181. 91. Taylor, F. W. and Jones III, A. D.: 1975, Icarus 29, 299. 92. Taylor, F. W. and Calcutt, S. B.: 1984, J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Trans. 32, 465. 93. Thaddeus, P., Vrtilek, J. M., and Gottlieb, C. A.: 1985b, Astrophys. J. 299 (in press). 94. Thaddeus, P., Gottlieb, C. A., Hjalmarson, A., Johansson, L. E. B., Irvine, W. M., Friberg, P., and

Linke, R. A.: 1985, Astrophys. 9". 294, L49. 95. Thompson, R. I.: 1970, in G. W. Lockwood and H. M. Dyck (eds.), Kitt Peak National Obs. Contr.,

No. 554. 96. Townes, C. H.: 1975, 20Ome Colloq. Inst. Astrophys. LiOge, p. 453, with a discussion, p. 475. 97. Tsuji, T.: 1981, J. Astrophys. Astron. 2, 95. 98. Tsuji, T.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 409. 99. Turner, B. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 205. 100. Waters, J. W., Hardy, J. C., Jarnot, R. F., Pickett, H. M., and Zimmermann, P.: 1984, J. Quant. Spectr.

Rad. Trans. 32, 407. 101. Whipple, F. L.: 1950, Astrophys. J. 111,375. 102. Whipple, F. L.: 1951, Astrophys. J. 113, 464. 103. Whiteoak, J. B. and Gardner, F. F.: 1976b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 174, 51. 104. Wilson, T. L., Downes, D., and Bieging, J.: 1974, Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 45, 299. 105. Wilson, T. L., Bieging, J., Dowries, D., and Gardner, F. F.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 51,303. 106. Wilson, T. L., Serabyn, E., Henkel, C., and Walmsley, M.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys. (in press). 107. Woodman, J. H., Trafton, L. M., and Owen, T.: 1976, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 8, 467. 108. Woods, R. C.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 77. 109. Wootten, A.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,

Dordrecht, Holland, p. 311. 110. Ziurys, L. M. and Turner, B. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D.

Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 289. 111. Ziurys, L. M. and Turner, B. E.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 300, L19.


TABLE III

Molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing five atoms of astrophysical interest

1. CH4 +

(i) Parameter: MW 16.044

(ii) Identification : (27) Cometary atmospheres.

2. CH 4


(ii) Identification: (11,24) 20 absorption lines of v 3 in IRC+ 10216. (7, 43) TMC-I. (l, 25, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46) Earth, Jupiter, Neptune (atmosphere). (16, 21) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (18, 27, 58, 59) Comets (222.5-12 #), cometary atmospheres. (19, 54) Stars (O-rich, C-rich). (51) Stellar atmospheres. (48) Jovian atmospheres. (45) Planetary atmospheres. (34, 47) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, comet, Titan at ).4410 1~, ).4590 .~, ).4860 ~, ).5090 ~,

).5430/k, ).5760 ~, and ).5970 ~.

3. CH3D


(ii) Identification: (25, 38) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere). (52) Jupiter's spectrum (25/~ region).

4. NH2

(i) Parameter: MW ~ 18.041


5. C2H3 +


(ii) Identification: (27) Cometary atmospheres. (44) IRC + 10216.

6. C2H 3



7. CH2NH

(i) Parameter: MW - 29.045

(ii) Identification: (10) R, ).5.7 cm in 1972 from Parkes 120 ft telecope by CSIRO group. (20) Sgr B2.

274

Table 1II (continued)


8. CH2OH +


(ii) Identification: (27) Cometary atmosphere.

9. Sill 4


(ii) Identification: (23, 43, 44) Envelop of the IRC+ 10216. (38) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere).

10. C~H2


(ii) Identification : (33, 55) Sgr B2. (16, 17, 28) Interstellar medium, TMC-1, L 134N. (28) L 134N, L 183. (31) Space (isotopic species 13CC2H2 and C213CH2). (43, 44, 61) IRC+ 10216. (50, 56) Line (11o-lol) (L 134N, space). (36, 37, 53) Line (lo~-11o) at 18343 MHz in 25 varied objects (TMC-1, Sgr B2, Ori (KL), IRC 10216,

interstellar space, interstellar clouds, toward the molecular clouds, H I1 region, galactic interstellar medium), line (22o-21~) in (L 134N, TMC-1), line (11o-lol) in (B 335), line (211-2o2) in (TMC-1), line (212-1o1) in (L 134N).

11. C3HD


(ii) Identification : (4) The (1~o~ lo~ ) line in TMC-1 at 19418.7 MHz.

12. H2C20


(ii) Identification: (to) R. (28) Dark clouds.

13. NH2CN



14. HCOOH


MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOM1C MOLECULES, I 275

Table 111 (continued)

(ii) Identification : (6, 10) R, 218.0 cm and 218.3 cm in 1970 by NRAO 140 ft by UMd/Harvard group. (12, 13) Comet (222.5-5 #). (27) Cometary atmospheres.

15. C4H


(ii) Identification: (3, 5) Supernova remnant. (8) Hot giant molecular clouds. (10) R. (22) Molecular clouds, interstellar space. (23, 28) Cold clouds, clark clouds, interstellar clouds. (23, 35, 43, 44) IRC + 10216, dark clouds, TMC-1.

16. HC3N


(ii) Identification: (10) R, 23.3 em in 1970 by N A R O 140 ft telescope by NARO group (isotopic species H~3CCCN,

HCX3CCN, HCCI3CN, and DCCN). (7, 35, 49) TMC-1. (8, 28) Hot giant molecular clouds, dark clouds. (14, 15, 26) Comet 1983e. (29, 30, 43, 44, 60) IRC + 10216, two bipolar nebula (GL 618, GL 2688).

17. DC3N


(ii) Identification: (10) R, 23.3 cm in 1970 by NARO 140 ft telescope by NARO group.

18. Mg(OH)2



19. HNO 3


(ii) Identification: (9, 57) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 cm 1),

20. C302


(ii) Identification: (2) Venus.

21. GeH4


276

Table III (continued)


(ii) Identification: (25) Jupiter (atmosphere). (52) Jupiter's spectrum (25 # regions).

22. Fe(OH)2



References to Table III 1. Adel, A. and Slipher, V. M.: 1935, Phys. Rev. 47, 787. 2. Anderson, R. C., Pipes, J. G., Broadfoot, A. L., and Wallace, L.: 1969, in R. Tastrow and G. J. F.

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Dordrecht, Holland, p. 245.


Table III (continued)

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Dordreeht, Holland, p. 559. 52. Taylor, F. W. and Calcutt, S. B.: 1984, J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Trans. 32, 465. 53. Thaddeus, P., Vrtflek, J. M., and Gottlieb, C. A.: 1985b, Astrophys. J. 299. 54. Tsuji, T.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht,

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2. Discussion

Tab le I shows tha t the p o l y a t o m i c molecu les , m o l e c u l a r ions, and rad ica ls con ta in ing

va r ious cons t i t uen t e lements are H -- 34, O = 32, C = 31, N = 14, D = 7, S = 6, T i = 2,

N a = 1, M g = 1, S i = 1, F = 1, C I = 1.

278 MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI

Table II shows that the polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing various constituent elements are H = 44, C = 35, O = 24, N = 13, Si = 3, S = 2, D = 2, P = I .

Similarly, Table III shows that the polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing various constituent elements are H = 51, C = 32, O = 13, N = 7, D = 3, M g = 1, S i= 1, F e = 1, G e = 1.

We have included the isotopic element D in the Tables I, II, and III. Thus the molecules containing these elements are of astrophysical interest.

The relative abundances of the elements H, O, C, N are appreciable to form a molecule.

Since the 5 new unidentified molecules containing three atoms, 23 new unidentified molecules containing four atoms, and 47 new unidentified molecules containing five atoms may be expected to be present in astronomical objects (Table IV).

TABLE IV

Polyatomic molecules of astrophysical interest

3-atoms

4-atoms

5-atoms

H3, N2H, N2C, N3, OCN

H4, 17130, C4, HO3, CO 3, NO 3, HN3, CN3, N30, Y4, H2CN, H2NO, N2H2, C2OH, CO2H, N2CH, N2OH, HNO 2, C202, CaNO, N2CO, NCO z, N202

Hs, H40, H4N, C 5, C40, C4N, HO4, CO4, 05, NO 4, HN4, CN4, N40, Ns, H3CO, H302, H3NO, H3N2, H2C2 N, HaCNO, H203, H2NO2, H2N20, H2N3, C4H, C3OH, C2HO2, C2NOH, C2NH 2, HCO 3, N2OCH, NOzCH, N3CH, HO2N 2, HN30, C3NO, C3N2, C203, C2ON2, C2NO2, CzN 3, CN202, CNO 3, CN30, N203, NO 4, N302

Many of the isomers, isotopic species, and ions of polyatomics (Table IV) may be exist but we have not included here.

Space experiments and laboratory astrophysics in the near future will probably reveal the presence of these.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Prof. Nitish K. Sanyal, Head of the Department of Physics for providing necessary facilities in the department. This work is supported by C.S.I.R., New Delhi.

Documents

Polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals of astrophysical interest, i