Pollution Prevention Challenge Grant - Project Summaries

POLLUTION PREVENTION CHALLENGE GRANT

PROJECT SUMMARIES

April 1986

Pollution Prevention Pays Program

Division of Environmental Management N. C. Department of Natural Resources and Community Development

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POLLUTION PREVENTION PAYS PROGRAM

The Pollution Prevention Pays approach is the primary waste management strategy of the State of North Carolina. The simple principle is that reducing and preventing waste pays off economically and environmentally. Costly end-of-the-line treatment processes and waste disposal needs focus on the back door. What's going on inside an operation may make the real difference to profits and environmental quality.

In 1983 the State established the Pollution Prevention Pays Program to help North Carolina industries and communities reduce waste generation. program, in the Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, is the lead state agency for waste reduction efforts. Cooperating agencies include the Hazardous Waste Management Branch, Governor's Waste Management Board, and North Carolina Board of Science and Technology. The Pollution Prevention Pays Program draws together efforts to reduce pollution across the state through technical assistance, research and education, and financial assistance.

The

This publication contains summaries of projects completed under the Pollution Prevention Challenge Grant project. communities develop and implement programs to reduce, prevent, recycle, or eliminate toxic and hazardous wastes, wastewater discharges and air emissions. Projects range from the characterization of waste streams in order to identify pollution reduction techniques, to in-plant pilot-scale studies of reduction technologies. In the last two years, twenty-nine projects have been funded, representing over $320,000 in pollution prevention and waste reduction efforts.

Matching funds help businesses and

Challenge Grant application packages and copies of the final project reports are available from the Pollution Prevention Pays Program. information or assistance, please contact:

For further

Mr. Roger N. Schecrer, Director Pollution Prevention Pays Program Division of Environmental Management Department of Natural Resources & Community Development Post Office Box 27687 Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687

Telephone: (919) 733-7015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

Food and Kindred Products (SIC 20)

Evaluation of the Recovery of Air Flotation Sludge at a Poultry Processing Plant

Reduction in Waste Load from a Fluid Milk Plant

Reduction in Waste Load from a Dairy and Ice Cream Plant

Textile Mill Products (SIC 2 2 )

Acute and Chronic Bioassays of Industrial Surfactants

Survey of Dyes and Chemicals Used in the Hosiery Industry

Pilot Study of Oil Recovery from Textile Wastewater

Petroleum Refining and Related Industries (SIC 2 9 )

Development of an Oil-Water Separation Sludge Recovery and Treatment Facility

Municipal and Sanitary Services (SIC 4 9 )

Landfill Gas Recovery Feasibility Study

Alum Recovery at a Drinking Water Treatment Plant

Feasibility Study of a Tire Recycling Facility

Business Services

Statewide Pesticide Storage Survey

Health Services

Scintillation Fluid Recycling Program

Miscellaneous

Development of a State-Wide Used Oil Recycling Program

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FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS ( S I C 20)

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EVALUATION OF THE RECOVERY OF A I R FLOTATION SLUDGE AT A POULTRY PROCESSING PLANT

Breeden P o u l t r y & Egg, Inc. Morganton, N. C .

P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Chal lenge Grant : P r o j e c t Summary December 1985

I n t r o d u c t i o n

Disso lved a i r f l o t a t i o n i s one of t h e methods used t o t rea t wastewater from p o u l t r y p rocess ing p l a n t s . Th i s t r ea tmen t method produces a ' f l o a t s ludge ' which h a s t o b e d isposed o f . The u s u a l management techniques are: d r y i n g and l a n d f i l l i n g ; and l and a p p l i c a t i o n . F l o a t s ludge i s a h i g h l y noxious material u s u a l l y hav ing a s t r o n g o b j e c t i o n a b l e odor and h i g h o i l and g r e a s e c o n t e n t . These c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s make d ry ing of t h e material unp leasan t , messy and expensive. When l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n i s p r a c t i c e d , t h e odor o f t e n r e s u l t s i n compla in ts from ne ighbors of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s i t e . Furthermore, t h e f a t c o n t e n t of the s ludge may bind t h e s o i l i f a p p l i c a t i o n i s too heavy.

Breeden P o u l t r y and Egg performed a series of bench- and p i l o t - s c a l e s t u d i e s of a new s l u d g e management method. This i s a r ende r ing technology which c o n v e r t s t h e f l o a t s l u d g e i n t o a h igh p r o t e i n supplement f o r u s e i n p o u l t r y f e e d o r o t h e r an imal feed product . The p r o c e s s a l s o y i e l d s a by-product which may b e used as f u e l i n a wood-fired b o i l e r , v i r t u a l l y e l i m i n a t i n g waste d i s p o s a l problems.

R e s u l t s

The f l o a t s l u d g e pro te in-convers ion technology c o n s i s t s of r ende r ing of blended en r i ched f l o a t s ludge wi th a n abso rben t bu lk ing agen t and subsequent removal of t h e f a t - s a t u r a t e d bu lk ing a g e n t from t h e f eed product . The f a t - s a t u r a t e d bu lk ing a g e n t may then b e used as a f u e l f o r a wood-fired b o i l e r . P rev ious r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e s a n e t g a i n i n t h e energy v a l u e of t h e bu lk ing a g e n t of 2 , 5 0 0 - 3,000 B T U ' s pe r pound. Feed t e s t i n g i n d i c a t e s t h a t p o u l t r y may b e f e d a r a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g of 2%, by weight of s ludge meal. Feeding of t h i s r a t i o n t o expe r imen ta l b i r d s produced no d i f f e r e n c e i n f l o c k growth and p roduc t ion performance when compared w i t h b i r d s r e c e i v i n g r e g u l a r b r o i l e r r a t ion .

A concep tua l des ign f o r a f l o a t s ludge p ro te in -conve r s ion system w a s developed a t Breeden. The proposed r ende r ing system u s e s e x i s t i n g ho ld ing t a n k s and a n a d d i t i o n a l b a t c h cooker l o c a t e d i n t h e r e n d e r i n g p l a n t . The r ende r ing of 4,000 g a l l o n s of f l o a t s ludge y i e l d s 2 . 7 t o n s of meal p e r day. The p rocess r e q u i r e s I

34,027.2 l b s . of steam p e r day and about 675 KIJH of e l e c t r i c a l energy.

A d d i t i o n a l equipment i s added t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e b lending and enrichment of t h e f l o a t s ludge . Wood c h i p s from t h e proposed b o i l e r f u e l supply a re used f o r t h e bu lk ing a g e n t i n t h e s ludge- render ing p r o c e s s . Analys is of t h e wood c h i p s , b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e i r u s e i n t h e r ende r ing of s ludge , shows a n e t g a i n of 3,000 BTU's p e r pound of c h i p s . Curren t e s t i m a t e s of 4,000 l b s . of wood c h i p s needed p e r day f o r t h e r ende r ing p r o c e s s would g a i n 12,000,000 BTU's of energy u s i n g t h e new p r o c e s s . No extra manpower would be r e q u i r e d as t h i s p r o c e s s would b e c a r r i e d ou t i n t h e e x i s t i n g r ende r ing f a c i l i t y by e x i s t i n g pe r sonne l .

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Conclus ions

Based on t h e proposed system, a p r e l i m i n a r y economic e v a l u a t i o n w a s performed. Assuming t h e v a l u e of t h e meal t o b e $130/ ton, t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e r ecove ry sys tem would g e n e r a t e a n e t p r o f i t of $49,140 p e r yea r . The s a v i n g s i n energy c o s t s by burn ing t h e recovered f a t would b e $5,500 p e r yea r . and p r o f i t s can b e compared t o t h e $61,200 c u r r e n t l y s p e n t t o l and app ly t h e f l o a t s ludge .

These s a v i n g s

A series of o n - s i t e p i l o t - s c a l e tes ts were conducted us ing a v a i l a b l e f a c i l i t i e s . These tests showed t h a t a meal could b e s u c c e s s f u l l y sepa ra t ed i f t h e f l o a t s l u d g e w a s cond i t ioned b e f o r e recovery . The tests produced a meal c o n t a i n i n g 33% p r o t e i n and 29% f a t . Th i s w a s lower than expected based on l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s b u t p rope r b lending and c o n d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s should i n c r e a s e t h i s y i e l d .

R e s u l t s show t h a t t h i s recovery sys tem appea r s t o b e a p p r o p r i a t e and f e a s i b l e f o r u s e a t Breeden. Th i s t echn ique could e l i m i n a t e t h e u s e of l and a p p l i c a t i o n t o manage t h i s s ludge . On-si te t e s t i n g , w h i l e encouraging, w a s i n c o n c l u s i v e and f u r t h e r t e s t i n g u s i n g fu l ly -cond i t ioned s l u d g e i s c u r r e n t l y under way.

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REDUCTION IN WASTE LOAD FROM A FLUID MILK PLANT

Hunter Jersey Farms Charlotte, N. C.

Pollution Prevention Challenge Grant: Project Summary December 1985

Introduction

The waste load from a dairy processing plant is largely a result of milk products which are intentionally o r inadvertently lost to the sewer system. Improved operation and management practices may effectively reduce as much as 50% of the water use and waste load in dairy processing plants. Engineering modifications to the production process can achieve even greater reductions in waste generation.

Hunter Jersey Farms, a subsidiary of Harris-Teeter Supermarkets, Inc., is a fluid milk dairy located in Charlotte, N. C. The plant discharges its waste to the City of Charlotte municipal treatment system after pretreatment. Hunter Jersey Farms conducted an in-plant waste survey to identify and quantify sources of waste from the production process. Based on this information, potential management and engineering solutions were identified to reduce or eliminate waste generation through recoveryand retlse of process waste.

Results

An in-depth survey of the plant was undertaken to identify sources of product l o s s including receiving and fluid products processing. ation procedures were observed for activities resulting in product loss to the floor or drains and notes made on better management to prevent such losses. Each activity contributing to product loss and waste was quantified and limited testing was performed to evaluate the potential €or product recovery and re-use.

Plant process and oper-

A recovery system was designed to collect product wastefor re-use. The system was estimated to collect a maximum of 2110 gallons per day of material from the fluid product filler recovery system, the HTST recovery system and the initial rinses from the pasteurized and raw side CIP systems. The materials collected in the high solids system are to be recovered in a sanitary manner and usable for a butter and powder plant. If not sent to the butter and powder plant, the material could be used for animal feed. Such a system is estimated to cost $167,000 to install and $75,390 per year to operate.

Conclusions

The recovery system is estimated to recover over 4 .5 ziillion pounds of product each year. Depending on the end uses for this material, Hunter Jersey Farms net savings would range from $343,000 for recovery for product use to $63,000 for salvage. This would pay for the capital costs in 1 to 2.5 years. Addition- ally, the system would reduce BOD loading to their wastewater treatment system by 226,400 pounds per year. at the facility.

5 The recovery system is currently being installed

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REDUCTION I N WASTE LOAD FROM A DAIRY AED I C E CREAM PLANT

Maola Milk and Ice C r e a m Company New Bern, N. C .

P o l l u t i o n Prevent ion Chal lenge Grant : P r o j e c t Summary December 1985


The waste load from a d a i r y p rocess ing p l a n t i s l a r g e l y a r e s u l t of mi lk p roduc t s which are i n t e n t i o n a l l y o r i n a d v e r t e n t l y l o s t t o t h e sewer system. I n f a c t , r e s e a r c h e r s have found t h a t ove r 90% of t h e was te l o a d i s of p roduc t o r i g i n . Improved o p e r a t i o n and management p r a c t i c e s may e f f e c t i v e l y r educe as much as 50% of t h e water u s e and waste l o a d i n d a i r y p rocess ing p l a n t s . h%en g r e a t e r r e d u c t i o n s are sought , eng inee r ing m o d i f i c a t i o n s may b e n e c e s s a r y .

Maola Milk and Ice Cream Company i s a mul t i -product d a i r y l o c a t e d i n New Bern, North Caro l ina . The p l a n t d i s c h a r g e s i t s waste t o t h e C i t y of New Bern munic ipa l t r ea tmen t system. Maola Milk conducted a waste survey t o i d e n t i f y and q u a n t i f y sou rces of waste from t h e p roduc t ion p rocess . Based on t h i s i n fo rma t ion , p o t e n t i a l management and eng inee r ing s o l u t i o n s were i d e n t i f i e d which would reduce o r e l i m i n a t e waste g e n e r a t i o n through recovery and r e u s e of p r o c e s s waste.

R e s u l t s

An in-depth survey of t h e p l a n t w a s under taken t o i d e n t i f y sou rces of product l o s s i n c l u d i n g r e c e i v i n g , f l u i d p roduc t s p rocess ing , and f r o z e n p r o d u c t s pro- c e s s i n g . P l a n t p r o c e s s and o p e r a t i o n p rocedures were observed f o r a c t iv i t i e s r e s u l t i n g i n l o s s t o t h e f l o o r o r d r a i n s and n o t e s made on b e t t e r management t o p reven t such l o s s e s . Each a c t i v i t y c o n t r i b u t i n g t o product l o s s and waste was q u a n t i f i e d and l i m i t e d t e s t i n g was performed t o e v a l u a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l € o r p roduc t recovery and r e u s e .

Implementat ion of management procedures and employee t r a i n i n g t o r educe product l o s s r e s u l t e d i n mi lk p l a n t l o s s e s dropping from 250,000 pounds of mi lk p e r month t o less t h a n 90,000 pounds. Th i s r e d u c t i o n i n product l o s s lowered t h e o r g a n i c c o n t e n t of t h e wastewater d i scha rged t o t h e sewer system by 192,000 pounds of BOD5 p e r y e a r .

To f u r t h e r d e c r e a s e t h e l o s s e s i n t h e Maola p l a n t , a recovery system w a s des igned t o r e u s e d a i r y s o l i d s i n i ce cream. The system w a s es t imated t o c o l l e c t a maximum of 2 ,290 g a l l o n s p e r day of material f rom the f l u i d product f i l l e r recovery system, t h e HTST recovery system, t h e i n i t i a l r i n s e from t h e p a s t e u r i z e d CIP system, and t h e i n i t i a l r i n s e from t h e r a w s i d e CIP system. Another 120 g a l l o n s p e r day of i ce cream remelt, could b e depos i t ed i n t h i s system, a t o t a l d a i l y recovery of a s much a s 2 , 4 1 0 g a l l o n s p e r day. The m a t e r i a l s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e high s o l i d s system are t o be recovered i n a s a n i t a r y manner and a re t o b e u s a b l e f o r i c e cream i n t h e i c e cream blend o p e r a t i o n . I f n o t needed i n i ce cream, they could b e t rans- f e r r e d t o a c o l l e c t i o n tank and used f o r o t h e r purposes . This recovery system would r educe t h e o r g a n i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e wastewater d i scharged t o t h e sewer by 320,000 pounds BOD pe r yea r . Such a system i s e s t ima ted t o c o s t $206,000 t o 5 i n s t a l l and $ 1 1 1 , 1 7 9 t o o p e r a t e each y e a r .

Conclus ions

Management changes have a l r e a d y reduced t h e amount of product l o s t by 1,920,000 pounds p e r y e a r , s av ing Maola Milk ove r $300,000 p e r y e a r i n d i s p o s a l and r a w p roduc t c o s t s . The recovery system i s es t ima ted t o r e c l a i m f o r r e u s e 5,212,500 pounds p e r y e a r of product . The n e t s a v i n g s would b e $340,000 i n p roduc t and d i s p o s a l c o s t s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e t o t a l waste r e d u c t i o n p l a n would reduce t h e BOD d i scha rged by t h e p l a n t by 512,000 pounds p e r y e a r . i n s t a l l e d a t t h e f a c i l i t y .

Th i s would pay f o r t h e r ecove ry system i n less t h a n one y e a r .

5 The r ecove ry system i s c u r r e n t l y be ing

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TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS (SIC 22)

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ACUTE AND CHROEIC BIOASSAYS OF INDUSTRIAL SURFACTANTS

Bur l ing ton Research, I n c . Bur l ing ton , N. C .



S u r f a c t a n t s a r e u s e d by a wide v a r i e t y of i n d u s t r i e s i n c l u d i n g t e x t i l e manufac- t u r e r s , i n d u s t r i a l l a u n d r i e s , carwashes, and metal f i n i s h i n g f i r m s . The d i s c h a r g e of t h e s e compounds t o a body of wa te r can cause a q u a t i c t o x i c i t y problems. i t is p o s s i b l e t o i d e n t i f y a l t e r n a t i v e compounds which are less t o x i c than t h o s e c u r r e n t l y used by a f i rm. p roduc t ion p rocess , the a q u a t i c t o x i c i t y of t h e f i r m ' s e f f l u e n t may b e reduced.

By knowing t h e a q u a t i c t o x i c i t y of s p e c i f i c groups of s u r f a c t a n t s ,

By s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e s u r f a c t a n t s i n t h e

Bur l ing ton Research, I n c . , under took t h i s s tudy t o de te rmine t h e a c u t e and c h r o n i c t o x i c i t y of non-biodegraded s u r f a c t a n t s on a q u a t i c water f l e a s , Daphnia pu lex and Ceriodaphniz d u b i a l a f f i n i s . compounds t y p i c a l l y used i n i n d u s t r i a l p rocesses . S u r f a c t a n t s were selected t o r e p r e s e n t t h e f o u r major cha rge types : a n i o n i c , c a t i o n i c , non-ionic and amphoter ic .

The s u r f a c t a n t compounds t e s t e d r e p r e s e n t

R e s u l t s

The compounds s e l e c t e d f o r u s e i n t h i s s t u d y a r e as fo l lows :

1. Anionic - Sodium Dodecyl B e x e n e S u l f o n a t e (DDBSA), Sodium Lauryl S u l f a t e (SLS), and Sodium Alcohol E t h e r S u l f a t e (AES)

2. C a t i o n i c - Benzyl Tr imethyl Ammonium Chlo r ide (BTMAC), T e r t i a r y Tal low A m i n e (TAM-15) and T e r t i a r y Tal low Amine (TAM-150)

3. Nonionic - Nonyl Phenol E t h o x y l a t e (NP-lo), L inea r Alcohol E thoxy la t e (LAE) and Die thanol Amide of Coconut F a t t y Acid (DAC)

4 . Amphoteric - Cocoamphocarboxypropionate (CPP)

Acute s t a t i c b ioassays were run on each of are as fo l lows :

Product Class

SL s Anionic AES Ahionic DDBSA, Natsalt Anionic

DTMAC TAM-1 5 TAM-150

NP-IO DAC LAE

Cat i o n i c C a t i o n i c C a t i o n i c

Non I o n i c s Non I o n i c s Non I o n i c s

t h e above chemicals. The r e s u l t s

Bioassay Mean LC5O's (ppm)

27.53 t 21.17 20.21 2 6.22 19.87

12.83 2 5.23 4.10 2 2.48 69.73 t 5.15 12.52 1 2.52 2.40 t 0.35 5.36 2 0.37

159.11 CPP Amph o t er i c

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Chronic b ioassays were run on one s u r f a c t a n t from each group, a s fo l lows :

Product Class

DDBSA, Nafsalt Anionic TAM-15 0 Cat i o n i c LAE Nonionic CCP Amphoteric

Acute/Chronic R a t i o s

2.0 - 4.0 5.0 - 10.0 0.5 - 2.0 10.0 - 40.0

Based on t h e above r e s u l t s , a c u t e / c h r o n i c r a t i o s were developed as fo l lows :

Produ c t Class Acute/Chronic Ra t ios

DDBSA, Na+salt Anionic 6.62 TAM-150 Cat i o n i c 9 .30 LAE Nonionic 4.28 CPP Amphoteric 6.36

Conclusions

Some of t h e g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s from t h i s s tudy are as fo l lows :

1. S ince w e have d e a l t w i t h on ly non-biodegraded s u r f a c t a n t s i n t h i s s tudy , t h e fo l lowing p o i n t s can b e made:

a . The less water s o l u b l e and more l i p o p h i l l i c t h e s u r f a c t a n t , no matter t h e cha rge type , t h e more t o x i c t h e s u r f a c t a n t w i l l be .

b . The more e t h o x y l a t i o n added t o a molecu le ' s s t r u c t u r e t h e lower t h e a q u a t i c t o x i c i t y . This o f f e r s more r e s i s t a n c e t o b iodegrada t ion , however.

c . Anionic s u r f a c t a n t s w i l l g e n e r a l l y b e less t o x i c t h a n non ion ic s because of l e s s e n e d l i p o p h i l l i c c h a r a c t e r .

d. Very s m a l l amounts of s u r f a c t a n t s i n a q u a t i c systems (1.0 ppm) w i l l c ause ch ron ic t o x i c i t y problems and could u p s e t food c h a i n s based upon small a q u a t i c fauna .

2. Nonionic s u r f a c t a n t s become less t o x i c when s u l f a t e d .

3 . There i s a d e c r e a s e i n t o x i c i t y from a Tert Amine E thoxy la t e (TAN-15) v e r s u s TAN-150.

4 . When t e s t organisms were exposed t o LC50 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of a n i o n i c , c a t i o n i c and non ion ic s u r f a c t a n t s , and then removed b e f o r e dea th occurred , t hey g e n e r a l l y recovered from exposure t o non ion ic s u r f a c t a n t s . Recovery from exposure t o c a t i o n i c s w a s less s u c c e s s f u l , however.

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SURVEY OF DYES AND CHEMICALS USED I N THE HOSIERY INDUSTRY

Na t iona l Assoc ia t ion of Hos iery Manufac turers C h a r l o t t e , N . C .



P rocess chemicals used i n t h e p roduc t ion of k n i t p roduc t s can produce t o x i c i t y problems i n wastewater d i scha rges . A t t h i s t i m e l i t t l e i s known about t h e r ange of chemica ls used i n t h e manufacture of h o s i e r y and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d a q u a t i c t o x i c i t y . To f i l l t h i s gap t h e Na t iona l Assoc ia t ion of Hos iery Manu- f a c t u r e r s developed a d a t a base of dyehouse chemica ls used i n t h e h o s i e r y i n d u s t r y . A survey of member f a c i l i t i e s w a s used t o c o l l e c t i n fo rma t ion on t h e chemica ls used, t h e q u a n t i t i e s used and t h e f i b e r b l ends t h e y a re used on. Aquat ic t o x i c i t y d a t a w a s c o l l e c t e d f o r each i d e n t i f i e d compound. T h i s d a t a b a s e can be used by p l a n t s t o i d e n t i f y compounds which may cause t o x i c i t y problems i n t h e i r e f f l u e n t and i d e n t i f y p o s s i b l e s u b s t i t u t e s .

R e s u l t s

About 25% of t h e companies (85) mai led a survey responded. However, t h e s e r e sponden t s r epor t ed p roduc t ion c a p a c i t y of 211,976,849, r e p r e s e n t i n g 68.9% of t h e t o t a l i n d u s t r y p roduc t ion of 397,490,000 dozens of p a i r s i n 1984.

Almost 800 d i f f e r e n t t ypes of chemica ls were r e p o r t e d used by t h e s e 85 f a c i l i t i e s . Over 560 d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of d y e s t u f f s were used , which r ep resen ted a n annual usage of 1 ,514,000 pounds. Over 200 a u x i l l i a r y cher i ica l s were used by t h e s e m i l l s which accounted f o r 5 ,679,000 pounds of chemica ls used each yea r . The fewes t d i f f e r e n t t ypes of chemica ls w e r e i n t h e heavy chemical ca t egory where o n l y 30 d i f f e r e n t k i n d s were used. However, t h i s c a t e g o r y r ep resen ted t h e l a r g e s t volume wi th over 9,477,800 pounds used p e r y e a r .

C o n c h s i o n s

T h i s survey h a s he lped i d e n t i f y t h e wide r ange of chemicals used i n h o s i e r y p roduc t ion . This i n fo rma t ion a long w i t h a q u a t i c t o x i c i t y d a t a can be used t o h e l p i d e n t i f y what chemica ls should b e examined i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l so t h a t s u b s t i t u t e compounds can b e found.

-10-

PILOT STUDY OF O I L RECOVERY FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATER

R u s s e l l Hos iery Mills, I n c . S t a r , N. C .



Pe t ro leum o i l s are wide ly used i n t h e h o s i e r y i n d u s t r y . The y a r n used i n h o s i e r y manufactur ing c o n t a i n s 2-4% o i l s from i t s manufacture . During t h e k n i t t i n g p r o c e s s t h e ya rn i s sprayed w i t h more o i l t o e n s u r e coo l f r i e t i o n - reduced k n i t t i n g . Some of t h i s o i l ends up on t h e p r o c e s s wastewater, c r e a t i n g a p o t e n t i a l e f f l u e n t problem. The problem i s f u r t h e r compounded by t h e h i g h level of s u r f a c t a n t s i n t h e wastewater which makes t r ea tmen t d i f f i c u l t . Russe l l Hos iery M i l l s i n v e s t i g a t e d ways t o r ecove r t h e o i l from t h e was tewater , e s t i m a t e d t o b e 15,000 g a l l o n s p e r y e a r , and burn i t i n t h e i r b o i l e r . Techniques were eva lua ted t o break t h e o i l -water emulsion and r ecove r t h e o i l .

R e s u l t s

A chemica l emulsion-breaking system and a c o a l e s c i n g o i l f i l t e r w a s t h e technology s e l e c t e d t o b e e v a l u a t e d a t R u s s e l l Hosiery. The components of t h e system w e r e as fo l lows :

1. Slowing of e f f l u e n t f l ow ra te t o a l l o w as much o i l as p o s s i b l e t o r ise t o t h e t o p as an o i l l a y e r p r i o r t o chemical t r ea tmen t .

2 . Add i t ion of 3% break o i l and 3% a l k a l i n e s a l t t o slowed e f f l u e n t t o z l low d e m u l s i f i c a t i o n and f u r t h e r s e p a r a t i o n of t h e o i l and chemical l a y e r .

3 . Removal of t h e o i l l a y e r which i s t o b e passed through t h e o i l / w a t e r s e p a r a t o r . This u n i t u s e s a series of po lye thy lene s c r e e n s t o which t h e o i l adhe res , u n t i l s u f f i c i e n t o i l accumulates t o form d r o p l e t s . D r o p l e t s rise f u r t h e r and t h e o i l a g g r e g a t e i s skimmed o f f t h e top of t h e s e p a r a t o r and shunted t o a n o i l c o l l e c t i o n vessel.

Two p i l o t - s c a l e tests w e r e under taken a t R u s s e l l Hos iery u s i n g t h i s system. Both test r u n s f a i l e d t o r ecove r o i l from t h e wastewater. I n i t i a l r e s u l t s sugges ted t h a t t h e emulsion-breaking chemica ls were d i s s o l v i n g i n t h e water phase and s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g o i l and g r e a s e and COD levels .

Bench-scale tes ts of t h e watewater showed t h a t chemical t r ea tmen t could s e p a r a t e emul s i f i ed o i l from t h e was tewater . However, a g a i n t h e COD and o i l l eve ls i n t h e t r e a t e d w a t e r i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y .

Conclusions

T h i s s tudy showed t h a t t h e chemical and p h y s i c a l t r ea tmen t system t e s t e d could n o t e f f i c i e n t l y t reat h o s i e r y m i l l wastewater. However, b reak ing of t h e o i l - water emulsion was shown t o be p o s s i b l e . T h i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t o t h e r o i l -wa te r s e p a r a t i o n methods may work on t h i s wastestream.

-11-

PETROLEUM REFINING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES (SIC 29)

-12-

DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER SEPARATION SLUDGE RECOVERY & TREATMENT FACILITY

Lef l e r - S t u a r t , Inc . C h a r l o t t e , N . C.



O i l y wastewater gene ra t ed by t h e v e h i c l e - r e p a i r and maintenance i n d u s t r y i s u s u a l l y t r e a t e d by a n o n - s i t e o i l -wa te r s e p a r a t o r b e f o r e i t i s d i scha rged . O i l y s o l i d s w i l l b u i l d up i n t h e s e p a r a t o r and must be r e g u l a r l y removed i f t h e system i s t o f u n c t i o n p r o p e r l y . s o l i d s , g r i t and o i l which must b e p r o p e r l y managed.

The o i l -wa te r s e p a r a t o r s l u d g e c o n t a i n s

T h i s p r o j e c t under taken by L e f l e r - S t u a r t , a s e p t i c - t a n k c l e a n i n g f i rm, examined management of t h i s s ludge . The p r o j e c t conducted a market a n a l y s i s and f e a s i b i l i t y s tudy f o r a new b u s i n e s s o p p o r t u n i t y i n waste r e d u c t i o n . i n fo rma t ion w a s g a t h e r e d t o assess t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a vehicle-maintenance was tewater -pre t rea tment f a c i l i t y t o p r o c e s s o i l -wa te r s e p a r a t o r s l u d g e s from vehicle r e p a i r and maintenance shops.

The

The a n a l y s i s i d e n t i f i e d t h e q u a n t i t y of o i l y s l u d g e s gene ra t ed from vehicle- r e p a i r and maintenance o p e r a t i o n s and e s t ima ted t h e revenues expected from managing t h e s e wastes a t a c e n t r a l i z e d f a c i l i t y . Based on t h i s i n fo rma t ion , a concep tua l f a c i l i t y d e s i g n w a s developed a long w i t h p r o j e c t e d o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t s .

R e s u l t s

During t h e market survey , 480 p o t e n t i a l u s e r s i n Mecklenburg County and 610 i n Cabarrus , Gaston and Union Count ies were i d e n t i f i e d . In-depth i n t e r v i e w s were then conducted w i t h 60 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f i r m s . The r e s u l t s of t h e survey showed t h a t t h e o i l -wa te r s e p a r a t o r s were c leaned o u t on t h e average of twice a y e a r and t h a t t h e a v e r a g e f i r m produced abou t 2800 g a l l o n s each yea r of s ludge . 50-60 c e n t s p e r g a l l o n i n c l u d i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e f a c i l i t y ' s t r ea tmen t c a p a c i t y should b e 1 .3 m i l l i o n g a l l o n s p e r y e a r which would g e n e r a t e a t o t a l revenue of $393,120 p e r yea r .

The p r i c e t h e f i r m s w e r e w i l l i n g t o pay f o r t h i s service w a s u p t o Based on t h i s d a t a i t was

A concep tua l des ign f o r a recovery- t rea tment p l a n t w a s developed t o i n c l u d e a n unloading area, s t o r a g e t a n k s , t r ea tmen t u n i t s , and s ludge-handl ing equipment. The t o t a l c a p i t a l c o s t of t h e f a c i l i t y w a s e s t ima ted a t $403,000 and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s a t $230,000 p e r y e a r .

Conclusion

The f a c i l i t y w a s e s t i m a t e d t o produce a g r o s s p r o f i t of $163,700 p e r y e a r which would cove r t h e i n i t i a l inves tment i n 30 months. T h i s w a s determined t o be a n a t t r a c t i v e inves tment and L e f l e r - S t u a r t is proceeding wi th t h e next phase of funding and eng inee r ing des ign . A b u s i n e s s p l a n w a s developed i n o r d e r t o seek c a p i t a l f rom banks f o r t h e f a c i l i t y ' s development.

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MUNICIPAL AND SANITARY SERVICES (SIC 49)

-14-

LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY FEASIBILITY STUDY

Cumberland County F a y e t t e v i l l e , N. C .



L a n d f i l l g a s i s one of t h e p roduc t s gene ra t ed by t h e decomposi t ion of s o l i d waste w i t h i n a s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l . The major c o n s t i t u e n t s i n l a n d f i l l g a s a re methane and carbon d i o x i d e ; however, lesser amounts of oxygen, n i t r o g e n , and hydrogen s u l f i d e are produced. The p roduc t ion of l a n d f i l l gas creates i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e s w i t h i n t h e l a n d f i l l caus ing movement of t h e gas away from t h e l i m i t s of t h e l a n d f i l l . The p r i n c i p a l haza rd from migra t ing l a n d f i l l g a s i s t h e exp los ion p o t e n t i a l posed by t h e g a s mix tu re . D e s p i t e t h e haza rds a s s o c i a t e d wi th l a n d f i l l g a s mig ra t ion , t h e methane g a s c o n s t i t u e n t i s a l s o a p o t e n t i a l energy r e source . Other p r o j e c t s have demonstrated the t e c h n i c a l and economical f e a s i b i l i t y of r ecove r ing l a n d f i l l methane and u s i n g i t f o r a supplemental b o i l e r f u e l , e l ec t r i ca l g e n e r a t i o n , i n j e c t i o n i n t o n a t u r a l gas p i p e l i n e s , o r o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s .

Cumberland County under took t h i s p r o j e c t t o a d d r e s s t h e t e c h n i c a l , economic, r e g u l a t o r y and envi ronmenta l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n deve loping l a n d f i l l g a s recovery p r o j e c t s a t t h e two County l a n d f i l l s . The t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s p r o j e c t were t o de te rmine t h e rates of g a s g e n e r a t i o n , g a s q u a l i t y and methods f o r improving g a s q u a l i t y . The economic o b j e c t i v e s w e r e t o i d e n t i f y a l ternate u s e s of l a n d f i l l g a s , p o t e n t i a l energy markets, assess t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of a l t e r n a t i v e u s e s , and e v a l u a t e t h e envi ronmenta l impact of t h e proposed land- f i l l g a s r ecove ry p r o j e c t s .

R e s u l t s

Gas e x t r a c t i o n and moni tor ing w e l l s were i n s t a l l e d i n t h e two l a n d f i l l s . F i e l d e x t r a c t i o n tests were conducted t o e v a l u a t e g a s g e n e r a t i o n rates and oxygen p e n e t r a t i o n through t h e cover material. F i e l d tes ts f o r methane p u r i t y were a l s o conducted, as were l a b o r a t o r y s o i l tests. Based on t h i s i n fo rma t ion a t e c h n i c a l and economic e v a l u a t i o n of methane r ecove ry p o t e n t i a l w a s conducted.

F i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y tests a t t h e C l i f f d a l e L a n d f i l l showed t h a t methane g a s w a s gene ra t ed i n r e c o v e r a b l e amounts. However, a d d i t i o n a l c l a y cover may be r e q u i r e d i n some areas t o reduce s o i l p e r m e a b i l i t y and enhance gas recovery p o t e n t i a l . An e s t i m a t e d 292 cub ic f e e t p e r minute of g a s , a t 50% methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n , can be e x t r a c t e d from t h e l a n d f i l l . An e x t r a c t i o n w e l l system, g a s t r ea tmen t u n i t and 584 kw e l ec t r i ca l g e n e r a t i o n system was e s t ima ted t o c o s t $600,000 t o i n s t a l l . Opera t ion and maintenance c o s t s on t h i s energy- recovery system were e s t i m a t e d t o be $58,400 p e r y e a r .

Tests a t the Ann Street L a n d f i l l showed t h a t l a n d f i l l methane g a s could be recovered . It w a s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h i s l a n d f i l l could produce 450 cub ic f e e t p e r minute of l a n d f i l l g a s a t 50% methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n . Two gas recovery p r o j e c t s were e v a l u a t e d ; producing p i p e l i n e q u a l i t y gas and g e n e r a t i n g

-15-

e l e c t r i c i t y . would c o s t a n e s t i m a t e d $1,000,000 t o i n s t a l l and $120,000 p e r y e a r t o o p e r a t e , w h i l e a f a c i l i t y t o e x t r a c t , p u r i f y and g e n e r a t e e l e c t r i c i t y (901 kw system) would c o s t $900,000 t o b u i l d and $90,000 t o o p e r a t e .

A f a c i l i t y t o e x t r a c t and p u r i f y t h e g a s f o r sa le as n a t u r a l g a s

Conclusion

A g a s e x t r a c t i o n and e lec t r ica l g e n e r a t i o n f a c i l i t y a t t h e C l i f f d a l e L a n d f i l l w a s e s t ima ted t o produce a n e t annual revenue of $131,750. Based on the e s t i m a t e d c a p i t a l c o s t s of t h i s f a c i l i t y t h e payback p e r i o d i s 4.55 y e a r s .

A t t h e Ann S t r e e t L a n d f i l l t h e e s t ima ted n e t revenue of t h e gas p u r i f i c a t i o n system would be $254,798. The e lectr ical g e n e r a t i o n o p t i o n would produce a n e s t ima ted $400,765 p e r y e a r n e t revenue and have a 2.25 year payback p e r i o d .

T h i s would produce a 3.92 y e a r payback p e r i o d .

L a n d f i l l g a s r ecove ry i s economical ly and t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e a t bo th t h e l a n d f i l l sites. t h e l a n d f i l l is be ing conducted t o a c c u r a t e l y d e f i n e t h e l a n d f i l l gas genera- t i o n ra te and s i z e of t h e r e q u i r e d f a c i l i t y . D e t a i l e d c a p i t a l c o s t s and o p e r a t i o n and maintenance c o s t estimates w i l l t hen b e r e f i n e d f o r t h e economic a n a l y s i s .

More d e t a i l e d gas e x t r a c t i o n t e s t i n g ove r a l a r g e r area of

-16-

ALUM RECOVERY AT A DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT

C i t y of Durham, N . C .



The t r e a t m e n t of water w i t h alum (aluminum s u l f a t e ) du r ing t h e p roduc t ion of d r i n k i n g water g e n e r a t e s a s ludge t h a t must b e d isposed of i n an envi ronmen ta l ly sound manner. The s ludge gene ra t ed i n n e a r l y a l l of t h e t r e a t m e n t systems i s u l t i m a t e l y d isposed of i n a l a n d f i l l . It w a s e s t ima ted i n 1 9 7 3 , t h a t 25,000 t o n s of alum s ludge is produced i n North C a r o l i n a each y e a r . The d i s p o s a l of alum s ludge i n a l a n d f i l l r e s u l t s i n t h e l o s s of a v a l u a b l e asset (alum) and a t t h e same t i m e d e p l e t e s t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e l a n d f i l l . The dewater ing and d i s p o s a l of alum s ludge adds s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e c o s t of t r e a t i n g water. Alum recove ry and r e u s e could reduce t h o s e c o s t s .

The C i t y of Durham's Water Resources Department performed a f u l l - s c a l e s tudy of alum recovery a t one of t h e i r d r i n k i n g water t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s . T h i s s tudy e v a l u a t e d t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of r ecove r ing t h e alum and u s i n g i t t o remove phosphorus a t one of Durham's sewage t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s . Recovering and r e u s i n g t h e alum bo th a t t h e d r i n k i n g and sewage t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s would reduce both r a w material and d i s p o s a l c o s t s .

R e s u l t s

F u l l - s c a l e t e s t i n g w a s conducted a t t h e W i l l i a m s Water Treatment P l a n t t o e v a l u a t e alum recove ry . Two tests were conducted, one i n August and one i n September. The o b j e c t i v e s were (1) t o e v a l u a t e alum recove ry , and ( 2 ) t o de t e rmine t h e d e w a t e r a b i l i t y of t h e s o l i d s remaining a f t e r alum recove ry on sand-drying beds and ( 3 ) t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e recovered alum as a coagu lan t i n t h e water p l a n t and f o r phosphorus removal a t t h e wastewater p l a n t .

S u l f u r i c a c i d w a s used t o r ecove r t h e alum from t h e water t r e a t m e n t s ludge . The s l u d g e which remained a f t e r alum recove ry w a s polymer-conditioned and a p p l i e d t o t h e d ry ing beds. It w a s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g 20,000 s f of sand bed a r e a would b e s u f f i c i e n t t o d e w a t e r t h e a c i d i f i e d s ludge . Th i s compares t o 40,000 t o 60,000 s f needed t o dewater t h e normally produced alum s ludge .

To e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e r ecove red alum, t h e water t r ea tmen t p l a n t w a s d i v i d e d i n t o two s p l i t t r ea tmen t modes, w i t h one-half t h e p l a n t u s ing recovered alum and t h e o t h e r h a l f u s i n g commercial alum. TOC w a s ob ta ined i n t h e f i n i s h e d water of t h e recovered alum s i d e . A l l o t h e r f i n i s h e d water pa rame te r s were e s s e n t i a l l y e q u a l . r ecove red alum could be s u c c e s s f u l l y used as a coagulant a t t h e wa te r p l a n t on a one o r two r e c y c l e b a s i s and i n con junc t ion w i t h a moni tor ing program.

About a 10% h i g h e r

It w a s concluded t h a t t h e

-17-

.

The recovered alum w a s a l s o s u c c e s s f u l l y used i n j a r tests f o r phosphorus removal a t t h e wastewater p l a n t . I t w a s shown t h a t recovered alum, d i r e c t l y a c i d i f i e d s ludge , and commercial alum were a l l e q u a l l y e f f e c t i v e i n r educ ing phosphorus levels.

Conclus ions

Eva lua t ion of t h e d a t a showed t h a t alum recove ry i s f e a s i b l e and can r e d u c e bo th o p e r a t i o n and d i s p o s a l c o s t s as shown below:

Alum Recovery = 75%

Dry Weight S o l i d s Reduction = 35 - 40%

Acid Demand = 0.67 t o n s a c i d / t o n alum d i s s o l v e d

Recovered Alum Concen t ra t ion = 2 - 3 %

Cost of Recovered Alum = $50 - $70/ ton

Curren t Alum Cost = $112/ ton

The p r o c e s s i s a v i a b l e method of reducing sludge-handling r equ i r emen t s . recovered alum can b e used a t t h e water p l a n t and a t t h e wastewater p l a n t . The chemical c o s t of t h e recovered alum i s abou t h a l f t h a t of commercial alum, a l s o adding t o t h e a t t r a c t i v e n e s s of t h e p r o c e s s . It w a s recommended t h a t t h e C i t y proceed i n a p r e l i m i n a r y des ign r e p o r t t o d e f i n e o p e r a t i o n a l a l te r - n a t i v e s and t h e a s s o c i a t e d implementation c o s t s , and t h a t f u r t h e r s tudy b e conducted on t h e e f f e c t s of recovered alum and a c i d i f i e d s ludge on t h e performance a t t h e wastewater p l a n t .

The

-18-

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A TIRE RECYCLING FACILITY

Cumberland County Clean Community Committee F a y e t t e v i l l e , N . C .

P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Chal lenge Grant: P r o j e c t Summary December 1985


L a n d f i l l i n g of used tires can c a u s e a number of problems b o t h f o r t h e county / m u n i c i p a l i t y and t h e p u b l i c a t l a r g e . Tires are p a r t i c u l a r l y troublesome i n l a n d f i l l s s i n c e they work t o t h e s u r f a c e p rov id ing a b reed ing h a b i t a t f o r rats and mosquitoes. Tires a l s o make l a n d u s e less r e l i a b l e a f t e r t h e l a n d f i l l i s completed. F i r e haza rd i n t h e l a n d f i l l i s a l s o a s e r i o u s haza rd .

Cumberland County Clean Community Committee eva lua ted t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of l o c a t i n g a t i r e r e c y c l i n g f a c i l i t y i n Cumberland County. The s tudy e s t ima ted t h e supply and s o u r c e s of s c r a p l r e j e c t t i res, e v a l u a t e d p o s s i b l e recovery t e c h n o l o g i e s and i d e n t i f i e d marke ts f o r t h e recovered rubber .

R e s u l t s

Wi th in a 150 m i l e r a d i u s of F a y e t t e v i l l e approximate ly 58,000 t o n s of s c r a p tires are gene ra t ed each yea r . Of t h i s amount about 37,000 t o n s are a v a i l a b l e f o r r e c y c l i n g . One t i r e manufac tur ing f i r m i n Cumberland County a l o n e accoun t s f o r 3,500 t o n s of tires a v a i l a b l e f o r p rocess ing . Two recove ry p r o c e s s e s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d which cou ld produce a marke tab le rubber crumb from t i res : ambient g r i n d i n g and c ryogen ic c rack ing .

Ambient Gr inding . I n t h i s p r o c e s s t ires are mechanica l ly ground a t ambient t empera tu re i n t o a t i r e crumb. The t ires a r e f i r s t shredded i n t o 4 i n c h by 4 i nch p i e c e s and then ground by a comminuter i n t o a crumb. Equipment f o r t h i s t y p e of r ecove ry rubber system can run up t o $370,000. Opera t ing and maintenance c o s t s can be up t o $0.01 p e r pound of t ire p rocessed .

O Cryogenic Cracking: T h i s p r o c e s s u s e s l i q u i d n i t r o g e n t o f r e e z e shredded tires. The f r o z e n and i m b r i t t l e d rubber i s t h e n f e d i n t o a hammer m i l l where i t i s reduced t o rubbe r crumb. C a p i t a l equipment c o s t s f o r c ryogen ic c rack ing can be up t o $450,000. Opera t ion and maintenance c o s t s were e s t i m a t e d t o b e $0.025 p e r pound processed .

Of t h e end u s e s f o r crumb rubber e v a l u a t e d , t h r e e major p o t e n t i a l marke ts f o r crumb rubber w e r e i d e n t i f i e d . These were i t s u s e as a f u e l , an a d d i t i v e f o r a s p h a l t and as a r a w material f o r manufac tur ing rubber-based p r o d u c t s . The h igh h e a t v a l u e , 15,000 B T U ' s p e r pound, of rubber crumb makes i t an a t t r a c t i v e s u b s t i t u t e f o r c o a l o r as a supplementa l f u e l f o r wood-fired b o i l e r s . However, p roduc t ion c o s t s are about $0.02 p e r pound, w h i l e t h e compe t i t i ve market p r i c e i s on ly $0.02-0.03 p e r pound. Use of crumb rubbe r as an a d d i t i v e t o a s p h a l t i s an a t t r a c t i v e end u s e due t o t h e l a r g e p o t e n t i a l market. A rubber - a s p h a l t mix tu re i s c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h conven t iona l a s p h a l t a t a d e l i v e r e d c o s t

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of about 8.5 c e n t s p e r pound. P roduc t ion c o s t s f o r crumb rubber f o r t h i s u s e are 6 t o 9 c e n t s p e r pound. However, t h e h i g h e r c o s t of a s p h a l t u s i n g crumb rubber i s o f f s e t by t h e fac t t h a t rubbe r i zed a s p h a l t h a s twice t h e l i f e of normal a s p h a l t . F i n a l l y , crumb rubbe r can be used as a n ex tende r i n rubber - based p roduc t s such as g a s k e t s , r o o f i n g material , f l o o r mats, t i r e f l a p s , e t c . Th i s i s a f a i r l y new market area and i s c u r r e n t l y under development.

Conclusions

The t e c h n o l o g i e s are a v a i l a b l e f o r producing a crumb rubbe r product from used t ires which h a s a market v a l u e . The major p o t e n t i a l u s e of t h i s p roduc t i n North Caro l ina w i l l be i n a s p h a l t road paving and r e p a i r . The Cumberland Clean Community Committee is working w i t h t h e North C a r o l i n a Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o promote t h e development of s t a n d a r d s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e u s e of crumb rubber i n a s p h a l t f o r S t a t e highway p roduc t s .

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BUSINESS SERVICES (SIC 73)

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STATEWIDE PESTICIDE STORAGE SURVEY

N. C. P e s t Cont ro l A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c .

P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Challenge Grant : P r o j e c t Summary December 1985


In North C a r o l i n a , many d i s t r i b u t o r s and p e s t c o n t r o l o p e r a t o r s are h o l d i n g i n i n v e n t o r y p e s t i c i d e s t h a t can no longe r b e a p p l i e d . o l d , over-stocked o r over-looked. Disposa l c o s t s are h i g h , r e s u l t i n g i n s t o r a g e of some d e s c r i p t i o n . s i g n i f i c a n t envi ronmenta l damage.

P roduc t s are e i t h e r banned,

Improper s t o r a g e and n e g l e c t could r e s u l t i n

The N . C. P e s t Con t ro l A s s o c i a t i o n conducted a su rvey of p e s t c o n t r o l d i s t r i b u - tors and o p e r a t o r s t o de te rmine t h e type , amounts, and l o c a t i o n s of banned and unuseab le p e s t i c i d e s throughout t h e s ta te . The r e s u l t s w i l l p rov ide t h e b a s i s f o r e v a l u a t i n g d i s p o s a l , exchange, and c o l l e c t i o n o p t i o n s f o r a n env i ronmen ta l ly s a f e way t o r educe p o t e n t i a l p e s t i c i d e p o l l u t i o n .

R e s u l t s

A sirmple q u e s t i o n a i r e w a s s e n t t o approximate ly 600 companies. Respondents w e r e t o l d t h a t t h e i r r e sponse and company name would b e k e p t c o n f i d e n t i a l and t h a t t h e key in fo rma t ion w a s t ype , amount, and l o c a t i o n of banned o r unused p e s t i c i d e . chemica ls by brand name and g e n e r i c grouping (see l i s t ) .

Responses w e r e r ece ived from 135 companies l i s t i n g over 50

A l l i n f o r m a t i o n w a s computerized t o g i v e d a t a on name, volume, and l o c a t i o n on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s . The l a r g e s t volumes tended t o be l o c a t e d i n o r n e a r the major c i t i e s i n t h e S o u t h e a s t , C e n t r a l Piedmont and Western r e g i o n s of t h e state.

The list of p e s t i c i d e types i s be ing reviewed by t h e P e s t i c i d e Board, Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , t o de t e rmine r e g u l a t e d c a t e g o r i e s of banned, r e s t r i c t e d use , and g e n e r a l u s e . d i s p o s a l , exchange, and c o l l e c t i o n o p t i o n s .

C a t e g o r i c a l r ank ings w i l l b e used t o deve lop a s t r a t e g y f o r

Conclus ions

A s i g n i f i c a n t amount of v a r i e d p e s t i c i d e compounds h a s been i d e n t i f i e d by volume and l o c a t i o n a c r o s s t h e s t a t e under "no l o n g e r used" and " s to rage" c o n d i t i o n s . The p r o j e c t scope h a s been expanded and t h e N . C . P e s t C o n t r o l A s s o c i a t i o n i s working w i t h t h e P e s t i c i d e Board and Extens ion S e r v i c e a t N . C . State U n i v e r s i t y t o deve lop a p l a n f o r t h e n e x t s t e p s . A c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d e : de te rmine p r i o r i t i e s of dangers of s p e c i f i e d s t o r e d p e s t i c i d e s ; i d e n t i f y proper c o l l e c t i o n / d i s p o s a l o p t i o n s f o r h igh p r i o r i t y p e s t i c i d e s ; i d e n t i f y exchange / r e sa l e o p t i o n s f o r l o w p r i o r i t y p e s t i c i d e s .

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HEALTH SERVICES (SIC 80)

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Y

7

SCINTILLATION FLUID RECYCLING PROdRAM - Duke U n i v e r s i t y Medical Center

Durham, N. C .

P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Chal lenge Grant: P r o j e c t Summary December 1985


Low-level r a d i o a c t i v e waste i s t h e primary component of t h e t o x i c waste stream gene ra t ed from biomedica l r e s e a r c h and p a t i e n t c a r e a c t i v i t i e s . H i s t o r i c a l l y t h i s r a d i o a c t i v e waste h a s been i n c i n e r a t e d o r l a n d f i l l e d . Regula tory changes have prompted a c r i t i c a l review of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e management p r a c t i c e s a t Duke U n i v e r s i t y Medical Center . of volume r e d u c t i o n f o r s c i n t i l l a t i o n f l u i d i s t o c rush t h e v ia l s , c o l l e c t t h e f l u i d , and s h i p i t o f f - s i t e f o r i n c i n e r a t i o n . Raw m a t e r i a l and waste d i s p o s a l c o s t s could be reduced i f t h e s c i n t i l l a t i o n f l u i d could be r e c y c l e d w i t h i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n .

The e x i s t i n g method

Duke U n i v e r s i t y Medical Center e v a l u a t e d t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of e s t a b l i s h i n g a s c i n t i l l a t i o n f l u i d r e c y c l i n g program u s i n g s o l v e n t d i s t i l l a t i o n t o r e c o v e r the f l u i d . s c i n t i l l a t i o n f l u i d , eva lua ted t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r r ecove r ing each t y p e of f l u i d and performed bench-sca le d i s t i l l a t i o n tests on t h e i d e n t i f i e d waste f l u i d s .

In t h e s t u d y , Duke i d e n t i f i e d q u a n t i t i e s and s o u r c e s of w a s t e

R e s u l t s

The i n i t i a l phase of t h e s t u d y w a s a u d i t i n g a l l l a b o r a t o r i e s u s i n g sc in t i l l a - t i o n f l u i d . The a u d i t i d e n t i f i e d t h e t y p e s and q u a n t i t i e s of s c i n t i l l a t i o n f l u i d s used, t h e r a d i o a c t i v e i s o t o p e s employed, whether t h e f l u i d w a s commer- c i a l l y o r l a b o r a t o r y p repa red , and t h e a b i l i t y of t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r t o u t i l i z e o n - s i t e p repa red c o c k t a i l s , among o t h e r v a r i a b l e s . One hundred and twelve (112) l a b o r a t o r i e s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d as long-term u s e r s of s c i n t i l l a t i o n f l u i d . Wi th in t h e s e l a b o r a t o r i e s 229 i n d i v i d u a l wastestreams were i d e n t i f i e d , as more t h a n one i s o t o p e w a s used i n many l a b o r a t o r i e s . Over 4000 g a l l o n s of s c i n t i l l a t i o n w a s t e i s produced by t h e s e l a b o r a t o r i e s . T r i t i u m r e p r e s e n t s t h e most commonly used i s o t o p e , fo l lowed by t h e s h o r t h a l f - l i v e d phosphorous, and 14-carbon l a b e l l e d materials occur red i n approximate ly 16% of t h e t o t a l waste volume.

Recovery s t u d i e s were performed on each waste type us ing a spinning-band b a t c h d i s t i l l a t i o n system. The i s o t o p e l e v e l s and p u r i t y of t h e r ecove red s o l v e n t ( s ) were determined f o r each s c i n t i l l a t i o n f l u i d run . R e s u l t s of t h e bench-sca le s t u d i e s are summarized below:

1) T r i t i a t e d wastes a r e t h e pr imary component of our wastestream and are immediate c a n d i d a t e s f o r r e c y c l i n g . R a d i o a c t i v i t y remains i n t h e aqueous f r a c t i o n s of t h e waste and t h e d i s t i l l a t e c o n t a i n s only back- ground levels of a c t i v i t y . Dewatering of t h e t r i t i u m waste p r i o r t o d i s t i l l a t i o n should r e s u l t i n an i n c r e a s e d y i e l d of d i s t i l l a t e .

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Pollution Prevention Challenge Grant - Project Summaries