Pollution and Shrimp Industry (Case Study in Sidoarjo’s Shrimp farmers behaviors in dealing with disaster)

7/28/2019 Pollution and Shrimp Industry (Case Study in Sidoarjos Shrimp farmers behaviors in dealing with disaster)

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Pollutionsand

Shrimp

Industry

(CaseStudyinSidoarjos Shrimp

farmersbehaviours

in

dealing

withdisaster)

Achmad RoomFitrianto

PhDStudent,CurtinUniversity

ResearcheratTheStateInstituteforIslamicStudiesofSunan AmpelIndonesia


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www.sunan-ampel.ac.id

Outline:


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Sidoarjoat

aglance

Sidoarjospopulationwas1,293,111in2005and

hadgrown

to

2,042,942

by

September

2012

experiencedanannualeconomicgrowthrateofroughly5.17%beforethemudoccurs

economic

growth

declined

significantly

and

reachedacrisispointin2008thatreached4.83% In2011,Sidoarjowasexperiencing5.62%of

economicgrowthand6,38%In2012


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WaterPollution

factors


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TheMud

at

aglance

MudSlinging Indonesia

Sidoarjohotmuderuption,amanmadedisaster... (3minutes)

MudHellIndonesia (10minutes)

ManyOthers


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www.sunanampel.ac.id

Thedisasterlocation

Sources: The New York Times, 2006

Sources:SidoarjoSiteplan,20092029


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Beforeand

After

Source: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/coverages/mudflow/index_IK_p42.html


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Causeof

mud

eruption:

Most experts agreed that the disaster was caused by theunderground blowout which is an un-controlled flowing offluids that flow into the weakest areas.

Opinion remains divided over the trigger mechanism

Yogykarta Earthquake- 27th of May 2006 (Mazzini et al)

Human activities in the vicinity - Negligent drilling practice by

Lapindo Brantas at Banjar Panji II (Davis et al, Tingay et al)

Limited access to Lapindo Brantas data a factor



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TheEffects

Buriedmorethan10,000houses,23

schools,24

factories

Buried360hectaresoffarmlands,thatresultedinagiantmudlake

Feb2010:Gentlyslopingdome.

Subsidencecalderas/

concentric

fault

system.

3newsedimentarygravityflowsidentified.

Source:

http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/coverages/mudflow/index_IK_p42.html


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Cont. Collapsezonethreatens6kmradius including:

WestJatirejo,

Gedang,

Juwetkenongo

and

Wunut,

PamotanandKesambivillage,Glagaharumvillage,Porong(SubdistrictandKalidawir,Gempolsari,Kalitengah,KalisampurnoandKetapangvillages,Tanggulangin(Sub

district). Morethan13,000familieshavebeendisplaced

1.03%nationaleconomicgrowthreduction.

Reducingthe

regional

gross

domestic

product

of

EastJavaProvinceby10%(Kompas,27April2007).


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DoesPorong

Mud

Volcano

man

madedisaster?

Beforeconcludethatquestionlets

seendescriptionsbelow


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Firstly..

Conditionsthathadtobefulfilledbefore

explorationof

the

well

could

commence

were

notmettheLaw

thedecreeofBadanStandarNasionalIndonesia

No.136910

2002

Presidentialdecree(Inpres)No.1/1976

Bothregulationsstatedthatminingactivitiesarenot

allowedto

be

conducted

near

residential

areas

and

nearpublicinfrastructurefacilities.


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Thefactwasthat,theexplorationspermitin

BlockBrantas

especially

in

the

Banjarpanji1

wellwasgrantedtoPT.LapindoBrantas,even

thoughtheBanjarpanji1wellexplorationsite

ofhydrocarbon

(Bjp

1)

just

located

5metres

fromresidentialareas,37metresfromPorong

freeway

and

less

than

100

metres

from

the

gaspipethatcrossalongPorongHighway

(BPK,2007).


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Secondly,

McMichael(2009)finding

DutchColonial

archives

from

1910

mentioned

thatthePorongareawasconsideredproneto

gas

eruptions.

In1950sanAmericanOilExplorationCompaniesinEastJavawerealsoawareofthe

areasunstable

geological

nature.


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Howtofixit?

Letshavealooktothefollowing

fables


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Amonkeyandafishwerecaughtinaterrible

floodand

were

being

swept

downstream

amidsttorrentsofwateranddebris.The

monkeyspiedabranchfromanoverhanging

treeand

pulled

himself

to

safety

from

the

swirlingwater.Then,wantingtohelphis

friend

the

fish,

he

reached

into

the

water

and

pulledthefishfromthewaterontobranch.


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The

moral

of

the

story

Goodintentionsarenotenough.Ifyouwishtohelpthefish,you

must

understand

its

nature.

InotherwordscouldbeunderstoodthatTohelpthevictims

ofdisasters,

one

must

understand

who

they

are

and

what

theyneedfromtheirownperspective.


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Makingsenseofdisasters

Nomatterthethreatcreatedbyanimplacablenature,humanbehaviourcannotbreakfreefromitsbondwiththe

changingof

the

nature.

Humansalwaysusetheirrationalitytosecurethemselves

formfrom

the

cold

and

rain,

or

protect

against

hunger;

however,beforethen,mostpeopletendtoseekemotional

andpsychologicalmasteryofnature.

Upsettingamoralbalance,awarningphysicalbalanceupset TheRtRevGrahamDow,BishopofCarlisle:Wearereapingthe

consequencesofourmoraldegradation,aswellastheenvironmental

damagethatwehavecaused.UKfloodsof2007


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Displacement&

SocioEconomic

Aspects


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Duetotheauthoritiesimplements

followingStrategies:

Containment mudlakedrowningofvillages

bydeveloping

dams

surrounding

the

vicinity

DerivedtheMudtoPorong River andAlooriversresultinthecontaminationofriver and

theestuary

Willresult

in

the

disruption

of

aquaculturesectorsalongtherivers


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Theriver

map

ttp://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/coverages/mudflow/index_IK_p42.html


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TheFacts

shows

that

:

TheMudcontains:HydrocarbonSulphide,Hg(Mercury),Cd

(Cadmium),

Cr

(Chromium),

As

(arsenic)

and

phenol

(Antara,

2006;Mawardi,2006;Herawati,N,2007).

Otherresearchmeasuredphenolinmudsamplesatconcentrationsexceedingthemaximumresiduelimit

(McMichael,2009).

Pohl(2007)emphasisesthatPhenolistoxictofishandaquaticvegetation,nottomentionhumanhealth.

Inaddition,

the

mud

microbiology

analyses

conducted

by

the

ICBBshowedthatthemudvolcanoinPorongcontains

dangerousbacteriasuchasColiform,SalmonellaandStaphylococcusaureus (Antara,2006).


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Therefore,itwouldseemlikelythatthefish

farmingsector,

have

been

directly

impacted


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Aquacultureeffects

:

BasedontheSidoarjofisheriesandMarines

department2008,

Four

sub

district

fisheries

sectorcentre,Sidoarjo,Tanggulangin,Porong,

Jabonsubdistrictsexperiencednegative

productivity.


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TheFourSubDistrictFishProductionin

2008

Sidoarjosubdistricthad4,241,700Kgfisheriesproductionin2007andbecome4,189,600Kgin2008.It

is

reduced

12.3%.

TanggulanginSubdistricthad799,100kgfisheriesproductionin2007become642,200Kgin2008;itisreduced19,63%.

Jabonsubdistricthad5,647,400Kgfisheriesproductionin2007become4,445,800in2008,Itisdeclined21.28%and

Porongsub

district,

this

subdistrict

experienced

negative2593%growthoffisheriesproductionfrom782,000Kgin2007become579,200Kgin2008.


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OverallSidoarjoexperienced

negative24.81%offisheries

productiongrowth.


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Thesignificances

of

Shrimp

Sector

Employsapproximately13,978workers

Producedshrimp

valued

at

approximately

US$

4,877,870in2010(DKPSidoarjo,2010;Marinesandfisheriesinfigures2011).


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Thechangingbehaviourand

technique

TheFarmersrespond

Applyingorganic

cultivation

method

usingbiologicalpestcomparetousechemicalone

avoidusingantibioticand

Avoidusinghormonalgrowthinfarmproductionprocess

UsingcertainWaterfilteringtechnique UsingSALVINIAMOLESTAforbiologicalfilter

UsingEICHHORNIACRASSIPESforbiologicalfilter

TheGovernment

respond


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Pondswithenvironmentallyfriendlytechnology


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Silvofishery Treatment


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Silvofishery Models


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Silvofishery modelafteroccurring

theMud

Volcano

in

Porong


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Thegovernment

efforts


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Conclusion

Farmers

Behaviours

Educationinherited

KnowledgeEksperiences

Individual

Competences

Rainfall

Soil/Pond

Quality

Water

Supply

Climate

infrastructures

Technology

HouseholdNeeds

Wages

Accessto

capital

Remitance

Family

wealth/

Deposit

Labour

Tenure

system

Farmer

Associations

Vegetation/

Mangrove

forest

Retirement

fund

BuyersSocialAssets

FinancialAssetsPhysicalAssets

NaturalAssets

HumanResources

Assets

Creative

workers

Universities/

research

CentresNGO/

Social

Workers

Politicians/

Policy

makers

Machinery

Fertilizer

Hatchery

Pond

technology

Coldstorage

Accessto

energy

Communication

Transportation

Working

capasity

Adaptation

capasity

Rules

and

regulations

Local

agreements

Irrigation

system

Capasity tohire

Banks

NonBanks

Peereducation

Workshopandseminar

Local

values Traditions

Localwisdoms

Climatechange

Policiesmakingprocess

consultations

Documents

Pollution and Shrimp Industry (Case Study in Sidoarjo’s Shrimp farmers behaviors in dealing with disaster)