Pollution a New Approach

8/13/2019 Pollution a New Approach

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POLLUTION


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DEFINITION

Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes inour surroundings that have harmful effects on plantsanimals and human beings.

(Pollutants solid, liquid or gaseoussubstances).

CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS

Degradable or non persistent pollutants (Eg.food wastevegelables etc.

Slowly

degradable or persistent pollutants(Eg. Plastics)Non degradable pollutants (Eg.nuclear waste)


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CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CONTROL MEASURES OF POLLUTION

1. AIR POLLUTION

WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?

Air pollution occurs due to the presence of undesirable solid or

gaseous particles in the air, in quantities that are harmful to humanhealth and the environment.

TYPES OF POLLUTANTS

Primary pollutantsSecondary pollutants


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EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS

Lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Exposure to air containing 0.001% of co lead to collapsecome and death

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Impairs perception and thinking, head ache etc

Sulphur, nitrogen oxides irritates respiratory system

Suspended particles aggravates RTI

Many volatile organic compounds (eg. formaldehyde)

and toxic particulates (eg. lead) can cause mutations,reproductive problems or cancer.


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EFFECTS ON PLANTS

Damage trees from diseases, pests, drought, frostEFFECTS ON MATERIALS Break down the exterior paint Discolor irreplaceable monuments, statues, beauty sites etc (finance

loss)EFFECTS ON THE STRATOSPHERE Destruction of the ozone layer (ozone hole)IMPLICATIONS FOR MANKIND Effects on human health Food production Plant and animal planktons damage Effect on materials Effect on climate


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CONTROL MEASURESNatural measures (Rain, wind)

Engineering measures (Substitutics,

dispension higher smoke-stacksEducational measures (legal, inter-national

measures)


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2. WATER POLLUTION

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTIONSurface water pollution Disease causing agents Oxygen depleting wastes

Inorganic plant nutrients (eg. water soluble nitrates andphosphates) Water soluble inorganic chemicals Variety of organic chemicals Sediment of suspended matter Water soluble radio active isotopes Hot water released by power plants and industries Oil pollution


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GROUND WATER POLLUTION Urban run-off of untreated or poorly treated waste water

and garbage Industrial wastes Agricultural practices Leaks from underground storage pipes and tanks Leachate from land fills

Poorly-designed and inadequately maintained septictanks Mining wastesEFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION Water borne diseases Chemical poisoningCONTROL MEASURES Setting up treatment plants Root zone process


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3.SOIL POLLUTION

SOIL PROFILEo Top layer or the surface litter layer called O-horizono

The uppermost layer, the A

horizono The subsoil layer, the B horizono Below the subsoil, the C horizon

CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATIONo Erosion

o Excess use of fertilizerso Excess salts and water


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4. MARINE POLLUTION

DEFINITION

Marine pollution can be defined as the introduction ofsubstances to the marine environment directly or

indirectly by man resulting in adverse effect.CAUSES

Discharging wastes into the sea

Washed off pesticides and fertilizers from the land

Petroleum and oils washed off from the roads Ship accidents and accidental spillages at sea

Off share oil exploration and extraction


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CONTROL MEASURES

Sewage treatment plant Primary treatment Secondary treatmentAdvanced sewage treatment

For oil pollution use of chemical dispersantsEFFECTS

Development of red tides Oil slicks damage marine life, affect fish, shall

fish production Reduces the market value of sea food.


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5. NOISE POLLUTIONSOURCES OR NOISE POLLUTION

Indoor noise pollution

Outdoor noise pollution

EFFECTS

Temporary or permanent hearing loss

Emotional or psychological effects

Increased rate of accidents

CONTROL MEASURES

Reduce noise at the source Block the path of noise

Increase the path-length

Protect the recipient


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6.THERMAL POLLUTION

DEFINITION

Definition Discharge of warm water into a river isusually called thermal pollution

CAUSES

Discharge of heated water by the industriesEFFECTS

Decreases the solubility of oxygen Changes the ecological balance of the river

Promote the growth of certain fish and the fish catchmay be high in the vicinity of a power plant

Change in the diversity of fauna


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CONTROL MEASURES Passing the heated water through a cooling pond or tower

7. NUCLEAR HAZARDS

CAUSES Leakage from nuclear power unit

Explosion of atom bombs Testing of nuclear product

EFFECT Genetic anomalies

Mutation leading to cancer


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8.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CAUSES EFFECTSAND CONTROL MEASURES OF URBAN AND

INDUSTRIAL WASTE.

CLASSIFICATION

Municipal solid waste

Hazardous wastes

CONTROL MEASURES OF URBAN WASTES

Source reduction

Recycling

Disposal

Vermicomposting


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HAZARDOUS WASTES

Toxic waste Reactive waste

Ignitable waste

Corrosive wastes

Infectious wastes Radioactive wastes

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND HEALTH RISKS

Contamination of ground water Affects aquatic life, birds life and human life


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9. ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE

PREVENTION OF POLLUTION

Plant trees wherever you can and moreimportantly take care of them. Theyreduce air pollution

Reduce the use of wood and paperproducts wherever possible

Reuse as many envelopes as you can

Do not buy furniture, doors or windowframes made from tropical hardwoods


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Use pesticides only when absolutelynecessary and use them in small amounts.

Advocate organic farming

Reduce the use of fossil fuels

Buy consumer goods that last.

Try to avoid asking for plastic carry bags

Contd


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Recycle all newspaper, glass, aluminum andother items accepted for recycling

Set up a compost bin in your garden or terrace

Start individual or community composting orvermicomposting plants

Do not litter the roads and surrounding

You could join any of the several NGOs thatexist in our country or become volunteers.

Contd


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Contd

Learn about the biodiversity of your ownarea

You cannot improve your world by notvoting.

Do not get discouraged at the first sign oftrouble

When talking to elected officials always becourteous and reasonable.


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10. Disaster management: floods,earthquakes, cyclones landslide

GUIDELINES FOR AN EFFECTIVE MITIGATION PROGRAM

Pro-disaster mitigation

Mitigation measures must ensure protection ofthe natural and cultural assets of the community

Hazard reduction methods

Any mitigation program must ensure an effectivepartnership between Government privatesectors, NGOs, scientific and the community


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ELEMENTS OF A MITIGATION STRATEGY

Risk assessment and vulnerability analysis Incentives and resources for mitigation Applied research and technology transfer Public awareness and training Institutional mechanisms Land use planning and regulations Hazard resistant design and construction Structural and constructional reinforcement of

existing buildings


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FLOODS AND MITIGATION MEASURES STRUCTURAL MEASURES Reservoirs flow to be regulated Construction of embankments and floodwalls Improve flow conditions in the channel and anti-erosion

measures Improved drainage.

Non-structural measures Flood plain management Maintaining wetlands Flood forecasting and warning services Disaster relief, flood fighting and public health measures Flood insurance


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EARTHQUAKES AND MITIGATION MEASURES Role of NGOs

CYCLONES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Installation of early warning systems

Developing communication infrastructure

Developing shelter belts Developing community cyclone shelters

Construction of permanent houses

Training and education

Land use control and settlement planning


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LAND SLIDES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Developmental programs that involvemodification of the topography exploitation ofnatural resources

preventive measures for further landslides are

drainage measures, erosion control measuresrock fall control measures

preventing deforestation

improving afforestation

Documents

Pollution a New Approach