Pollutants and its measurement

7/23/2019 Pollutants and its measurement

1/70

Pollutants andits

measurementParticulate MatterSo2

No2Ammonia NH3OzoneMetals

COPAH


2/70

IndexMethod Prescribed in the standard are:

SO2} Improved West and Gaeke}

Ultaviolet FlorosenceNOx} Jacob & Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite)} Chemiluminescence's

PM10 & PM 2.5} Gravimetric} TOEM} Beta attenuation

O3} UV Photometric} Chemiluminescence's} Chemical Method

Pb} AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent} EDXRF Using Teflon filter


3/70

CO} Non dispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR)

NH3} Chemiluminescence's} Indophenols Blue Method

Benzene

} Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer} Adsorption and desorption followed by GC

Benzo (a) pyrene particulate phase only} Solvent Extraction followed by HPLC/GC

Arsenic & Nickel

} AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent


4/70

Particulate matter which is very small ( less than 10 m)

remain suspended in the air for a periods of time and easilyinhaled into the deep lungs. Increased death (mortality)

and diseases (morbidity). Currently PM10 have been

identifying death effects associated with environmental

levels of PM10 is significant issue.

Particulate Matter

A. Suspended Particulate Matter (


5/70

Application and Limitation for SamplingAirborne Particulate Matter

} As per the new notification it measures PM10,PM2.5 .

} A known volume of air is passed through

initially weighted glass fibre filter paper (GF/A)of size 8 x 10 .

} Centrifugal force acts on the dust particles toseparate it into two parts.

} Below 10 Qm collected on filter paper.

} Particle above 10 Qm collected in cyclonecap.

} The difference in initial and final weight of filterpaper and cyclone cap used in calculation toexpress the result in Qg/m3.


6/70

Instructions for Measurement of ParticulateMatter

Conditioning of Filter Paper:

} Both blank and sampled filters shall beconditioned at 20-250C and relative humiditybelow 50% for 16 hrs. prior to weighing.

Sampling:} Use fresh carbon brush after every 48 hrs of

sampling or use brushless sampler.

Handling:

} Do not bend or fold the filter before collection ofsamples.

Transport and Storage:

} Filter papers can be transported in filter paperbox.


7/70

RSPM sampling by Respirable DustSampler as per IS 5182 Part 32 involves theprinciple of filtering a known volume of airthrough a glass fiber filter paper of knownweight at an average speed of 1.0-1.5 m3

air/min.

RSPM (g/m3) = (W2-W1) *106___________________________

Volume of air sampled

Where W1 is initial weight (g) and W2 isfinal weight (g) of the filter paper

Methods for Sampling Airborne Particulate

Matter

PM10


8/70

APM 550 for PM10 & 2.5} The APM 550 uses a brush-less pumpwith a low noise.

} Same instrument can be used for

PM10 and PM2.5 sampling.} Lower sampling rate of 1m3/hour

reduces filter choking even in areashaving high FPM levels.

}Critical Orifice maintains constant

sampling rate of 1m3/hour.}Compact and portable for

convenient field operation.


9/70

Beta Ray Attenuation Measurement

This method provides a simple determination of concentration in units ofmilligrams or micrograms of particulate per cubic meter of air.A small 14C (Carbon 14) element emits a constant source of high-energy

electrons known as beta particles.These beta particles are detected and counted by a sensitive scintillation

detector.An external pump pulls a measured amount of dust-laden air through a filtertape.After the filter tape is loaded with ambient dust, it is automatically placed

between the source and the detector thereby causing an attenuation of thebeta particle signal.

The degree of attenuation of the beta particle signal is used to determinethe mass concentration of particulate matter on the filter tape, and hence the

volumetric concentration of particulate matter in ambient air.


10/70

Particulate Monitor Flow diagram

Hourly tape spots


11/70

Step - by step test instruction to be followedfor Gaseous Sampling

Install the RDS at a height of 1.5 m.

Switch on the instrument,

Adjust the timer reading for required hours ofsampling, Flow rate to be adjusted 0.5 litre perminute at the initial stage. Note the initial and finalmanometer readings,

Fill the impinger with 10 ml by the absorbingsolution,

After 4 / 8 hours of operation transfer the media toplastic bottle (60 ml) and then analyse the sample.


12/70

SO2} Improved West and Gaeke

} Ultraviolet Florescence

Standard: g/m3

Industrial, Residential,Ecologically Sensitive Rural& other AreasAreas

Annual Average 50

2024 hr Average 80

80


13/70

SO2 Source}Natural process 67%} Volcanoes

}Manmade 33%

} Fuel combustion}Coal

} Biofuel

}Diesel

} Removal of Sox from fuel gases} Removal of Sulphur from fuel burning and use of low

sulphur fuel

} Sulphur can be remove by using chemical scrubberin which gases passes through lime stone.


14/70

SO2 by Improved West and Gaeke

Method

Principle

}Sulphur Dioxide is absorbed from air in asolution of Sodium/Potassium TetraChloromercurate (TCM)

}Ambient SO2 react with it and forms a stable

dichlorosulphitomercurate complex} The amount of SO2 then estimated by colour

produced when p-rosaalinie is added to thesolution.


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Range and SensitivityThis method can measure concentration overan approximate range of 0.005 to 5.0 ppmwith an accuracy of 10% (including samplingand analysis at the lower end of the rangeand 5% at the upper end with the precision ofabout 2%.


16/70

Take the 10 ml portion of Sample.

Then add 2 ml sulphamic acid + 2 ml offormaldehyde + 1 ml p-rosaniline.

After 20 min., read the absorbance at 560 nm in

a spectrometer with the blank as reference.

Methodology for Analysis of SO2

(West & Gaeke Method)


17/70

Reaction Mechanism

} HgCl4-2+SO2+ H2O =HgCl2SO3

-2 +2H+2Cl-

} SO2+H2O+HCHO=HOCH2-SO3H

C6H4-NH3}

NH3-C6H4-C-C6H4-NH3 + HOCH2-SO3H= p-rosaline methyle Clsulphonic acid


18/70

Equipments used}A midget impinger contains absorbing solution}A pump suitable to desire flow rate of 0.2-1.0

lpm

}A volume meter with thermometer, manometerand timer.


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Chemicals Required

Absorbent} 0.1 M Sodium tetra chloromercurate (Na2HgCl4) (27.2

g HgCl2 and 11.7 g NaCl in 1000 ml D.W.)

Rosaaniline hydrochloride(0.04%)

} 0.2 gm of dye in 100 ml of DDW, after 48 hrs filter thesolution (This is stable for three month if kept in dark)---(A)

} Take 20 ml of (A) in 100 ml flask add 6ml conc. HCland after five min fill up to the mark with DDW. (stable 2week if refrigerated)

Formaldehyde (0.2%)

} 5ml of 40% in 1000ml DDW


20/70

Standard Solution

}Calibration-0.0123 N SodiumMetabisulphite (1ml=150 l SO2)(Dissolve 640 mg of metabisulphite (65%.5)as SO2 in 1liter of DDW standardized with iodine using starch asindicator)

}0.01 Iodine-(Dissolve 12.69 of resublimed iodine in 25 ml of

solution made with 15 gm iodate-free KI, Dilute to 1liter, pipette 100 into 1000ml flask, fill to mark with1.5%KI, check the normality by standardthiosulphate)


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Standardization of metabisulphieFollow the following steps:} Standardize sodium thiosulphate with

potassium dichromate

} Standardize iodine with standardthiosulphate

} Standardize metabisulphite with standardiodine and finally make the solution of0.0123N

}Dilute 2ml of this in 100 ml with absorbingreagent, this is equivalent to 3l of SO2 per ml


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Procedure}10 ml absorbing in midget impinger}Bubble known volume of air through any gas

collecting device. (This is stable up to three days)

}Adjust volume to 10 ml with D.W. (If anyevaporation loss occurs)

}Add 1ml each of complexing reagent andmix.

}Prepared a blank in same manner.

}After 20 min read absorbance at 560 nm.

}Calculate ppm or g/m3 of SO2. 1ppm=1l of

SO2 /liter of air


23/70

SO2

Ultraviolet Fluorescent

} Sulphur dioxide absorbs UV energy at 190nm-230nm

free from interference and come to the exitedstate, producing fluorescence, which is measuredby PMT.

} The fluorescence reaction impinging up on the PMTis directly proportional to to the concentration ofSO2.


24/70

Optical measurement theory

Exhaust air is scrubbed with a charcoal scrubber to eliminate Hydrocarbonsand SO2. This air is then ideal for use in the hydrocarbon kicker to remove

hydrocarbons from sample air.

Sample

Inlet

SO2 + photon

Particulate

Filter

Fluorescence

CellPMT

Microprocessor

SO2 Outputs

exhaust

SO2 *

Hydrocarbon

kicker

Optical

filter

UV lampSO2 + UV

SO2Analyzer Flow diagram


25/70

Oxides of Nitrogen (as NO2)

} Jacob & Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite)

} Chemiluminescence's

Standard: (g/m3)Industrial, Residential,

Ecologically Sensitive Rural& other AreasAreas

Annual Average 50

2024 hr Average 80

80


26/70

Source}Combustion of Coal, Oil, Natural gas andGasoline

}Average residence time in atmosphere is 4 days.

}At traffic rush time (6-8am) level of NO increases.

}At mid morning level of NO2 increases due to

conversion of NO to NO2 by UV rays.


27/70

Jacob & Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite)

Principle

Nitrogen oxides as nitrogen dioxide are

collected by bubbling air through a sodiumhydroxide solution to form a stable solution ofsodium nitrite. The nitrite ion produced duringsampling is determined colorimetrically byreacting the exposed absorbing reagent withphosphoric acid, sulphanilam-ide and N(1-napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochlorideat 540nm

.


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Range} Range of the method is 20-740 g/m3(0.01 to

0.4 ppm) nitrogen dioxide in a 50 ml

absorbing reagent with a sampling rate of200ml/min for 24 hr.

Reagents

} Absorbing reagent(4.0gm NaOH + 1 gm sodium arsenite in 1000 ml D.W.)

} Sulphanilamide: 20gm in700ml D.W.} NEDA: 0.5 gm of N (1-Napthyle) ethylene

diamine dihydrochloride


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Equipment used}Respirable Dust Sampler along withgaseous attachment. Gaseousattachment contains 4 (2 for SO2 and 2

for NOX) midget impingers containingthe absorbing solution.

}Flow rate of gas in the midget impinger

is to be adjusted through manometer ofthe gaseous attachment


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Methodology for Analysis of NOx

Pipette 10 ml of the collected sample into a testtube.

Add 1 ml of H2O2, 10.0 of sulphanilamide solutionand 1.4 ml of NEDA solution with thorough mixingafter the addition of each reagent.

After a 10-minute colour-development interval,measure the absorbance at 540 nm against theblank. Read Qg NO2 /ml from the standard curve.


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CalculationFor calibration the amount of Potassium/Sodium Nitrate usedcan be calculated:

G=(1.500/A)x100

Where:

G=Amount of Sodium Nitrate

1.500=Gravimetric Factor

A=Assay, percent

Mass NO2

in g/m3 = (g NO2

/ml)/(V x 0.82)

Where: V=Volume of Air Sampled


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NOx by Chemiluminescence's

} Emission of light from electrically exitedspecies due to the chemical reaction.

}NO+O3=NO2* + O2}NO2

*=NO2+hv

} In this process light energy produce isdirectly proportional to the NOconcentration.

}NO is associated with NO2 therefore it isnecessary to convert NO2 to NO beforeanalysis


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} Sample air is drawn into the reaction cell via twoseparate (alternating) channels the NO and NOX.The NOX channel travels through a delay coilenabling the same sample of air to be sampled forNO, NO2 and NOX.

} The NOX channel passes through an NO2 to NOconverter, NO2 is converted to NO

} Sample air (NO & NOX channels) enter the

measurement cell where NO reacts}with Ozone in the following reaction

}NO + O3 -> NO2* + O2

} Equation 1 Chemiluminescence reaction

Chemiluminescence


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} This reaction releases energy in the form of Chemiluminescenceradiation (1100nm), which is filtered by the optical band pass filterand detected by the Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

} The level of Chemiluminescence detected is directly proportionallyto the NO in sample

}

NO2 is calculated by subtracting the NO measurement from NOXmeasurement} NOX = NO + NO2 or NO2 = NOX NO

Sample

Inlet

NO + photon

3-way

solenoid valve

Particulate

Filter

Molycon

Ozone

Generator

Reaction

Cell

PMT

Microprocessor

NO,NO2,NOx

Outputs

exhaust

room air

Permeation

Dryer

NO2 NO

NO + O3 NO2 *

NOxAnalyzer Flow diagram


35/70

Ammonia (NH3)}Chemiluminescence's

} Indophenols Blue MethodStandard: (g/m3)


Annual Average: 100100

24 hr. Average 400400


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Principle Ammonia in the atmosphere is collected bybubbling of measured amount of air through adilute solution of sulfuric acid to form ammoniumsulphate.

The ammonium sulfate formed in the sample isanalysed colorimetric by reaction with phenol andalkaline sodium hypochlorite to producesIndophenols a blue dye.

Sodium nitropruside accelerated the reaction as an

catalyst.


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Range & Sensitivity}With a sampling rate of 1-2 lit/minaconc. range of 200-700g/m3. of air may be determine with the samplingtime of one hr.

}The limit of detection of the analysis is0.02NH3/ml.


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Reagents

Ammonia free D.D.W.

Absorbing Solution (0.1 N)

(2.3 ml of conc. H2SO4(18M) in 1lit.DDW.)

Sodium Nitropruside:(2g in 100ml of DDW)

(Stable for two months in refrigerator)

Sodium Hydroxide(6.75M)(270g in 1lit.)


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Buffer:

} 50g Na3PO4.12H2O in and 74ml of 6.75 NaOH in

DDW.Working Hypochloride:

}Mix 30ml of 0.1NSodium hypochloride+30ml of6.75 M NaOH in 100ml DDW.

Working Phenol:} 20ml of 45% phenol in 1ml of 2%sodium

nitropruside and dilute to 100ml) (Prepare fresh every

at 4hrsAmmonia:

}Dissolve 3.18gm of NH4Cl in 1lit.DDW.(Stable fortwo month when preserve with CHCl3)


40/70

Procedure} Bubble air through any gas sampling

device to 10 ml of absorbing reagent.} The sampling rate should be 1-2 lit/min for

adequate sampling time.} Transfer the sample in 25ml glass stoppred

flask.}Add 2ml of Buffer.}Add 5ml of working phenol solution mix

and then add 2.5 ml of working

hypochloride solution with rapid mixing.}Dilute to 25 ml and keep it in dark for 30min.

}Measure developed blue colour at 630nm


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42/70

Calculation

} g/m3 NH3=W/V

0

}Where:

W=gNH3 in 25 ml from standard

V= Volume of Air sampled


43/70

Ozone (O3)

} UV Photometric

} Chemiluminescence's

} Chemical MethodStandard: (g/m3)


8 hr. Average: 100

1001 hr. Average 180

180


44/70

Ozone: Chemical MethodPrinciple}Air containing Ozone is drown through a midget

impinger containing 10 ml of 1% potassium iodidein a neutral (pH 6.8)buffer composed of 0.1Mdisodium hydrogen phosphate and 0.1Mpotassium dihydregen phosphate.

} The iodine librated in the absorbing reagent isdetermined spectrophotometrically at 352 nm.


45/70

Chemical Reaction

} O3+3KI+H2O=KI3+2KOH+O2} The analysis must be completed within 30 min

to 1hrs after sampling.

Range and sensitivity

} The range extend from 0.01ppm to about 10ppm.

} The sensitivity of method is depend on thevolume of air sampled.


46/70

Precision and Accuracy} The Precision of the method within the

recommended range is about 5%deviation

from the mean.

} The accuracy of this method has not beenestablished. Calibration is based on the

assumed stoichiometry of the reaction with theabsorbing solution.


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Chemicals Required}Potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( KH2PO4

),

}Bisodium hydrogen phosphate ( Na2NH

4)

}Potassium iodide

}Sodium hydroxide


48/70

Reagents

}Dissolve 14 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KH2PO4 ), 14.20 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate( Na2NH4 ) and 10 g of potassium iodidesuccessively and dilute the mixture to 1 litre withdistilled water. Age at room temperature for atleast 1 day before use.

}Measure the pH and adjust to 6.8 with sodiumhydroxide or potassium dihydrogen phosphate

solution. This absorbing solution may be stored forseveral weeks in a glass stoppered brown bottle inthe refrigerator and for shorter periods at roomtemperature without deterioration.

} The absorbing solution should not be exposed to


49/70

Standard Iodine Solution

Dissolve 16 g of potassium iodide and3.173 g of iodine successively and dilute

the mixture with distilled water to exactly500 ml to make a 0.05N solution. Age atroom temperature least one day beforeuse.


50/70

Sampling}Pipette exactly 10 ml of the absorbingsolution into the bubbler.

}Sample at a rate of 0.5 to 3 litres/min for up

to 30 minutes.}The flow rate and time of sampling should be

adjusted to obtain a sufficiently largeconcentration of oxidant in the absorbing

solution.}Approximately 2 g of ozone may be

obtained in the absorbing solution at anatmospheric concentration of 0.01 ppm by

sampling for 30 minutes at 3 litres/min.


51/70

Calibration} Prepare a 0.0025 N iodine solution by pipettingexactly 5 ml of the 0.05 N standard solution (normality should be checked before use ) into a 100ml volumetric flask and diluting to the mark with

absorbing solution.

} Prepare four or more standard solutions in 25 mlvolumetric fasks by pipetting 0.1 to 1 ml portions ofthe 0.0025 N iodine solution into the flasks, diluting tothe mark with absorbing solution and mixing.

} Immediately after preparation of this series, readthe absorbance of each at 352 nm. The solutions

should cover the 0.1to 1 unit


52/70

Procedure If significant evaporation of solution occurs, adddouble distilled water to bring the liquid volume to10 ml. Read the absorbance at 352 nm againstdouble distilled water within a 30 to 60-minute

period after collection in aI-cm cuvette or tube.

Ozone liberates iodine through both a fast and aslow set of reactions. Some of the organic oxidantsalso have been shown to cause slow formation ofiodine.

Some indication of the presence of such oxidantsand of gradual fading due to reductants may beobtained by taking several readings during anextended period of time.

Determine the blank correction (to be subtractedfrom sample absorbance) every few days by

reading the absorbance of unexposed reagent.


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Calculations

} Subtract the absorbance of the blankfrom the absorbance of the standards.

Plot corrected absorbance's against thenormality's of the standardized solutions.

} From the line of the best fit the normalitycorresponding to an absorbance ofexactly one shall be determined.

} To obtain a value, M, representingmicrolitres of ozone required by 10 m.l of

absorbing solution to produce anabsorbance of one multi ! this normalit


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Calculations continued} ForI-cm cells, M should be approximately 9.6

Results for air samples may be computed from equation:

} Oxidant ( as O3), ppm = AM/V

where

} A = corrected absorbance, and} v = volume of air sample in litres ) per 10 ml of absorbing

solution corrected to 25C and 760 mmHg (correction isordinarily small and may be omitted).

NOTE - 1 mg/litre = 509 ppm of ozone at 25C and 760 mmHg


55/70

UV Absorption

The UV photometer determines the concentration ofOzone (O3) in a sample gas at ambient

pressure by detecting the absorption of UV radiation ina glass absorption tube.

Ozone shows strong absorption of UV light at 254nm

Sample air is passed into the glass absorption tube(measurement cell)

Within the measurement cell a single beam of UVradiation passes through the sample and is absorbedby the O3

The Solar blind vacuum photodiode detects any UVthat is not absorbed

The strength of the UV signal being detected isproportional to the amount of UV light being absorbed

by O3


56/70

Sam

ar ate

Filter

Ab r tion

(Measurement Cell)

Detector

Microprocessor

Output

ex aust

UV source

O3

Analyzer Flow diagram

O3 is not the only gas that absorbs UV (254nm), SO2 and

aromatic compounds also absorb radiation at this

wavelength

To eliminate these interferences a second cycle isperformed where sample air is passed through an ozone

scrubber which allows all interfering gases through buteliminates ozone thereby accurately measuring interfering

gases effects on signal and removing them from the

sample measurement signal


57/70

MetalsPb

} AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent

} EDXRF Using Teflon filter

Standard:(g/m3)

Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Sensitive

Rural& other Areas AreasAnnual Average: 0.5 0.5

24 hr. Average 1.0 1.0

Arsenic & Nickel

AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent

Standard:(ng/m3)

Industrial, Residential, EcologicallySensitive Rural& other Areas

Areas

Annual Average: (As) 6.0 6.0

Annual Average: (Ni) 20.0 20.0


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Sample Collection and Analysis

}Metals are associated mainly with theparticulate matter therefore collected on EPM-2000 cellulose membrane filter paper by anydust collecting device.

}Calculate the dust collecting area of filter.} This filter will be digested with digestion mixture

(6:1 of nitric acid and perchloric acid) anddigested at 1000C.

}Digested samples will be filtered throughWhatman filter paper (Grade No1)

}Make the volume up to 25 ml with doubledistilled water and analyzed for Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd,Zn and Ni using AAS.


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Calculation

Metal Concentration (g/m3)

= (Concentration in sample- Blank) xArea of filter

Volume of air sampled


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Carbon Monoxide

Non dispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR)

Standard: mg/m3

Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Sensitive

Rural& other Areas Areas

8 hr.Average 02 02

1 hr.Average 04 04


61/70

Carbon MonoxideNon dispersive Infrared Gas filter CorrelationThe measurement of Carbon Monoxide is completed via the

following principles and measurement techniques:

Measurement cell theory

CO absorbs infrared radiation (IR) at a wavelength near 4.7microns

IR radiation (at 4.7 microns) is passed through a 5 meter pathlength through sample airThe strength of the signal received is proportional to the amountof CO in the sample as shown in the Beer Lambert LawA band pass filter is fitted to the signal detector to ensure onlylight near 4.7 microns wavelength is detected


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Sample

InletParti ulate

ilter

Ab orption

Mea urement ell

IR ete tor

Mi ropro e or

O Output

exhau t

IR our e

Ga ilterWheel

COAnalyzer Flow diagram

A gas filter correlation wheel is combined with this system in thelight path.This wheel contains 3 parts to increase measurement accuracy,

CO, N2 and the maskThe CO window contains a saturation of CO which acts as areference beamThe N2 window does not absorb IR at 4.7 microns and is usedduring normal CO measurementThe mask totally blocks the light source and is used to determine

background signals and the strength of other signals relative toeach other and the background


63/70

METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICHYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN AIR PARTICULATE MATTER

PRINCIPLE

This method is designed to collect particulate phase PAHs in ambient airand fugitive emissions and to determine individual PAH compounds. It is

based on high volume ( ~ 1.2 m3 / min) sampling method capable ofdetecting sub ng/ m3 concentration of PAH with a total sample volume

~ 480 m3 / of air over a period of 8 hours with same filter. It Involves

collection from air particulate on a fine particle (glass-fibre) filter usinghigh volume sampler for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) orrespirable dust sampler for respirable suspended particulate matter

(RSPM or PM10) and subsequent analysis by Capillary GasChromatograph (GC) using Flame Ionization Detector (FID). If sampling

period is extended to 24 hours without changing the filter, it may

enhance sample loss due to volatility or reactions of PAHs on collectionmedia.


64/70

Major PAH Compounds

Acenaphthylene(C10H8) Benzo(b) f luoranthene (C20H12)

Acenaphthene(C10H8) Benzo(k) fluoranthene (C20H12)

Fluorene(C10H8) Coronene (C24H12)

Naphthalene (C10H8) Benzo(e) pyrene (C20H12)

Phenanthrene (C14H10) Benzo(a) pyrene (C20H12)

Anthracene (C14H10) Perylene (C20H12)Fluoranthene (C16H10) Benzo(ghi) perylene (C22H12)

Pyrene (C16H10) Dibenzo(ah) anthracenes (C22H14)

Chrysene (C18H12) Indeno(cd) pyrene (C22H12)

Benzo(a) anthracene (C18H12)

S S


65/70

SAMPLE PRESERVATIONSample should be wrapped in a aluminum-foil and shouldbe stored in a refrigerator at 4oC in dark place to avoid

photo-oxidation of PAHs for a period upto two months.However, sample extracts may be strored in dried form for

a longer period

SAMPLE PROCESSINGThe filters samples are extracted with Toluene using

ultrasonication & concentrated to 1ml volume .

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Dilute the extracted residue and make up to 0.5 ml or 1 ml. Inject 1l or 2 l into GC-FID for analysis.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY CONDI

TIONSGas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (FID),

a split injector and capillary column (Phase cross linked 5% phenyl,

methyl-silicone) : 25 meter length, 0.20 mm inner diameter (I.D.), 0.33m film thickness with following GC conditions:

ANALYSIS


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Rotary Vacuum Evaporator

Measurement Method of PAH (ISO, BIS, CPCB, Tyagi, 2004 Method) - Individual PAHS


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CALCULATION


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The concentration in ng/ m3 of each analyte in the air sampled is given

by:C = Cs x Ve / Vs

Where

Ve = final volume of extract, l

CALCULATION

7.1 Calculate the concentration in (ng/l ) of each identified analyte in thesample extract ( Cs ) as follows:

Cs (ng/l) = (As * Cis ) / ((Ais * RF )Where

As = Area count of characteristic analyte sample/peak being measured.Ais = Area count of characteristic internal standard/peak.

Cis = Concentration of internal Standard.

Documents

Pollutants and its measurement