POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Departement of Agroindustrial Technology Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology

POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Departement of Agroindustrial Technology

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology

Bogor Agricultural University

Departement of Agroindustrial Technology

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology

Bogor Agricultural University

“And We Make Every Living Things from

Water” (Q.S. 21:30)

“And We Make Every Living Things from

Water” (Q.S. 21:30)

6 CO2 + 6 H20 6 CH2O + 6 O26 CO2 + 6 H20 6 CH2O + 6 O2

Solar EnergySolar Energy

Water As a Life Support Systems


Earth as a Planet WaterEarth's surface: water ¾, ¼ land97% is salt water from 7 ocean3% of fresh water from rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciersNumber of about 9000 km3 for the entire world population

Earth as a Planet WaterEarth's surface: water ¾, ¼ land97% is salt water from 7 ocean3% of fresh water from rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciersNumber of about 9000 km3 for the entire world population

Ground Water and Surface

Water (0.003%)

Ground Water and Surface

Water (0.003%)

Glasier and latent (2.997%)

Glasier and latent (2.997%)

Brine (97%)Brine (97%)



Salty97%

Bargain

3%

Glasier99.9%

Ground water0.1%

Unique properties of waterUnique properties of water

High boiling point but a low freezing point – Remain liquid despite the climatic conditions

Power save big heat, slightly change the temperature – organism protection against drastic temperature

changes – make the Earth's climate so moderate – Good coolant

Good solvent – transport nutrients to tissues and metabolic waste out

of network– Washing media or clening easy polluted!

Water Anomaly Expand when cooled

High boiling point but a low freezing point – Remain liquid despite the climatic conditions

Power save big heat, slightly change the temperature – organism protection against drastic temperature

changes – make the Earth's climate so moderate – Good coolant

Good solvent – transport nutrients to tissues and metabolic waste out

of network– Washing media or clening easy polluted!

Water Anomaly Expand when cooled

Hydrological Cycle

PART 1

CATEGORIES OF SIGNIFICANT POLLUTANT

AND IT’S IMPACT

PART 1

CATEGORIES OF SIGNIFICANT POLLUTANT

AND IT’S IMPACT

Source of WasteSource of Waste

Domestic Waste : household

Non – Domestic Waste:

industry, Agriculture, mining,

livestock, etc

Domestic Waste : household

Non – Domestic Waste:

industry, Agriculture, mining,

livestock, etc

Waste CharacteristicsWaste Characteristics

Micro-sized (ppm)DynamicHave broad impact (spread)Long-term impact (between generations)

Micro-sized (ppm)DynamicHave broad impact (spread)Long-term impact (between generations)

Water/ Waste Water Parameter

Water/ Waste Water Parameter

Physical Parameters

Chemical Parameters

– Anorganic chemical

– Organic chemical

Biological Parameters

Physical Parameters

Chemical Parameters

– Anorganic chemical

– Organic chemical

Biological Parameters

Physical PollutantPhysical Pollutant

Suspended Solids prevents light penetration into the water and affect aquatic life

Organic solids (sludge) decomposition process decomposition of dissolved organic matter, causing oxygen depletion and the incidence of toxic gases and smellyColor: aesthetic, although it is not too dangerousOil, grease and floating material: the aestheticOdor and evaporate materials: air pollution and aestheticTemperature: its influence is very large dimension

Suspended Solids prevents light penetration into the water and affect aquatic life

Organic solids (sludge) decomposition process decomposition of dissolved organic matter, causing oxygen depletion and the incidence of toxic gases and smellyColor: aesthetic, although it is not too dangerousOil, grease and floating material: the aestheticOdor and evaporate materials: air pollution and aestheticTemperature: its influence is very large dimension

Dissolved Organic MatterDissolved Organic Matter

The main cause of pollution of water bodiesEffect of oxygen depletion of water bodiesEffect of gas and toxic compounds

The main cause of pollution of water bodiesEffect of oxygen depletion of water bodiesEffect of gas and toxic compounds

Dissolved Organic MatterDissolved Organic Matter

6 CH2O (KH) + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

Proteinnitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO4

3-) and

Sulfate (SO4=)

6 CH2O (KH) + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

Proteinnitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO4

3-) and

Sulfate (SO4=)

6 CH2O (KH) 3 CH4 + 3 CO2

complex compounds ammonia, nitrite,

sulfide acid, P-organic

6 CH2O (KH) 3 CH4 + 3 CO2

complex compounds ammonia, nitrite,

sulfide acid, P-organic

Aerobic Degradation Aerobic Degradation

Anaerobic DegradationAnaerobic Degradation

Toxic MaterialToxic Material

Organic MatterOrganic Matter

NutrientNutrient

CO2 + H2O + PO43- +NO3

- Carbohydrate + Protein + O2

CO2 + H2O + PO43- +NO3

- Carbohydrate + Protein + O2

Nutrients (N, P) is often the limiting growth

Source: domestic waste, agricultural activities (fertilizers), industry (detergent)

Causes of eutrophication

Materials toxic, corrosive, odor, algae (hard filtered), aesthetic

Nutrients (N, P) is often the limiting growth

Source: domestic waste, agricultural activities (fertilizers), industry (detergent)

Causes of eutrophication

Materials toxic, corrosive, odor, algae (hard filtered), aesthetic

Toxic Organic Materials


Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), PCBs, Detergents, Industrial WastePesticides: not only toxic to the target, but also other fauna floraThe nature of persistent, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification

Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), PCBs, Detergents, Industrial WastePesticides: not only toxic to the target, but also other fauna floraThe nature of persistent, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification



Type of PesticideType of

PesticidePlankto

nPlankto

nshrim

pshrim

p CrabCrab Scallop

Scallop FishFish

HerbicideHerbicide 11 11 11 11 11

Organochloride

Organochloride x3x3 x300x300 x100x100 x100x100 x50

0x500

Organophosphate

Organophosphate x0.5x0.5 x1000x1000 x800x800 x1x1 x2x2

Relative toxicity of pesticides on aquatic animalsRelative toxicity of pesticides on aquatic animals



Toxicity (4 days LC50) of various insecticides of fish

Toxicity (4 days LC50) of various insecticides of fish

InsecticidesInsecticides Toxicity (ppm)Toxicity (ppm)

DDTDieldrinAldrinHeptaklorEndrin

DDTDieldrinAldrinHeptaklorEndrin

> 1 – 0.032.5 – 0.0160.05 – 0.030.25 – 0.09

0.0015 – 0.001

> 1 – 0.032.5 – 0.0160.05 – 0.030.25 – 0.09

0.0015 – 0.001

MalathionParathionMalathionParathion

13.0 – 12.51.4 – 2.7

13.0 – 12.51.4 – 2.7

Note : LC50 1-50 ppm value are generally considered highly toxicNote : LC50 1-50 ppm value are generally considered highly toxic

OrganochlorineOrganochlorine

OrganophosphateOrganophosphate

Biomagnification Insecticides in Food ChainBiomagnification Insecticides in Food Chain



PCBs are chemical similar to organochlorine insecticides (chemical combination of chlorine with compounds similar to petroleum)

Function: to increase flexibility and resistance to fire and oxidation of PVC and polystyrene

Used in synthetic rubber products, printer ink, power tools

PCBs are chemical similar to organochlorine insecticides (chemical combination of chlorine with compounds similar to petroleum)

Function: to increase flexibility and resistance to fire and oxidation of PVC and polystyrene

Used in synthetic rubber products, printer ink, power tools



ParameterParameter DescriptionDescription

Shape Shape Liqiud like oil, semi- solidLiqiud like oil, semi- solid

Boiling point( oC)Boiling point( oC)

278-415, not volatile278-415, not volatile

SolubilitySolubility Not soluble in water, very soluble in fatNot soluble in water, very soluble in fat

Trade NameTrade Name Arochlors, produced by MonsantoArochlors, produced by Monsanto

General Characteristic of PCBGeneral Characteristic of PCB

Several chemical structure of PCBsSeveral chemical structure of PCBs



DetergentDetergent

• Toxic to fish

• Containing P (a type of nutrient)

• ABS : hard surfactant, non-biodegradable

• LAS : soft surfactant, biodegradable

•ABS and LAS survive in the handling of liquid waste, reduce DO and cause the foam, the problem of aesthetic

Chemical Structure of ABS and LASChemical Structure of ABS and LAS



Industrial WasteIndustrial Waste

Industrial waste, is very diverse types of chemical and its impact on the environment

Generally a mixture of various chemicals

Industrial waste, is very diverse types of chemical and its impact on the environment

Generally a mixture of various chemicals



IndustryIndustry Polutant in waste waterPolutant in waste water

Electroplating and process of iron / steel

Electroplating and process of iron / steel

CN, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, Sn, AgCN, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, Sn, Ag

Pulp and paperPulp and paper Fiber, acid / alkaline, chlorine-free, resin, starch, titanium dioxideFiber, acid / alkaline, chlorine-free, resin, starch, titanium dioxide

TanneryTannery Chalk, Cr, sulfides, oils / fats, alkali and organic materialsChalk, Cr, sulfides, oils / fats, alkali and organic materials

Gas productionGas production phenol, ammonia, cyanide, sulfidephenol, ammonia, cyanide, sulfide

Battery ManufactureBattery Manufacture

Sulphate acidSulphate acid

Aluminium RefiningAluminium Refining AlkaliAlkali

ChemicalsChemicals Acid, alkali, phenol, aminaAcid, alkali, phenol, amina

Some types of pollutants are generallyfound in wastewater

Some types of pollutants are generallyfound in wastewater



Some lethal (LC50) concentration of pollutan in waste water

Some lethal (LC50) concentration of pollutan in waste water

Type of

FishType of

FishMaterialsMaterials

Test Time(hour)

Test Time(hour)

Concentration in

Water(ppm)

Concentration in

Water(ppm)

TroutTrout Na and KCNNa and KCN 7474 0.070.07

PerchPerch Na and KCNNa and KCN 1717 0.130.13

BassBass Na and KCNNa and KCN 2424 0.110.11

SunfishSunfish PhenolPhenol 11 55-9055-90

SunfishSunfish AnilinAnilin 11 1020-11221020-1122

PerchPerch PhenolPhenol 11 9-209-20

SticklebacksSticklebacks

H2SH2S 6 minute6 minute 1616

Petrochemical Materials


Source : extraction activity, transportation, and using petrochemical productComplex natural products, gaseous, liquid or semi-solid, a mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons (a combination of hydrogen and carbon, with a bit of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or other elements)There are two general groups, saturated hydrocarbons (high proportion of hydrogen) and aromatic hydrocarbons (the proportion of low hydrogen)Saturated hydrocarbons are relatively less toxic, less soluble in water, and less resistant to biological degradationAromatic hydrocarbons are generally toxic, more soluble in water (low Molecular Weight), more resistant to biological degradation

Source : extraction activity, transportation, and using petrochemical productComplex natural products, gaseous, liquid or semi-solid, a mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons (a combination of hydrogen and carbon, with a bit of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or other elements)There are two general groups, saturated hydrocarbons (high proportion of hydrogen) and aromatic hydrocarbons (the proportion of low hydrogen)Saturated hydrocarbons are relatively less toxic, less soluble in water, and less resistant to biological degradationAromatic hydrocarbons are generally toxic, more soluble in water (low Molecular Weight), more resistant to biological degradation



CompoundsCompounds lethal concentration (ppm)

lethal concentration (ppm)

BenzeneBenzene 35-3735-37

TolueneToluene 61-6561-65

NaphtaleneNaphtalene 4-404-40

Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbonson fish

Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbonson fish

Examples of Hydrocarbons in Petroleum

Examples of Hydrocarbons in Petroleum

Physical, Chemical and Biological PetroleumChanges in WaterPhysical, Chemical and Biological PetroleumChanges in Water

Heavy MetalHeavy Metal

In fact trace metals are essentiall for growth of animals and plants. Fe hemoglobin in blood, Mg chlorophyll. Other metals which was originally considered to be toxic (Cr, Ni, Sn) was an essential element as well.

"Heavy Metal" (Periodic Table Group IB-VIIIB, atomic number 21-84, except for rare earth elements) are more toxic than "Light Metal" (Li, Na, Ca, Mg)

This phenomenon also applies to metal bioaccumulation

Accumulation of Cd in oysters: 300 ppm (dry weight)

~ accumulated more than 2 million times

In fact trace metals are essentiall for growth of animals and plants. Fe hemoglobin in blood, Mg chlorophyll. Other metals which was originally considered to be toxic (Cr, Ni, Sn) was an essential element as well.

"Heavy Metal" (Periodic Table Group IB-VIIIB, atomic number 21-84, except for rare earth elements) are more toxic than "Light Metal" (Li, Na, Ca, Mg)

This phenomenon also applies to metal bioaccumulation

Accumulation of Cd in oysters: 300 ppm (dry weight)

~ accumulated more than 2 million times

Heavy MetalHeavy Metal

Metal toxicity is influenced by:

– chemical Shape metals

– The existence of another horse's bit, salt, etc..

– Environmental conditions: temperature, salinity, DO,

etc.

Metal toxicity generally follow the sequence as

follows:

Hg > Ag, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb > Sn, Al, Ni, Fe, Cr, Co

Metal toxicity is influenced by:

– chemical Shape metals

– The existence of another horse's bit, salt, etc..

– Environmental conditions: temperature, salinity, DO,

etc.

Metal toxicity generally follow the sequence as

follows:

Hg > Ag, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb > Sn, Al, Ni, Fe, Cr, Co

Biological PollutantsBiological Pollutants

Living things as a pollutant, such as animals, plants (algae), microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)

Can cause negative impacts on lives of native species

Living things as a pollutant, such as animals, plants (algae), microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)

Can cause negative impacts on lives of native species

Part 2

QuantificationContent of Organic

Materials

Part 2

QuantificationContent of Organic

Materials

Quantification Content of Organic Materials


Agregat Parameter vs specific component

Equity with oxygen demand (BOD,COD, ThOD)

Determination of organic carbon (TOC)

Determination of specific components of general use GC, HPLC, MS, AAS, etc.

Agregat Parameter vs specific component

Equity with oxygen demand (BOD,COD, ThOD)

Determination of organic carbon (TOC)

Determination of specific components of general use GC, HPLC, MS, AAS, etc.



Measuring organic carbon that can be biologically degraded

BOD Standard: 5 day incubation, 20 oC

BOD5 = (DO0-DO5) x dilution factor

DO0 ~ 8 – 10 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l < DO5 < 7 mg/l

Provision of seeds that have been acclimatized microorganisms may be necessary to sample with a low content biomass or are difficult to degrade

Water diluent need enriched with nutrients and trace elements

Measuring organic carbon that can be biologically degraded

BOD Standard: 5 day incubation, 20 oC

BOD5 = (DO0-DO5) x dilution factor

DO0 ~ 8 – 10 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l < DO5 < 7 mg/l

Provision of seeds that have been acclimatized microorganisms may be necessary to sample with a low content biomass or are difficult to degrade

Water diluent need enriched with nutrients and trace elements

BODBOD



Measure the total organic carbon (except aromatic)His reaction is the oxidation-reduction; other reduced materials (S, SO2, Fe) will also be oxidized and is calculated as CODOxidation by dichromate in acid solution. When used well as a catalyst (Silver Sulfate), more than 90 percent of the oxidation of organic materials can be achievedAbout 3 hours of test time

Measure the total organic carbon (except aromatic)His reaction is the oxidation-reduction; other reduced materials (S, SO2, Fe) will also be oxidized and is calculated as CODOxidation by dichromate in acid solution. When used well as a catalyst (Silver Sulfate), more than 90 percent of the oxidation of organic materials can be achievedAbout 3 hours of test time

CODCOD



Measure all the carbon as CO2; inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3-, etc.) that exist in the sample must be removed first or correction

Excellence TOC measurement is a simple, quick (3-6 minutes) and carefully, so that is suitable for routine monitoring and control

Measure all the carbon as CO2; inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3-, etc.) that exist in the sample must be removed first or correction

Excellence TOC measurement is a simple, quick (3-6 minutes) and carefully, so that is suitable for routine monitoring and control

TOCTOC



Calculate the theoretical oxygen required to oxidize organic materials into a final product

Calculate the theoretical oxygen required to oxidize organic materials into a final product

ThODThOD



Correlation between the parameters of BOD, COD and TOC

provides useful information

For toxic waste may occur the phenomenon of "sliding BOD"

The ratio of BOD / COD is influenced by the level of waste

treatment.

Correlations are also only valid for a free sample of SS

(filtered samples)

There was no correlation between BOD and COD in effluent

which contains refractory material

Correlation between the parameters of BOD, COD and TOC

provides useful information

For toxic waste may occur the phenomenon of "sliding BOD"

The ratio of BOD / COD is influenced by the level of waste

treatment.

Correlations are also only valid for a free sample of SS

(filtered samples)

There was no correlation between BOD and COD in effluent

which contains refractory material

Interpretation of the results of analysis of organic

materials


materials



For most organic materials COD ~ ThOD

For material that is easily degraded COD ~ BODL / 0.92

For waste containing non-degradable fraction, the difference between total COD and BODL / 0.92 is the fraction of non-

degradable

For most organic materials COD ~ ThOD

For material that is easily degraded COD ~ BODL / 0.92

For waste containing non-degradable fraction, the difference between total COD and BODL / 0.92 is the fraction of non-

degradable


materials


materials

Debit, Concentration and Expenses

Debit, Concentration and Expenses

One of the differences in traditional and modern approaches to water quality. Formerly limited to determining the maximum concentration of pollutants, is now more emphasis on the actual load

load (mg COD/day) = concentration COD (mg/l) x debit (l/hari)

Emphasis on the actual load of waste minimization efforts, either lower the volume or concentration of waste

For benchmarking the performance efficiency of the industry, for example, to find out Kg COD / ton product Kg BOD / ton of raw materials

One of the differences in traditional and modern approaches to water quality. Formerly limited to determining the maximum concentration of pollutants, is now more emphasis on the actual load

load (mg COD/day) = concentration COD (mg/l) x debit (l/hari)

Emphasis on the actual load of waste minimization efforts, either lower the volume or concentration of waste

For benchmarking the performance efficiency of the industry, for example, to find out Kg COD / ton product Kg BOD / ton of raw materials

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POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Departement of Agroindustrial Technology Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology