POLITY

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THE PREAMBLE• The Preamble to Indian Constitution is

based on “Objective Resolution” ofNehru. Jawaharlal Nehru introduced anobjective resolution on December 13,1946 and it was adopted by ConstituentAssemblyon22January,1947.

• Initially, the Preamble was drafted by Sh.

B. N. Rau inhismemorandumofMay30,1947andwaslaterreproducedintheDraftofOctober7,1947.

THE PREAMBLE READS“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, havingsolemnly resolved to constitute Indiainto a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR,DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure toallitscitizen:JUSTICE,social,economicandpolitical;LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,faithandworship;EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;andtopromoteamongthemallFRATERNITY assuring the dignity of theindividualandtheunityandintegrityofthenation:INOURCONSTITUENTASSEMBLY,this26thdayofNovember1949, doherebyADOPT,ENACT and GIVE TO OURSELVES THISCONSTITUTION.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA• Originally our Constitution contained

395 Articles divided in 22 Parts and 8

Schedules.

• The Constitution, in its current form, consists of a Preamble, 24 Parts containing 448 articles, 12 schedules.

• ItmakesIndiaSovereign,Socialist,Secular,DemocraticRepublic.

• India is a union of 29 States and 7 Union Territories.

• ItabolishesuntouchabilityinIndia.• It guarantees Fundamental Rights to all

citizensofIndia.• It lays down Directive Principles of State

Policy for the guidance of Legislature andtheExecutiveofthecountry.

• It establishes independence of judiciaryfromtheexecutive.

MUST KNOW ARTICLES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Article Importance

Article12–35SpecifytheFundamentalRightsavailable

Article36-50 SpecifytheDirectivePrin-ciplesofStatePolicy

Article51A SpecifiestheFundamentalDutiesofeverycitizen

Article80 SpecifiesthenumberofseatsfortheRajyaSabha

Article81 SpecifiesthenumberofseatsfortheLokSabha

Article343 HindiasofficiallanguageArticle356 ImpositionofPresident’s

RuleinstatesArticle370 SpecialstatustoKashmirArticle395 RepealsIndiaIndepen-

denceActandGovern-mentofIndiaAct,1935

THE UNION & ITS TERRITORY• Article 1 stipulates that India, that is

Bharat, shall be Union of states.

Polity

3• Thecountryisdescribedas‘Union‘becauseitisindestructible.• UnderArticles2&3,ParliamenthasthepowertoestablishnewStates,formanewState.• First Linguistic State–AndhraPradesh.• StatesReorganisationAct1956wasadoptedbytheGovt.ofIndiathatresultedintheformation

ofnewstates&UTs.

FUNDAMENTAL

SingleCitizenship

PersondomiciledinIndia

IndianCitizenship

DualCitizenshipforPIOs

CitizenshipAct(1955)Providesforacquisition&lossofCitizenshipaftercommencementoftheConstitution.

3Categoriesentitledtocitizenship

RefugeeswhomigratedtoIndiafromPakistan

IndianslivinginotherCountries.

Acquisition of Citizenship

By Birth By Descent By Registration By Naturalisation By Incorporation of Territory

LossofCitizenship

ByRenunciation ByTermination ByDeprivation

Fundamental RightsPart-III of the Constitution Article (12-35)• Justiciableinnature(i.e.theyarelegallyenforceablebythecourtoflaw).• Itpromotespoliticaldemocracy.• Notabsoluteinnature&havesomerestrictions.• Parliamentcanamendthembutnotthoseprovisionsthatformthe“basic”structureofthe

Constitution.• SuspendedduringNationalEmergency(ExceptArticle20&21).

4

Fund

amen

tal R

ight

s

Rig

ht to

Equ

alit

yR

ight

to F

reed

omR

ight

Aga

inst

Exp

loit

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nR

ight

to F

reed

om o

f R

elig

ion

Cur

tura

l and

E

duca

tion

al R

ight

sR

ight

to C

onst

itut

iona

l R

emed

ies

Art

icle

s14

-18

Art

icle

s19

-22

Art

icle

s23

-24

Art

icle

s25

-28

Art

icle

s29

-30

Art

icle

s32

(14)

E

qual

ity

befo

re L

aw

& E

qual

pro

tect

ion

of la

w.

(19)

6

Rig

hts:

Fre

edom

of

spee

ch &

exp

ress

ion,

A

ssem

bly,

Ass

ocia

tion

, M

ovem

ent,

Res

iden

ce

& P

rofe

ssio

n.

(23)

P

rohi

biti

on o

f tr

affi

c in

hum

an b

eing

s &

fo

rced

labo

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(25)

F

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nsci

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&

free

pro

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ion,

pra

ctic

e &

pr

opag

atio

n of

rel

igio

n.

(29)

P

rote

ctio

n of

in

tere

sts

of

min

orit

ies.

Incl

udes

wri

ts:

(1)

Hab

eas

Cor

pus

(2)

Man

dam

us(3

) P

rohi

biti

on(4

) C

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) Q

uo–w

arra

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(15)

P

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biti

on o

f di

scri

min

atio

n on

gr

ound

s of

rel

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n,

race

, sex

etc

.

(20)

P

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res

pect

of

conv

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on fo

r of

fenc

es.

(24)

P

rohi

biti

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men

t of

child

ren

in fa

ctor

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etc.

(26

) M

anag

e re

ligio

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ffai

rs.

(30)

R

ight

of

min

orit

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to e

stab

lish

& a

dmin

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ucat

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l in

stit

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E

qual

ity

of

oppo

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in

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ic e

mpl

oym

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(21)

P

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life

&

pers

onal

libe

rty.

(27)

F

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om fr

om p

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for

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2)

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det

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in

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(18)

A

bolit

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tles

.

Mag

na C

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Ind

iaP

art I

II (

Art

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12

to 3

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s av

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itiz

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For

eign

ers-

Art

. 15,

16

, 19,

29,

30

55 Polity

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

PART IV ARTICLE (36 − 51):• These Principles are in the nature of

instruments of instruction and guidelinestothegovt.

• DirectivesarenotenforceableintheCourtsanddonot createany justiciable rights infavouroftheindividuals.

• In case of a conflict between DirectivePrinciples and Fundamental Rights of theConstitution,thelattershallprevail.

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIESPart IV-A–Article 51-A, added by 42nd Amendment, 1976Itsaysthatitshallbethedutyofeverycitizenof India (thereareeleven such duties, afterthe86thConstitutionAmendmentAct,2002):

THE UNION (ARTICLE 51-151)

The President of India• Article 52 says that “There shall be a

PresidentofIndia.”• Article 53saysthattheexecutivepowerof

theUnionshallbevestedinthePresident.

Election : The Electoral Collegeconsistsof:(a) elected members of both Houses of

Parliament,and(b) electedmembersofLegislativeAssembly

ofStates. Article 57: The President is eligible

for re-Election to that office.

Tenure (Article 56): ThePresident shall holdoffice for a term

of 5 years.ThePresidentcanresign fromhis office any time by addressing theresignation letter to the Vice-President of India.

Executive Powers - Article 53 All executive powers of the Union are

vestedinhim.• PresidentappointsthePrimeMinisterand

otherministers;andtheyholdofficeduringhispleasure.

• HeappointstheAttorney General of India, Comptroller andAuditor General of India,theChief Election CommissionerandotherElectionCommissioners, theChairmanandMembersoftheUPSC,theGovernorsofthe

states,theChairmanandthemembersoftheFinanceCommissions,etc.

The Legislative Powers• ThePresidentcansummonorendasession

of the Parliament and dissolve the LokSabha.

National Emergency:• National emergency is caused by war,

external aggression orarmed rebellioninthewholeofIndiaorapartofitsterritory.

• President can declare national emergencyonly on a written request by the CabinetMinistersheadedbythePrimeMinisterandtheproclamationmustbeapprovedbytheParliamentwithinonemonth.

State Emergency or President’s RuleA State Emergency can be imposed via thefollowing:1. If that State failed to run Constitutionally,

i.e. constitutional machinery has failed -Article356

2. IfthatStateisnotworkingaccordingtothegivendirectionoftheUnionGovernment–Article365

3. Such an emergency must be approvedby the Parliament within a period of twomonths.

Veto PowersThe President of India is vested with three—absoluteveto,suspensivevetoandpocketveto.

•In 1986, President Zail SinghexercisedthepocketvetowithrespecttotheIndianPostOffice(Amendment)Bill.

THE VICE-PRESIDENT (ART. 66-73)• Article63saysthatthereshouldbeaVice-

PresidentofIndia.• The Vice-President shall be the ex-officio

ChairmanofRajyaSabha(Article64).• The Vice-President can be removed from

office by a resolution of the Council ofStates(RajyaSabha),passedbyamajorityof itsmembersat that timeandagreed toby the House of the People (Lok Sabha).(Article67)

Council of Ministers• Art 74 (1): It provides that, “There shall

be a Council of Ministers with the PrimeMinister as its head to aid and advise thePresident who shall in exercise of his/her functions act in accordancewith suchadvice.

6Polity 6

• If the Lok Sabha passes a ‘no-confidence motion’, the entire Council of MinistersincludingPMhastoresign.

THE PRIME MINISTERPrimeMinisteristherealexecutiveauthority.• Art 75 (1) : The PrimeMinister shall be

appointed by the President and otherMinisters shall be appointed by thePresident on the advice of the PrimeMinister.

• Heallocates&reshufflesvariousportfoliosamongtheMinisters.

• PrimeMinisteristhekeylinkbetweentheCabinetandtheParliamentandkeystoneofCabinetarchitecture.

UNION LEGISLATURE• Part V of the Constitution deals with

Parliament. According to Article 79, thereshallbeaParliamentfortheUnion,whichshallconsistsof:

• PresidentofIndia.• Two houses consists of Council of States

(Rajya Sabha or Upper House) and LokSabhaorLowerHouse.

RAJYA SABHA (COUNCIL OF STATES)• Itsfirst sitting was held on April 3, 1952.• Article80oftheConstitutionlaysdownthe

maximum strengthofRajyaSabhaas250,outofwhich12membersarenominatedbythe President, 238 are representatives oftheStatesandofthetwoUnionTerritories.

• The present strength of Rajya Sabha,however, is 245, out of which 233 arerepresentatives of the States and UnionTerritoriesofDelhiandPuducherryand12arenominatedbythePresident.

• The Rajya Sabha is not subject todissolution. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for 6 years. One-third of the members retire every two years.

LOK SABHA (PEOPLE’S HOUSE)• Itsfirst sitting tookplaceonMay 13, 1952• All the members of the Parliament are

popularlyelected,exceptnotmorethan twomembersoftheAnglo-Indiancommunity,whoarenominatedbythePresident.

• In the Constitution, the strength of the Lok Sabha was provisioned to be not more than 552 : 530 from the States, 20 from the Union Territories and

2 nominated from the Anglo-Indian community.

• Under the current laws, the strength ofLok Sabha is 545, including the two seatsreserved formembersof theAnglo-Indiancommunity.

BILLSThebillcanbroadlybecategorisedas:(a)Ordinarybills(b)MoneybillsOrdinary Bills• AlltheBillsotherthanFinancialBills• Money Bills and the Constitutional

AmendmentBillsareOrdinaryBills.• Such Bills can be introduced in either

House of the Parliament (in LokSabha or the Rajya Sabha) without the recommendation of the President,exceptthoseBillsunderArticle3(i.e.,BillsrelatedtoreorganisationoftheterritoryofaState).

Money Bills• Money Bill is defined in Art. 110 of the

Constitution.• AspertheArticle,anyBilldealingwithall

oranyofthemattersenumeratedfrom(a)to(g)ofthesameArticleshallbeaMoneyBill.

• Money Bills are: imposition, abolition,remission, alteration or regulation of anytax.

Financial Bills A Financial Bill cannot be introduced

without the President’s recommendation, and it can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha.Constitutional Amendment Bills • Art. 368 deals with the power of the

Parliament to amend the Constitution,andtheprocedurethereof.

• ABillforthiscanbeintroducedineitherHouse (the Lok Sabha or the RajyaSabha)oftheParliament.

SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA• After formation of a new Lok Sabha the

President appoints a Speaker pro-temwho is the senior most member of theHouse.

• ADeputySpeakerisalsoelectedtoofficiateintheabsenceoftheSpeaker.

• The Speaker is the Chief Presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha.

• The Speaker and the Deputy Speakermayberemoved from their offices by a resolution passed by the House with an effective majority of the House after a prior notice of 14 days to them.

7

Meira Kumar isthefirstwomanSpeakerof

theLokSabha(2009-2014)GMC Balyogi is the first speaker to die in

theoffice(1998-2002)Dr Balram Jakharwasthelongestserving

Speaker(1980-1989)

M A AyangarwasthefirstDeputySpeaker

(1952-1956)GV MavlankarwasthefirstSpeakerofthe

LokSabha(1952-1956)Sumitra MahajanisthepresentSpeakerof

16thLokSabhasinceJune,2014.

8

THE SUPREME COURT• TheSupremeCourtof India is thehighest

judicial forum and final court of appealunder the Constitution of India with thepowerofconstitutionalreview.

• It comprises the Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges.

Tenure and Qualification and Salary• JudgesofSupremeCourtareappointedby

thePresident of India, and service till theageof65years.

Impeachment• A judge of the Supreme Court can be

removed under the Constitution onlyon grounds of proven misconduct orincapacityandbyanorderofthePresidentofIndia,afteranoticesignedbyatleast100membersoftheLokSabhaor50membersoftheRajyaSabhaispassedbyatwo-thirdmajorityineachHouseoftheParliament.

•The first woman judge of the SupremeCourtwasJustice Fatima Beebi in1987.

•The second woman justice was Gyan Sudha Mishrain2010

•The first Chief Justice of India wasHJ Kania (1950-50)

•The shortest tenure so far is ofKN Singh(Nov.25-1991-Dec.12,1991.

Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) (Article 148-151)• CAG is appointed by the President of

IndiaunderArticle148oftheConstitutionandshallonlyberemovedfromtheofficeinthelikemannerasaJudgeoftheSupremeCourt.

• Thefirst CAG of India was V Narahari Rao

Attorney General of India

• According to Article 76 the AttorneyGeneralofIndiaistheGovernment’schieflegal advisor, and its primary lawyer intheSupremeCourtofIndia.

• The First Attorney General wasM.C. Setalvad.

• Mukul RohatgiistheincumbentAttorney

GeneralofIndia.

THE STATES (ARTICLE 152-237)

The Governor (Article 153-162)• TheGovernor of a State is appointed by

the President of India(Article155).• ThesameGovernorcanactasGovernorof

morethanoneState(Article153-162).

Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)• It is the lower and popular house of the

State. Members are chosen by directelection

• According to Article 172, duration ofAssembly is normally5 years. But itmaybedissolvedearlierbytheGovernor.

Legislative Council (Article 169) • Itistheupperhouse.• Parliament may by law create or abolish

LegislativeCouncil.• Itcanbecreated,iftheLegislativeAssembly

oftheStatepassesaresolutiontotheeffectbyspecialmajority.

High Courts (Article 214-232)• ThereshallbeaHighCourt foreachState

Article-214.• TheJudiciaryinthestatesconsistofaHigh

Courtandsubordinatecourts.• There are 24 High Courts in India• The Calcutta High Court is the

oldest of all which was established in1862. The Bombay and Madras HighCourts were established in the sameyear.

• Chhatisgarh, Uttarakhand (Nainital) andJharkhand (Ranchi) High Courts wereestablishedintheyear2000.

The Panchayati Raj (Article 243-O)• Rajasthan is the first state in India,where

PanchayatiRajwasimplementedinthe73rd

Amendment Act, 1992.• It gaveConstitutional status toPanchayati

Rajsystem.• After Amendment Panchayati Raj added to

the11th Schedule of the Constitution

9

The Three Tire System of Local Governance• Gram PanchayatatVillageLevel• Panchayat SamitiatBlockLevel• Zila ParishadatDistrictLevel

The Municipalities (Article 243P-243 ZG)• PART IX A added by 74th Amendment

Act 1992,givesaconstitutionalfoundationtothelocalselfgovernmentunitsinurbanarea.

• Nagar Panchayat, is for an area beingtransformedfromaruralareatoanurban.

• Municipal Council is for a smaller urban area.

• Municipal Corporation is for a larger urban area.TheMunicipalCorporation isthetopmosturbanlocalgovernment.

ELECTION COMMISSION (ARTICLE 324-329)Article 324 says that the superintendence,direction and control of elections shall be

vestedintheElectionCommission.Article 325providesforasingleelectoralrollforeveryconstituency.Article 326 stipulates thatelections shallbeheldonthebasisofadultsuffrage.

Political Parties• As per the provisions of the Peoples Rep-

resentation Act, 1951 political parties areregisteredwiththeElectionCommissionofIndia.

• TheAnti-defection law,passedin1985,pre-ventstheMPsortheMLAselectedascandidatesfromonepartyformingorjoininganewparty,unlesstheycomprisemorethanone-thirdoftheoriginalparty,intheLegislature.

Recognition and Reservation of Symbols • A party registered with the Election

CommissionmaybegrantedrecognitionasaNationaloraStatepartyonthebasisofitsperformanceinpolls.

National Parties S.

No.Name Symbol Year of Foun-

dationCurrent

leader(s)Current

Lok Sabha Seats

1. BharatiyaJanataParty

Lotus 1980 AmitShah 282/543

2. IndianNationalCongress

Hand 1885 SoniaGan-dhi

44/543

3. CommunistPartyofIndia(Marxist)

Hammer,SickleandStar 1964 SitaramYechury

9/543

4. CommunistPartyofIndia

EarsofCornandSickle 1925 SuravaramSudhakarReddy

1/543

5. BahujanSamajParty Elephant(InallStates/U.T.sexceptintheStateofAssam,whereitscandidateswillhavetochooseasymbol.

1984 Mayawati 0/543

6. NationalistCongressParty

Clock 1999 SharadPawar

7. AllIndiaTrunamueCongress

JoraGhasPhul 1998 MamtaBanerjee

32/545

10

IMPORTANT PARLIAMENTARY TERMS• Calling Attention: Moved to call the

attentionofaMinistertomattersofpublicimportance.

• Interim Government:ThisGovernmentisformedduringthetransitionalphaseofthehistoryofthecountry.

• Ordinance: An ordinance is a lawpromulgatedby theheadof theState inasituation of urgencywhen the Legislaturecannot frame the law because either it isnotinsessionoritisdissolved.

• Question Hour: Thefirstonehourperiod(usually11:00a.m. to12:00a.m.)eachdayduringthemeetingsoftheParliamentis allotted for asking thequestionsby thememberstoberepliedbytheMinisters,iscalledtheQuestionHour.

• Quorum:Itreferstotherequiredpresenceof theminimummemberofmembersofabody to hold itsmeetings and conduct itsbusiness.

• Whip: This is an official appointed by apoliticalpartytoregulateandmonitorthebehaviourofitsmembersintheLegislature.

• Zero Hour: It is a period which followsaftertheQuestionHourwhenthemembersraise any issue of public importance onveryshortorevenwithoutanynotice.

Adjournmentmotion

• To draw attention ofParliament to a matter ofurgentpublicimportance.• Motion needs the supportof50membersforadmission.• Rajya Sabha cannot movethismotion.

NoConfidenceMotion

• Moved to prove theconfidenceofLokSabhaintheCouncilofMinisters.• If No Confidence Motionis passed, Council ofMinistershastoresign.

• NoConfidenceMotionneedsthesupportof50memberstobeadmitted.• Canbemovedonly inLokSabha.

UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COM-MISSION• The Union Public Service Commission

consists of a Chairman and othermembers appointed by the President andthey hold office for a period of 6 yearsfromthedateoftheirappointment.

• It conducts examinations for appointmenttotheServicesoftheUnion.

• Age of retirement for a member ofUPSC is 65yearsand foramemberofPSC of a StateoraJointCommissionis62 years.

NITI AAYOG• NITI Aayog or National Institution for

Transforming India Aayog is a policythink-tank of Government of India thatreplaces Planning Commission and aimsto involve the States in economic policy-makinginIndia.

• Itwillbeprovidingstrategicandtechnicaladvice to the Central and the StateGovernments.The Prime Minister heads the Aayog as its chairperson.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (NDC)• The National Development Council was

formed in 1952,toassociatetheStatesintheformulationoftheplans.

• All members of the Union Cabinet, ChiefMinister of States, the Administrators oftheUnionTerritoriesandmembersofNITIAyogaremembersoftheNDC.

FINANCE COMMISSION• As per Article 280 of the Constitution

of India the Finance Commission isestablished.

• Itisaquasi-judicialbody.• It consists of a chairman and four other

members.

LOKPALIn India, the institution of Ombudsman(Swedish wordmeaningCommissioner)hasgiventhenameofLokpal&use itasananti-corruptioninstitution.

11

LOKAYUKTAThe anti-corruption institution of Lokayuktaissetupatthestatelevel.HeisappointedbytheGovernoroftheState.InmostoftheStates,the termofoffice fixed forLokayukta isof 5 years duration or 65 years of age,whicheverisearlier.

ADVOCATE GENERALEach State shall have an Advocate General.Hehas theright to address & take part in the proceedings of the House of the State Legislature.Buthe has no right to vote. HisfunctionsaresimilartothoseoftheAttorney–General.

ARTICLE 370UnderArticle370of the IndianConstitution,Jammu&Kashmir is granted autonomy. It isa ‘temporary provision’ that accords specialstatustotheState.

How J & K Different from Other States?• DirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicy(DPSP)

arenotappliedtoJ&KbutappliedtootherStates.

• Presidentcan’tdeclarefinancialemergency(salariesandallowancesreduction,etc.)inrelationtoJ&K.

• HighCourtofJ&KcanissuewritsonlyforenforcementofFundamentalRights.

• RighttopropertyisstillguaranteedinJ&K.• Permanent residents of J&K have some

specialfundamentalrights.• Although Supreme Court, EC and CAG

areapplicable to J&KalongwithallotherStates.

AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTI-TUTION (ARTICLE 368)There are three types of bills that seek toamendtheConstitution:1. Bills that are passed by Parliament by

Simple Majority.2. Bills thathavetobepassedbyParliament

bySpecial Majority.3. Bills that have to be passed by Special

Majorityandalsotoberatified by not less than one-half of the State Legislatures.

Important Amendments • The first Amendment Act to the Indian

Constitution was made in the year 1951.NinthSchedulewasadded.

• The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of theParliament to amend any part of theConstitution.

• The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975:TheActplacesbeyondchallengein courts the election to Parliament of apersonholdingtheofficeofPrimeMinisterorSpeakerandtheelectionofPresidentandVice-President.

• The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976:ItwasenactedduringtheperiodofNationalEmergency.

• The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It restores civil liberties bydeletingArticle3IDwhichgavepowers toParliamenttocurtailevenlegitimatetradeunionactivityundertheguiseoflegislationforthepreventionofanti-nationalactivities.

• The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978:FundamentalRightsguaranteedbyArticles20and21cannotbesuspendedduringanationalemergency.

• The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989:Itloweredthevotingagefrom21to18.

• The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992:Toensuredirectelection toallseatsinPanchayats.

• The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure directelection to all seats in Nagarpalikas andMunicipalities.

E-GovernanceE-governance means technology driveoperation. The 11th report of the SecondAdministrativeReformsCommission,entitledtopromotinge-Governance.Five models of e-Governance• G2C(Governmenttocitizen)• G2B(Governmenttobusiness)• G2E(GovernmenttoEmployees)• G2G(GovernmenttoGovernments)• C2G(CitizenstoGovernment)National e-Governance PlanNational e-Governance Plan (NeGP) is aplan of the Government of India tomake allgovernment servicesavailable to the citizensofIndiaviaelectronicmedia.