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Political Systems (and finishing post-WWII). Today Quick Review of last class Turkey, Iran, Egypt – how they used consolidation strategies I talked about last Thursday. Nasser’s Egypt II, Iraq, Syria, Jordan in brief. A Typology of Government Systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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TodayQuick Review of last class
Turkey, Iran, Egypt – how they used consolidation strategies I talked about last Thursday.
Nasser’s Egypt II, Iraq, Syria, Jordan in brief.
A Typology of Government Systems
Monday – 1970s through 1990s (& finish typology) Thursday – Arab-Israeli Wars
Egypt Free Officers Coup (1952) and RCC
Nasser consolidates power
Complex issues with British
1954 War
Nasser’s Pan-Arabism and the UAR
Nasser’s socialism
Iraq Hashemite Monarchy
Problems in the 1950s
Qasim’s coup in 1958
Baath Party takes power in 1963 Arif brothers Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr
Syria Legacy of French Mandate
Parliamentary system and political parties
Military intrusion
Michel Aflaq and Syrian Ba’athism
Hafez al-Asad takes power in 1970
Jordan Assassination of King Abdullah in 1951
Hussein takes power – coup attempts, assassination attempts, and internal war with the PLO in 1970
Martial Law in 1957
US support under Eisenhower doctrine
Possible Typology
4 groups:
Nationalist Revolutionary RepublicsAlgeria, Libya, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia
MonarchiesJordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Gulf States
Conditional DemocraciesTurkey, Israel, Lebanon
Islamic StatesIran, Sudan
Nationalist Revolutionary RepublicsAlgeria, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia• Single-party rule• Exposure to intellectual currents of European state consolidation •Nationalism, some political liberalism, socialism
• Soviet Union as capable model of dealing with challenges• European countries were seen as primary culprits of colonialism, US emphasized anti-communism > support of liberal democracy.• Political left (esp. socialist organizations) were most active at opposing colonialism character of nationalism
•Strong, centralized, bureaucratic state-- Secularization - Western legal systems installed as opposed to indigenous or religious legal codes
Single-party dominance (often masked by multi-partism)
Personalistic Systems - Syria, Libya, Iraq, with dictatorial rulers and legislative bodies
MonarchiesJordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Gulf States
• Government ruled by a single person, power passed down hereditarily, separate from all other members of the state
• ABSOLUTE vs CONSTITUTIONAL (limited)
• 1950s and 60s saw 6 monarchies fall, but in all following decades only ONE has fallen (Pahlavi in Iran)
• Economic strength in many of the monarchies allows consolidation of power through patronage and cooption
• All have aligned with the West (Cold War Balance of Power)
• Bahrain, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman have same ruling family for more than two-hundred years!
• Arab kingship not like Europe – gained legitimacy through capable leadership, few institutionalized succession processes, competition among successors produces strong kings
Conditional DemocraciesTurkey, Israel, Lebanon
Islamic StatesIran, Sudan