Political Economic Political Economic Change and Change and Environmental Environmental Consequences in Latin Consequences in Latin AmericaAmerica

Three Phases of Three Phases of Political Economic Political Economic OrganizationOrganization Extractive Phase: 1492-Early 20Extractive Phase: 1492-Early 20thth

centurycentury Import Substitution Import Substitution

Industrialization: Early 20Industrialization: Early 20thth century- century-the Debt Crisis of the 1970’sthe Debt Crisis of the 1970’s

The Current Structural Adjustment The Current Structural Adjustment Phase: Beginning with the Mexican Phase: Beginning with the Mexican financial crisis of 1982. financial crisis of 1982.

Extractive Phase: Extractive Phase: Colonialism and a Colonialism and a changing landscape changing landscape

Landscape: A term that incorporates Landscape: A term that incorporates both the visible physical environment both the visible physical environment of a place and the cultural, political, of a place and the cultural, political, and economic forces that shape it. and economic forces that shape it.

Extractive Phase: Extractive Phase: Economic forces of Economic forces of changechange Mercantilist Economic Policies: Mercantilist Economic Policies:

Protectionist policies aimed at Protectionist policies aimed at increasing the wealth of European increasing the wealth of European countries at the expense of countries at the expense of colonies. colonies.

Plantation agriculture, the Plantation agriculture, the hacienda system, and livestock hacienda system, and livestock ranching: new plants, animals, ranching: new plants, animals, and social organization. and social organization.

Extractive Phase: Extractive Phase: Cultural changeCultural change Annihilation of indigenous populationsAnnihilation of indigenous populations

– Within 150 years the population of the Americas Within 150 years the population of the Americas was reduced by 90% to around 5.6 million people. was reduced by 90% to around 5.6 million people.

The introduction of African people and The introduction of African people and customs to Latin America.customs to Latin America.– Africans had immunity to European diseases.Africans had immunity to European diseases.– Introduced new forms of food, family org., Introduced new forms of food, family org.,

religion, music and dancereligion, music and dance The creation of Mestizo and Creole culture. The creation of Mestizo and Creole culture.

– Independence movements Independence movements

Import Substitution Import Substitution IndustrializationIndustrialization The Dependistas: Dependency theory The Dependistas: Dependency theory

and the creation of a new economic and the creation of a new economic model.model.– Uneven terms of tradeUneven terms of trade– Structural underdevelopmentStructural underdevelopment– Modernization: Agricultural versus Modernization: Agricultural versus

Industrial development. Developing in the Industrial development. Developing in the European image.European image.

– Land reforms: the break up of the Land reforms: the break up of the hacienda system and private property. hacienda system and private property.

The Debt CrisisThe Debt Crisis

Petro-Dollars: OPEC oil embargo, Petro-Dollars: OPEC oil embargo, global recession and ISI. global recession and ISI.

Neoliberal macroeconomic policies: Neoliberal macroeconomic policies: Inflation control and interest rates.Inflation control and interest rates.

Structural Adjustment Policies: The Structural Adjustment Policies: The spread of the neoliberal paradigm spread of the neoliberal paradigm to Latin America. to Latin America. – Neocolonialism Neocolonialism

Neoliberalism: Neoliberalism: Structural Adjustment Structural Adjustment and EPZsand EPZs

Review of Structural Review of Structural Adjustment Programs Adjustment Programs and Neoliberalism. and Neoliberalism. – Free trade, Free trade,

privatization, and the privatization, and the dismantling of the dismantling of the State. State.

Export Processing Export Processing Zones: Debt repayment Zones: Debt repayment and enclaves of and enclaves of environmental damage environmental damage – A race to the A race to the

bottom? bottom?

Development: Can it Development: Can it be Sustainable?be Sustainable? Rio Conference of 1992, Agenda 21, Rio Conference of 1992, Agenda 21,

and the Bruntland Report. and the Bruntland Report. Sustainable development: Meeting the Sustainable development: Meeting the

needs of today without compromising needs of today without compromising the well-being of future generations. the well-being of future generations.

Does poverty lead to unsustainable Does poverty lead to unsustainable land use? land use?

New options for sustainable New options for sustainable development: fair trade and development: fair trade and ecotourism. ecotourism.

Discussion points from the Discussion points from the videovideo

In what ways does fair trade coffee In what ways does fair trade coffee perpetuate a dependent relationship perpetuate a dependent relationship between producers and consumers?between producers and consumers?

In what ways can fair trade help to In what ways can fair trade help to foster sustainable development? foster sustainable development?

How is fair trade coffee production How is fair trade coffee production similar and different from previous similar and different from previous forms of agricultural production in forms of agricultural production in Latin America?Latin America?

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