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CHAPTERS 9 & 10Political
BYZANTIUM
CONSTANTINOPLE
Constantine names capital after himself moves capital there 340 CE Split started as west declined and the
east was able to thrive 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul
Major event in WH and the impact with be resounding
Song
One of the most important cities at the time Located on a trading route
MEET JUSTINIAN
JUSTINIAN (527-565 CE)
The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor
Background: circus performer Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious Construction program
Hagia Sophia Law Code
Codification of Roman Law Body of Civil Law: made Roman law coherent
basis for political and economic life
MEET THEODORA
BYZANTINE CONQUESTS
General Belisarius recaptures much of Western Europe
Was considered the “Roman Empire” under Justinian
Unable to consolidate control of territories At their height the Empire was VERY strong Amazing Bureaucracy
Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND ITS NEIGHBORS
ISLAM AND ARAB PRESSURE
Constant vigilance against Muslim Invaders
The Byzantine Empire had to focus on protecting the borders
This pressure from the Muslim world is going to be one of the issues that brings about the split between east and west
DECLINE
1071 Byzantine defeat in Asia 1204 Constantinople sacked by Crusaders 1453 Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks
Ask the west for help but they didn’t get it
SPLIT
Byzantium believed they were the true heirs of Rome
Western believed they were: Charlemagne: Holy Roman Empire
Power structure
EastEmperor Patriarch
WestPope
Emperor
VERY SIMILAR TO CHINA
The Byzantine political system had remarkable similarities to China.
The emperor was held to be ordained of God.
He was head of the church as well as state.
Women could and did serve as emperor. They had an elaborate bureaucracy too
KIEVAN RUSSIA
WHO WERE THE SLAVS?
People who migrated from Asia
Mix with earlier populations
Family tribes, villages Trade
with Byzantines
Trade with Northerners
MEET VLADIMIR I
• (980-1015)• Started to send out
feelers to find a religion Islam : NO alcohol or
pork Jews: NO they had
lost favor with their God
Christianity: OK Creates a relationship
between Kiev and Byzantium
MEET YAROSLAV I
Issued a unifying code of laws, while not as advanced as Constantinople it still had nobles called Boyars.
Boyars: Russian landholding
aristocrats
Possessed less political power
than their western European
counterparts (feudalism)
THE TATERS
The Russian name for the Mongols.
The Invasion of Russia by the Mongols and the destruction of Constantinople by Muslims, isolated Russia.
The region was cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication.
Aka the Latin West
WESTERN EUROPE
PROBLEMS IN WESTERN EUROPE
Fall of Rome = fragmentation and economic hardships Intellectual life decreased Catholic Church becomes the only true unifying
structure Many places like Spain still Muslim
Center of Europe shifted from Italy to northern area Area in Northern France, Western Germany, Netherlands Towns declined, only non-German structure was the
church Most Germans were Arian Christians but tolerated
Catholics
QUEST FOR POLITICAL ORDER AFTER 476 CE
Germanic kingdoms Visigoths dominated Spain, from 470's to early 8th
century Ostrogoths dominated Italy, the 5th century to 530's Lombards invaded, ruled Italy, 550's to the mid-8th
century Franks, Burgundians controlled Gaul, Netherlands Angles, Saxons, Jutes established kingdoms in Britain
Political Culture Germans organized around tribes, families Personal loyalty to king, local noble not state Warrior aristocracy assisted royalty Masses of Germans were free peasants with duties to
king
EMPIRELESS
Western Europe couldn’t establish a TRUE empire for a few reasons From this point on Regional kingdoms will prevail HOWEVER they will sometimes be under the umbrella of
the Holy Roman Empire Cultural unity rater than political unity
Roman Catholic
RISE OF THE FRANKS The Franks
Settled in Belgium, Northern France, Western Germany
Developed group identity during the 3rd century C.E.
Politically inexperienced, little exposure to Roman society
Clovis A strong military and political leader Launched military campaigns against other
Germanic peoples The Franks converted to Roman Christianity
“In Hoc Signet Vince” – in this sign conquer Alliance with Catholics greatly strengthened the
Franks
THE RISE OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE
CHARLEMAGNE
Carolingians Last phase of the Frankish empire Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of
Tours Charles the Great = Charlemagne
Was able to move W. E. toward centralization and unity this brought with it a wave of light
Encouraged some church based education
OH look another example of a strong leader and stupid succession rules making the developing empire fall 3 grandsons = 3 portions
Video
CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE
AFTER CHARLEMAGNE'S DEATH
BREAKUP OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE
Louis the Pious (re. 814-840) Charlemagne's only surviving son, lost control of the
counts His three sons divided the empire into three kingdoms,
843 Invasions
Muslims raided Mediterranean coasts Conquered Spain, Sicily, Sardinia Raided coasts of S. France, S. Italy
Magyars invaded from the east Vikings invaded from the north
The Vikings Scandinavian homelands - Norway, Denmark, and Sweden Raided regions from Russia to Spain Conquered parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, France
Outstanding seafarers Fleets could go to interior regions via rivers Attacked towns and villages; favorite targets were
Christian
EUROPE C. 1000
MANORIALISM
System of economic and political relationships between landlords and their peasant laborers This became common
place as a means of survival
Trade decreased Political stability
(centralization) decreased
These manors were self sufficient
THE CHURCH
Only real example of government organization based around the Pope in Rome Christendom or
The Age of Faith
FEUDALISM This is not the same as
Manorialism This is a Political and Military
Relationship Linked military elites
(Landlords with Money) to lesser lords (vassals) They owe military service and
some goods They both had serfs to work the
considerable amount of land How did this inhibit the
development of a strong central state
FEUDAL MONARCHIES
These Fifes of land can become a Feudal Monarchies The King had to be able to control multiple Feudal kingdoms
(Fiefs) Very clear in England
William the Conqueror A version of Centralization but not really
Feudal politics Multi-layered network of lord-vassal relationships Political stability depended on discipline, control Lords, knights often had conflicting loyalties
LORDS AND VASSALS
Lord owned land, needs soldiers Trades land for service Grants of land called fiefs
Vassal provided defense Received livelihood from land Vassals provided military equipment
Vassals owed lord: Loyalty, obedience, respect, counsel Military service when called into service
Lords often made smaller grant to others Called sub-division of fief Lowest, service owning noble was a knight
Church often made vassals of soldiers for defense Church could hold land as a vassal to a lord Church often held land in own right
Women could be vassals, own fiefs but not fight
LIMITED GOVERNMENT
Very politically divided and diverse area as we have already seen
Limited government will begin to development to reduce some of the power of the King and give it to lords 1215 Magna Carta and King John
1255 1st English Parliament
THE THREE ESTATES
1."Those who pray" – clergy, spiritual estate Ruling hierarchy: Popes, bishops, abbots Common clergy: Monks, priests
2."Those who fight" - feudal nobles, military estate Royalty who ran a state Land owning lords such as dukes, counts, princes Lowest nobility with no land were knights
3."Those who work" - mostly peasants and serfs Peasants and Serfs Those who lived in Towns (Burg = Burghers)
Not an estate in most countries Grew to become middle class
People had the rights according to the estate they were born into
100 YEARS WAR
FRANCE VS. ENGLAND This is going to be on going (longer than 100
years) Kings had to get over their belief that their
purpose is battle and start dealing with the betterment of their countries
Major strains BUT new technology Realized they had to replace these noble
knights with paid soldiers France wins
THE WEST’S EXPANSIONIST IMPULSE
This will so clearly define W. E. later and it all starts now
They moved to many places often with the call of Christ Eastern Germany and Poland Spain (taking it back from the Muslims) Iceland
The Crusades
CHANGES TO WESTERN GOVERNMENT
Charles Martel (732 CE) Battle of Tours & momentary empire
Charlemagne (800-814 CE) Momentary empire
William the Conqueror (1066 CE) Fusion of feudalism & centralization in England
Magna Carta(1215 CE) Limits central authority in England
100 Years War (14thcentury) Feudalism declines in favor of states
CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES
Facilitated exchange of goods between Muslims, Europe
Demands for silk, cotton textiles, and spices increased; spread sugar, citrus plants
Italian merchants sought opportunities for direct trade in Asian markets
European borrowed heavily from Muslim intellectual knowledge
Reacquired Aristotle, lost Greek classics
Borrowed Muslim science, mathematics, technology, paper skills
Borrowed Muslim architectural techniques
Helped produce a 12th century European intellectual Renaissance
Impact on Muslims Mostly continue to fight with
each other General Saladin recovers
most Muslim losses
Impact on Europeans Full forgiveness of all sins if
they die Exposed to new
cultural/economic influences New ideas for weapons &
castles Recover lost Greek/Roman
knowledge Chess, chivalry, ballads,
coffee
MAP OF THE CRUSADES