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Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster, Stephan April 2020 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/99397/ MPRA Paper No. 99397, posted 03 Apr 2020 16:05 UTC

Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

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Page 1: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from

Swiss Cantons

Baldi, Guido and Forster, Stephan

April 2020

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/99397/

MPRA Paper No. 99397, posted 03 Apr 2020 16:05 UTC

Page 2: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s✿ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❙✇✐ss ❈❛♥t♦♥s

●✉✐❞♦ ❇❛❧❞✐ ∗ ❙t❡♣❤❛♥ ❋♦rst❡r †

❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵✷✵

❆❜str❛❝t

▼♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t ♣♦❧✐t✐❝✐❛♥s ✉s❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② t♦ ✐♥✲

❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡✐r ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ♦❢ r❡✲❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡s

♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❆❧s♦✱ st✉❞✐❡s

❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r ❧♦❝❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢

❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡s✉❧ts✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛t t❤❡ s✉❜✲❢❡❞❡r❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞

❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✷✵✶✺ t♦ t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❙✇✐ss

r❡❣✐♦♥s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❛r❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❛✉t♦♥♦♠♦✉s ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞

❤❛✈❡ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝ s②st❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t r❡❢❡r❡♥❞✉♠s t❤❛t ♦❢t❡♥

❛✛❡❝t ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ✐ss✉❡s✳ ■♥ ♠♦st ❝❛♥t♦♥s✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② r✉❧❡s t❤❛t r❡str✐❝t

t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ❧❡❡✇❛② ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❆❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❞r♦♣ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ✐♥

s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ♦♥ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❙✇✐ss

❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞②✳ ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱

t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✐s ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❢♦st❡r ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉s s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❛❞✲

❥✉st♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ s❤♦rt✲r✉♥ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ♦r ♣❛rt✐s❛♥ ✉s❡

♦❢ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❧❡ss ❧✐❦❡❧② ✐♥ ❙✇✐ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s✳ ❘❛t❤❡r s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣❧②✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ ❛t

❧❡❛st s♦♠❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❋♦r ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t

r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ♦r t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t✱ ♦✉r ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣♦✐♥t t♦ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡✳

❏❊▲ ❝❧❛ss✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉✼✷✱ ❊✻✷✱ ❍✻✷✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡✱ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝②✱ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝②✳

∗❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❇❡r♥✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ❙❝❤❛♥③❡♥❡❝❦str✳ ✶✱ ❈❍✲✸✵✶✷ ❇❡r♥✱ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✳❊♠❛✐❧✿ ❣✉✐❞♦✳❛✳❜❛❧❞✐❅❣♠❛✐❧✳❝♦♠

†❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❇❡r♥✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ❙❝❤❛♥③❡♥❡❝❦str✳ ✶✱ ❈❍✲✸✵✶✷ ❇❡r♥✱ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✳

Page 3: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② ♠♦❞❡❧s ✉s✉❛❧❧② ✜♥❞ t❤❛t ♣♦❧✐t✐❝✐❛♥s tr② t♦ ✉s❡ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥❛r②

✜s❝❛❧ ♦r ♠♦♥❡t❛r② ♣♦❧✐❝② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡✐r ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ t❤❡✐r

r❡✲❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦s♣❡❝ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♣❛st ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❤❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r

s✉❝❤ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ✭P❇❈s✮✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❤❛r❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ ✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡s ❛♥❞

✇❡❧❧✲❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐❢ ✈♦t❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳

■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠♦st ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✱ ②♦✉♥❣ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛✲

❝✐❡s✱ ♦r ✐♥tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t❛❧ s②st❡♠s✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝r♦ss✲❝♦✉♥tr② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥

❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s✱ ❛ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❜♦❞② ♦❢ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t

❝②❝❧❡s ❛t t❤❡ s✉❜♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ❛❧s♦ r❡♠❛✐♥ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✲

♦✉s✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ s❡✈❡r❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❖✉r ♣❛♣❡r ❛❞❞s t♦

t❤✐s ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❜② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛♥❡❧ ♦❢ ❙✇✐ss r❡❣✐♦♥s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥s✱ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t♦ ✷✵✶✺✳

❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♠❛② ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②✲

❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❧♦♥❣ ❤✐st♦r② ✐♥ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝✲

r❛❝② ✭❢♦r ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇✱ s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❑r❛❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❘✉✛♥❡r ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❱❛tt❡r ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❑✐r❝❤❣äss♥❡r

✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❇❧ö❝❤❧✐❣❡r ❛♥❞ ❑❛♥t♦r♦✇✐❝③ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✮✳ ❆❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❞r♦♣ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s

✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ♦♥ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❙✇✐ss

❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞②✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✲

✐③❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss

♦❢ ❜✉❞❣❡t ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜✉❞❣❡t ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥

✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt② t❛① r❛t❡s✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ ❝❛♥t♦♥s s❤❛r❡ ♠❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧

❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❝r♦ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡

❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ❜✉❞❣❡t t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ♠♦❞✐✜② t❤❡ s✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✲

❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛r❡ t❤❡

❜✉❞❣❡t r❡❢❡r❡♥❞✉♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈♦t❡r ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♠❛♥❞❛t♦r② ❜✉❞❣❡t

r❡❢❡r❡♥❞✉♠ ✐♥ ♣❧❛❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❝✐t✐③❡♥s t♦ ✈♦t❡ ♦♥ ❛❧❧ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts t❤❛t ❡①❝❡❡❞ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥

♠♦♥❡t❛r② t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ❝❛♥t♦♥s✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t r❡❢❡r❡♥❞✉♠s✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐✲

t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ✈♦t❡r ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ ❛❧❧♦✇s ❝✐t✐③❡♥s t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❡♥t✐r❡❧② ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥s

t❤❛t ♠❛② ❛✛❡❝t ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡♥✉❡✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝✲

r❛❝② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❞❛♠♣❡♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② t❡♥❞ t♦ ❞❡❧❛②

♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ r❡str✐❝t t❤❡ ❧❡❡✇❛② ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❞✉❝❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡

❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✳

■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❙✇✐ss tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉s s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ✭♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ♦❢ s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞

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♠❛❥♦r✐t②✮ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❣r♦✉♣s✳ ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠s ♦❢

❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧✐s♠✱ ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉s s❡❡❦✐♥❣ s✉♣♣♦rts ❛ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❛❞❥✉st✲

♠❡♥t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉s ♠❛② ❡❛s✐❧② tr✐❣❣❡r ✈❡t♦❡s ❜② ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs✳ ❚❤❡r❡

❛r❡ ♥❡✐t❤❡r s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❛rt② ♥♦r ❝♦❛❧✐t✐♦♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ s❡♥s❡✳ ▼❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡

❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❙✇✐ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t

✈❛r✐♦✉s ♣❛rt✐❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ▲❡❢t✱ ❈❡♥t❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✐❣❤t✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t

♠❛② ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧❧② r❡s✉❧t ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ♠❛❥♦r✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛r❧✐❛✲

♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❡♥❞ t♦ ❞❛♠♣❡♥ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛t✐✈❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡

❜✉❞❣❡t ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠♦r❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❛♠♣❡♥s ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝✱ ♣❛rt✐s❛♥✱ ♦r s✐❣♥❛❧✐♥❣ ♠♦t✐✈❡s

t❤❛t ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s✳

▲❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s ✐♥ ❙✇✐ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♥♦t

✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ♦r ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts✳ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❞❛t❡s ❛r❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤

❝❛♥t♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❛t ❢♦✉r ②❡❛r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s✳ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ r✉❧❡s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❝r♦ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s✳

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② r✉❧❡s ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❝❛♥t♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❞❡❜t ❜r❛❦❡s ✭s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱

❙t❛❧❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❘ö❤rs ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❑✐r❝❤❣äss♥❡r ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ♦r ▲✉❡❝❤✐♥❣❡r ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤❛❧t❡❣❣❡r ✭✷✵✶✸✮✮✳

❚❤❡s❡ r✉❧❡s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❝❛♥t♦♥s t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ s✉st❛✐♥❛❜❧❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s ♦❢

t❤❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧ ❝♦✉rt ♦r t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ t❤❡♦r②✱ s✉❝❤ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐♠✐t t❤❡ s❝♦♣❡

❢♦r ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ✭s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❘♦s❡ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡

r✉❧❡s ♠❛② ✈❛r② ❛❝r♦ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡❝♦✲

♥♦♠✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧② ❞✐✛❡r✳ ❖t❤❡r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✈♦t❡r t✉r♥♦✉t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐✛❡rs

❛❝r♦ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s ✭❜✉t ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❧♦✇ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✮✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ s✉❝❤

❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❜❡ t✐♠❡✲✈❛r②✐♥❣✱ ❜② ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ✜①❡❞

❡✛❡❝ts ✐♥ ♦✉r ♣❛♥❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✳

❚❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡s t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡

♦♥ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✳ ■♥

❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✱ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s t❡st t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✱

r❡✈❡♥✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ✉s✐♥❣ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t❤r♦✉❣❤

✷✵✶✺✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✳

✷ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇

❊❛r❧② t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr❛❝❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ◆♦r❞❤❛✉s

✭✶✾✼✺✮ ❛♥❞ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥s ❜② ✈♦t❡rs ✭❢♦r ❛♥

♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇✱ s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❆❧❡s✐♥❛✱ ❘♦✉❜✐♥✐ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❤❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❉r❛③❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦r ❉✉❜♦✐s ✭✷✵✶✻✮✮✳

Page 5: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

■♥ t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ❛♥ ✐♥❝✉♠❜❡♥t tr✐❡s t♦ ✉s❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ♦r ♠♦♥❡t❛r② ♣♦❧✐❝② t♦ ❛✛❡❝t ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝

♦✉t♣✉t ❛♥❞ ✉♥❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ♦r ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ■♥ ❛♥♦t❤❡r

str❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ✐t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛r❣✉❡❞ t❤❛t ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ❡♠❡r❣❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♣❛rt✐❡s

♦❢ t❤❡ ❘✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ▲❡❢t ❞✐✛❡r ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♣r✐♦r✐t✐❡s ✭s❡❡ ❍✐❜❜s ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❛♥❞ ❋r❛♥③❡s❡

✭✷✵✵✵✮✮✳✶ ■♥ t❤❡ ✶✾✽✵s✱ r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐s❛♥ ❝②❝❧❡s

✇❡r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t❤❛t t♦♦❦ t❤❡ ▲✉❝❛s ❝r✐t✐q✉❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳ ❆s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣❧❛②s

❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ■♥❝✉♠❜❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡ t♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t❡

t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② ✐♥ ❛tt❡♠♣t✐♥❣ t♦ s✐❣♥❛❧ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❘♦❣♦✛

❛♥❞ ❙✐❜❡rt ✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ P❡rss♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❜❡❧❧✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♦r ❙❤✐ ❛♥❞ ❙✈❡♥ss♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✮✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐✲

t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♣r♦♥❡ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡ss ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♠♦r❡

✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ✐t❡♠s✳

❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❢♦r ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r P❇❈s✳ ❲❤✐❧❡

❡❛r❧② r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ s✉❝❤ ❝②❝❧❡s ♦❢t❡♥ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝②❝❧❡s✱ t❤❛t ✐s✱ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝②✲

❝❧❡s ✐♥ ♠❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s✱ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❧❛t❡r s❤✐❢t❡❞ ✐ts ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s t♦ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢

♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❊①❝❡♣t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✱ ❤❛r❞❧② ❛♥② ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❢

♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝②❝❧❡s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞✳ ■t ✐s ❧✐❦❡❧② t❤❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②✲♠❛❦❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞

❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❛✛❡❝t ♠❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r② s❤♦rt t❡r♠✳ ❋❧✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❜✉❞❣❡t

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✲ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❡✐t❤❡r ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ♦r ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡s ✲ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ t♦

❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ♦❝❝✉r t❤❛♥ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s✱ ✐♥❞❡❡❞✱ s♦♠❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡

❢♦r ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❙❤✐ ❛♥❞ ❙✈❡♥ss♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ❝②❝❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡

♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛♥❡❧ ♦❢ ✾✶ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✺ t♦ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❆❧s♦✱

❚✉❥✉❧❛ ❛♥❞ ❲♦❧s✇✐❥❦ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ✜♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❖❊❈❉

❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✶✾✼✺✕✷✵✵✷✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ P❡rss♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❜❡❧❧✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ♦♥❧② ❞❡t❡❝t

❛ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ✭❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ❛s ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ●❉P ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡

❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s✮✱ ❜✉t ♥♦ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ ❡✐t❤❡r ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡s✱ tr❛♥s❢❡rs✱ ♦r t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t

❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✻✵ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✵ t♦ ✶✾✾✽✳

❋♦r ♠❡♠❜❡r ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥ ✭❊❯✮✱ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

❢♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✶✾✾✵s ❛♥❞ ❡❛r❧② ✷✵✵✵s ✭s❡❡✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❇✉t✐ ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ ❞❡♥ ◆♦♦r❞ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✮✳

❙✐♠✐❧❛r❧②✱ ▼✐♥❦ ❛♥❞ ❞❡ ❍❛❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❛♥❞ ❊❢t❤②✈♦✉❧♦✉ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t ✐♥✲

❝✉♠❜❡♥t ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts t❡♥❞ t♦ ✉s❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡✐r ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ♦❢

❜❡✐♥❣ r❡✲❡❧❡❝t❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♦t❤❡r st✉❞✐❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ✜♥❞ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ✐♥ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❊✉✲

r♦♣❡❛♥ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡s ✭s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❉❡ ❍❛❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❙t✉r♠ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ♦r ❆♥❞r✐❦♦♣♦✉❧♦s✱ ▲♦✐③✐❞❡s ❛♥❞

✶❲❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧ ❧✐❡s ♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ✭❛ t❡r♠ t❤❛t ✐s ♠❛✐♥❧② ✉s❡❞t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❝②❝❧❡s ❞✉❡ t♦ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✮✱ ✇❡ ❛❧s♦ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞❡r t❡r♠ ✧❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧❝②❝❧❡✧ t❤❛t ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛ss❡s ❜♦t❤ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐s❛♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛s ❝❛✉s❡s ❢♦r ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s✳

Page 6: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

Pr♦❞r♦♠✐❞✐s ✭✷✵✵✹✮✮✳

❆❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❞r♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥♦✉s ✜♥❞✐♥❣s ❢♦r ❝r♦ss✲❝♦✉♥tr② st✉❞✐❡s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✲

✐♥❣ P❇❈s✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s

❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ ❝♦✉♥tr② ♦r ❝♦♥t❡①t s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ✭s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❑♦✉✈❛✈❛s ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❛♥❞

❑❧♦♠♣ ❛♥❞ ❉❡ ❍❛❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✮✳ ■♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✇

❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♠♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❡♠❡r❣❡ ✐♥ ♥❡✇ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❡s

✭s❡❡ ❇r❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❉r❛③❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❙tr❡❜✱ ▲❡♠❛ ❛♥❞ ❚♦rr❡♥s ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❈❛♥❡s✲❲r♦♥❡ ❛♥❞

❞❡ ▲❡♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✮✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r P❇❈s ✐♥ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❡s ✐s✱ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ r❛t❤❡r

✇❡❛❦✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s r❡♣♦rt ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✲

✐♥❣ ✭❑❛ts✐♠✐ ❛♥❞ ❙❛r❛♥t✐❞❡s ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❇r❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❉r❛③❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✮✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts s❡❡♠ t♦

❤❛✈❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡s ♦♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❢♦r ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ♦r

✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦✛s❡tt✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❧❡ss ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡

❜✉❞❣❡t✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❚❤✐❡s ❛♥❞ P♦r❝❤❡ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ r❡♣♦rt ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢

✉♣❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ s❡❝t♦r✳ P♦tr❛❢❦❡ ✭✷✵✶✷✮

✜♥❞s ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡ ✐♥ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ❛r❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡s❡

♠❛✐♥❧② ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ r✉❧❡s ✭P❡rss♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❜❡❧❧✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✮✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t

✭P❡rss♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❜❡❧❧✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✮✱ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥❝② ♦❢ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✭❆❧t ❛♥❞ ▲❛ss❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✻❛✮ ❆❧t

❛♥❞ ▲❛ss❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✻❜✮✮✱ ♦r ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② r✉❧❡s ✭❆❧t✱ ▲❛ss❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❘♦s❡ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ▼✐♥❦ ❛♥❞ ❞❡ ❍❛❛♥

✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦r ❘♦s❡ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✮✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝r♦ss✲❝♦✉♥tr② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t②✱

t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ❛t ❡✐t❤❡r t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧

❧❡✈❡❧ ✇❤❡r❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣❡❝t ♠♦r❡ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧

r✉❧❡s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉❜✲♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

❛s♣❡❝ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ st✉❞✐❡s❀ t❤❡s❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱

t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝②✳ ❆♥ ❡❛r❧② st✉❞② ❜② ❇❧❛✐s ❛♥❞

◆❛❞❡❛✉ ✭✶✾✾✷✮ t❤❛t ✉s❡s s✉❜✲♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts t❤❛t✱ ✐♥ ❈❛♥❛❞❛✱ ♣r♦✈✐♥❝✐❛❧

❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts✬ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣

❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r❧②✱ ●❛❧❧✐ ❛♥❞ ❘♦ss✐ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ s❤♦✇ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛r ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✐♥ t♦t❛❧

❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐♦✉s s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s ✐♥ ●❡r♠❛♥②✬s ❢❡❞❡r❛❧ st❛t❡s✳ ▲✐❦❡✇✐s❡✱

❇♦✐①✱ ❙t♦❦❡s✱ ❆❧t ❛♥❞ ❘♦s❡ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ✜♥❞ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ❢♦r ❯✳❙✳ st❛t❡s✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✈❛r✐♦✉s

st✉❞✐❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s✉❜✲♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡

s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦r r❡✈❡♥✉❡✱ ❜✉t t❤❡② ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✲♠♦t✐✈❛t❡❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✐♥ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❛s✐❧②

t❛r❣❡t❡❞ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r♦❛❞s ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞

❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✭s❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ●♦♥③❛❧❡s ✷✵✵✷✱ ❑♥❡❡❜♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❑❡♥③✐❡ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❇✐♥❡t

Page 7: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❛♥❞ P❡♥t❡❝♦t❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❉r❛③❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❊s❧❛✈❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ▼ör❦ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❙❛❦✉r❛✐ ❛♥❞

▼❡♥❡③❡s✲❋✐❧❤♦ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ♦r ❑❧❡✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❙❛❦✉r❛✐ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✮✳ ❆s✐❞❡ ❢r♦♠ ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱

t❛①❡s ♠❛② ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t t♦ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ❜② ❱❡✐❣❛ ❛♥❞ ❱❡✐❣❛ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❛♥❞

❋♦r❡♠♥② ❛♥❞ ❘✐❡❞❡❧ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❛t ❧♦❝❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts r❡❞✉❝❡

t❛①❡s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s✳

✸ ❉❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙tr❛t❡❣②

❖✉r ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❇r❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❉r❛③❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❖✉r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✿

bit = β0 + β1elecit + β2jobseekit + β3incgrit + β4herfit + β5bit−1 + ai + ut + eit ✭✶✮

❚❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ bit ✐s ❡✐t❤❡r t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t s✉r♣❧✉s ✭♦r ❞❡✜❝✐t✮ ♣❡r

✐♥❝♦♠❡ budincit ✐♥ ❝❛♥t♦♥ i ❛t t✐♠❡ t✱ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❡r ✐♥❝♦♠❡ spincit✱ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ♣❡r ✐♥❝♦♠❡

revincit✱ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ spgrit✱ ♦r t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❧

❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t r❡✈❡♥✉❡ revgrit✳ bit−1 ✐s t❤❡ ❧❛❣❣❡❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❧❛❣❣❡❞ ❞❡✲

♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❖▲❙ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ♦❢ ♦r❞❡r 1/T ✭s❡❡

◆✐❝❦❡❧❧ ✭✶✾✽✶✮ ♦r ❈❛♠❡r♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚r✐✈❡❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✮✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ r❛♥❣❡s ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t♦

✷✵✶✺ ✐♥ ♠♦st ♦❢ ♦✉r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✭✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛ ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ✷✵✵✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❜✐❛s ✐♥

♦✉r ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ✐s ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❜❡ r❛t❤❡r s♠❛❧❧✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ s❤♦rt❡r

t✐♠❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ ✇❡ st✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❛t ❧❡❛st ✸✵ ②❡❛rs ✐♥ ♦✉r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s✳

❚❤❡ ❦❡② ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥✱ t❤❡ ❞✉♠♠② elecit✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❡❧❡❝✲

t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs✳ ❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s ✐♥ ❙✇✐ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♥♦t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞

❜② ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ♦r ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts✳ ▲❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❛t

❢♦✉r ②❡❛r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡s ❛r❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❝❛♥t♦♥✳ jobseekit ✐s t❤❡

❥♦❜ s❡❡❦❡rs✲t♦✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦ ❛♥❞ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡s ♦❢

r❡❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ♣❡r ❝❛♣✐t❛ incgrit ❡♥t❡r t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛s t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t♦r② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥

❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❛❞❞ t❤❡ ❍❡r✜♥❞❛❤❧ ✐♥❞❡① ❛t ❡✐t❤❡r t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ♦r t❤❡ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢

❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✭herfgovit ♦r herfparlit✮ t♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥

♦♥ ✜s❝❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳✷ ■♥ ❛❧❧ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s✱ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ✜①❡❞ ❡✛❡❝ts ❛r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✭ai

❛♥❞ ut✮✳ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❧❛st t❡r♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t✲❤❛♥❞ s✐❞❡ ✐s t❤❡ ✐❞✐♦s②♥❝r❛t✐❝ ❡rr♦r t❡r♠ eit✳

✷■t ♠✐❣❤t ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✈♦t❡s✱ ♥♦t ✐♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ♦r ♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t❛r② s❡❛ts✳❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✇❡ ✉s❡ ❛r❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❞✐r❡❝t❧②❛✛❡❝t ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✈♦t❡s ✐s ❧❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t✳

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❲❡ ✉s❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r ❛ ♣❛♥❡❧ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t♦ ✷✵✶✺ ♦❢ ✷✺ ❙✇✐ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s✳✸ ■♥ ♦✉r r❡❣r❡s✲

s✐♦♥s✱ ❛ t♦t❛❧ ♦❢ t❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❇r❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞

❉r❛③❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❡✜❝✐t ❝②❝❧❡s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡

s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t t❡st ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❜✉t

✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❛❜❧❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ■t ♠✐❣❤t

❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ t♦ ❛❞❞ ♦t❤❡r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st s✉❝❤ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇✐t❤

✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝❝❡ss

t♦ t❤❡s❡ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ❣♦♦❞ q✉❛❧✐t②✳ ❆s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ✜✈❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❡♣❡♥✲

❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t s✉r♣❧✉s✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ budincit ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✐♥

t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❞❡✜❝✐t✮ t❤❛t ❡①♣r❡ss❡s t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❛s ❛ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✱ t❤❡

s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ spincit✱ t❤❡ r❡✈❡♥✉❡✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ revincit✱ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡

♦❢ r❡❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡ spdgrit✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t r❡✈❡♥✉❡

revgrit✳

❆♥♥✉❛❧ ✜s❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t r❡✈❡♥✉❡

st❡♠ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t s✉r♣❧✉s ♦r

❞❡✜❝✐t ✐s t❤❡♥ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ♥❡❣✲

❛t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❜✉❞❣❡t ❞❡✜❝✐ts✳ ❘❡✈❡♥✉❡✱ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t

s✉r♣❧✉s ❛r❡ t❤❡♥ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡ r❛t✐♦s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✳

❘❡❛❧ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡s ✐♥ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❜② ❞❡✢❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s

✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙✇✐ss ❈♦♥s✉♠❡r Pr✐❝❡ ■♥❞❡① ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r ♣r✐❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ❛t t❤❡ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧

❧❡✈❡❧ ✐s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✭❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❞✮✮✳ ❉❛t❛ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs ❛♥❞

♣❛rt② s❡❛ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ ❛r❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧

❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❜✮✱ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❝✮✱

❛♥❞ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❛✮✮✳

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶ ✭❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①✮ ❞❡♣✐❝ts t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❛♥❞ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐✲

❛❜❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❞❡✜❝✐t ✐s s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❤✐❣❤❡r ✐♥ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs t❤❛♥ ✐♥ ♥♦♥✲❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥

②❡❛rs✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ t✇♦ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❡♥❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r

♦r ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❢❛st❡r ✐♥ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t r❡❣r❡s✲

s✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♠✐❣❤t ②✐❡❧❞ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ■♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣❧②✱ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡

r❡✈❡♥✉❡✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛r❡ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❤✐❣❤❡r ✐♥ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣♦✐♥t t♦ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ r❡✈❡♥✉❡✳

✸❲❡ ❞r♦♣ t❤❡ ✈❡r② s♠❛❧❧ ❝❛♥t♦♥ ❆♣♣❡♥③❡❧❧ ■♥♥❡r✲❘❤♦❞❡s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❤❛s ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ♦❢ ♦✣❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ✐s ♦♥❧② ❝♦♥✜♥❡❞ t♦ ❛ ②❡❛r ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♦✣❝✐❛❧❧② ♥♦ ♣❛rt②❢r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛♥t♦♥ ♦❢ ❏✉r❛ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❡①✐st ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✾✼✾✱ ❜✉t ✇❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡❝❛♥t♦♥ ♦❢ ❇❡r♥❡✳

Page 9: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✿ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❧

✐♥❝♦♠❡ ♣❡r ❝❛♣✐t❛ ✭incgrit✮✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥s s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ❥♦❜s ❛s ❛ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❝❛♥✲

t♦♥❛❧ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭jobseekit✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❍❡r✜♥❞❛❤❧ ✐♥❞❡① ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✭herfgovit✮

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t ✭herfparlit✮✳ ❖✣❝✐❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣r♦ss ❞♦♠❡st✐❝ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❛t t❤❡

❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ ✷✵✵✽ ✭❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡

✭✷✵✶✻✮✮✳ ❆s ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ●❉P ❧❡✈❡❧s ✐♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ②❡❛rs✱ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ t♦t❛❧ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

✭✏❱♦❧❦s❡✐♥❦♦♠♠❡♥✑✮ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✶✾✼✽ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✺ ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧

❖✣❝❡ ✭t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ❜✉t t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ✉♣♦♥

r❡q✉r❡st✳✮✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✷✵✵✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❞❛t❛ ❣❛♣s ❡①✐st ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

♥♦r ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ ●❉P ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❋♦r r❡❛s♦♥s ♦❢ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t②✱ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s r❛♥❣✐♥❣

❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t♦ ✷✵✶✺ ✭✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛ ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ✷✵✵✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✼✮ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛s ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡r✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❛❢t❡r ❞❡✢❛t✐♥❣ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

❜② t❤❡ ❙✇✐ss ❈♦♥s✉♠❡r Pr✐❝❡ ■♥❞❡①✳

■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ♦❢ ❥♦❜ s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t♦ ❛ ❝❛♥t♦♥✬s ❡♥t✐r❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛

❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✭❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ❛♥❞ ❙t❛t❡ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛t ❢♦r ❊❝♦✲

♥♦♠✐❝ ❆✛❛✐rs ✭✷✵✶✼✮✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t r❡s✐❞❡♥t ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥

❛s t❤❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛t♦r ✇❛s ♠❛❞❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡ t❤❛t ②❡❛r❧② ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ t❤❡

✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♦♥❧② ❡①✐st ❢r♦♠ ✷✵✶✵ ♦♥✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❥♦❜ s❡❡❦✐♥❣

♣❡rs♦♥s✱ ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❛t ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ✶✾✾✵s✱ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥s ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ✉s✉❛❧❧②

❛✛❡❝t❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❢r♦♠ ❧❛②♦✛s ✇❡r❡ ✐♠♠✐❣r❛♥t ✇♦r❦❡rs ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t r❡s✐❞❡♥❝② ✐♥

❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✳ ❖♥❝❡ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❞✐s♠✐ss❡❞✱ t❤❡② ✉s✉❛❧❧② r❡t✉r♥❡❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❝♦✉♥tr② ♦❢ ♦r✐❣✐♥

❛♥❞ ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ❆s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ✶✾✾✵s✱ ✢✉❝t✉❛✲

t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧② r❡✢❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❥♦❜

s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❲❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ❍❡r✜♥❞❛❤❧ ✐♥❞❡① t♦ tr② t♦ ❣❛✉❣❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥

♦r ❞✐s♣❡rs♦♥ ❜♦t❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ❛ ❜✉❞❣❡t ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞

❜② t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t✱ ❜♦t❤ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞

❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ ♠❛② ❛✛❡❝t ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s✳ ❯s✉❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❍❡r✜♥❞❛❤❧ ✐♥❞❡① ✐s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛s∑

N

i=1a2it✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ait ✐s t❤❡ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❛ts ♦❢ ♣❛rt② i ❛t ❞❛t❡ t✳ ❲❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥

Hit = 1−∑

N

i=1a2itt♦ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ Hit ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ♠♦r❡

❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦r✱ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ❞✐s♣❡rs♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❍❡r✜♥❞❛❤❧ ✐♥❞❡① ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞

✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❛ts ❢♦r ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs ❛♥❞ ✇❡r❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡

②❡❛rs ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳

Page 10: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

✹ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❘❡s✉❧ts

❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ♦✉r ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞❡♣✐❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡s ✷✲✻✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✇ ♦♥❡ t❛❜❧❡

❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜✈❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst t✇♦ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ♦❢ ❛ t❛❜❧❡✱ ✇❡ s❤♦✇

r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❛ s❤♦rt❡r ♣❡r✐♦❞ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t♦ ✷✵✵✼

t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❝r✐s✐s ❛✛❡❝ts t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❈♦❧✉♠♥s ✸ ❛♥❞ ✹ ♣r❡s❡♥t r❡s✉❧ts

❢♦r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❞r♦♣ incgrit ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ♦❢ ❥♦❜ s❡❡❦❡rs t♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ jobseekit✳

■♥ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ✺ ❛♥❞ ✻✱ t❤❡ ❍❡r✜♥❞❛❤❧ ✐♥❞❡① ❡✐t❤❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✭herfgovit✮ ♦r t❤❡

♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t ✭herfparlit✮ ✐s ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐st ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳

❋♦r t❤❡ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ❛s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ t❤❡ r❡✲

s✉❧ts ♦❢ ♦✉r ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣❛♥❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ②✐❡❧❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✉♠♠② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡

elecit ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✮✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs ❛r❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡✐t❤❡r

❧♦✇❡r ❜✉❞❣❡t s✉r♣❧✉s❡s ♦r ❤✐❣❤❡r ❞❡✜❝✐ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ s♠❛❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st

✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛t❡s ❜② r♦✉❣❤❧② 0.1 ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡

♣♦✐♥ts✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❧❛r❣❡✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛r❡

♥♦t st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ③❡r♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❥♦❜ s❡❡❦❡rs✲t♦✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦ ❡♥t❡rs ✇✐t❤ ❛

♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t✱ t❤❡r❡❜② ❝❛♣t✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛❞✈❡rs❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲

♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❤❛s ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡✱ ❜✉t ✈❡r②

s♠❛❧❧✱ s✐❣♥ ✐♥ ❛❧♠♦st ❛❧❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣❧②✱ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡

✲ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❍❡r✜♥❞❛❤❧ ✐♥❞❡① ✲ ❤❛s ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦✳

P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛t❡s t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜② ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ 1 ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡

♣♦✐♥t✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❡ t❡♥❞s t♦ ❡①❤✐❜✐t ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥

♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❜✉❞❣❡ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ❡✛❡❝t ✐s s♠❛❧❧❡r ❛♥❞ ♥♦t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ③❡r♦

✐♥ ♦✉r r❡s✉❧ts✳

❆s t♦ t❤❡ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ❛s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢♦r ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs ❛r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝❛s❡s ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✮✳ ■♥ ♠♦st

❝❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛r❡ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ③❡r♦ ✐♥ ♦✉r ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣❛♥❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳

❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜②

✵✳✶✾✷ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠

③❡r♦✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✶✶✺✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♦✉r ❡st✐♠❛t❡s✱ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛✛❡❝ts t❤❡

s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ❢❛✈♦r❛❜❧❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ❞♦

♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ r❡s✉❧t ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦✳ ❆ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❥♦❜ s❡❡❦❡r✲

t♦✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦ ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝

♣❛♥❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ■♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣❧②✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥✲

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♠❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ♣❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t

❧❡✈❡❧ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ❧♦✇❡r s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❣r♦✇t❤✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ❡st✐✲

♠❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡♠❛✐♥ ✐♥s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t✳

❲❡ t❤❡♥ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ t❤❡ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ✇✐t❤ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✹✮✳ ❖✉r

r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ str♦♥❣❧② ❛♥❞ ♠♦st❧② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤

s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s

r❛✐s❡ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡s ❜② ✶✳✵✾✺ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✭t❤❛t ✐s

✐♥s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✹✼✼✳ ❆♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❥♦❜ s❡❡❦❡r✲t♦✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦

s❡❡♠s t♦ ❞❛♠♣❡♥ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♦✉r ❡st✐♠❛t❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣

s❤♦✇s ❛ ♣r♦❝②❝❧✐❝❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ❋♦r

✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♦✉r r❡s✉❧ts ♣♦✐♥t t♦ ❛ ♠✐❧❞ ❝♦✉♥t❡r❝②❝❧✐❝❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧

s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♦✉r r❡s✉❧ts✱ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ❛t ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❛✛❡❝t

t❤❡ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦ ✐♥ ❛ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧❧② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✇❛②✳

❆❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❞r♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ t❛① ❛✉t♦♥♦♠② ♦❢ ❙✇✐ss ❝❛♥t♦♥s✱ ✐t

✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♦✉r

❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❝②❝❧❡✱ ❜♦t❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡✈❡♥✉❡✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡

r❛t✐♦ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✭❚❛❜❧❡s ✺ ❛♥❞ ✻✮✳ ◆♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✐s

s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ③❡r♦✳ ❖✉r ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❡✈❡♥ ♣♦✐♥t t♦ ❛ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥

②❡❛rs✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❆ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❥♦❜ s❡❡❦❡rs ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ❧♦✇❡r r❡✈❡♥✉❡

❣r♦✇t❤ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ r❡✈❡♥✉❡✲t♦✲✐♥❝♦♠❡ r❛t✐♦✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts

s❤♦✇ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ s✐❣♥✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛r❡ ♥♦t st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ③❡r♦✳ ■♥

♠♦st ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣❛♥❡❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ t✇♦ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❥♦❜

s❡❡❦❡rs ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✇❡r r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❣r♦✇t❤✳ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦

❛✛❡❝t ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ✐♥ ❛ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧❧② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✇❛②✳

✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❲❤✐❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②✲♠❛❦❡rs ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t❡ ✜s❝❛❧

♣♦❧✐❝② t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡✐r ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ♦❢ r❡✲❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡s

♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡ ❞❛t❛

❛t t❤❡ s✉❜✲❢❡❞❡r❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✼✽ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✷✵✶✺ t♦ t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢

❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❙✇✐ss r❡❣✐♦♥s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥s ❛r❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❛✉t♦♥♦♠♦✉s ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞

t♦ ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✐s t❤❡ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝

s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ✈♦t❡s t❤❛t ♠❛② ♦❢t❡♥ ❛✛❡❝t ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ✐ss✉❡s✳

✶✵

Page 12: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✐s ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉s s❡❡❦✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡r❡

❛r❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② r✉❧❡s ✐♥ ♠♦st ❝❛♥t♦♥s t❤❛t r❡str✐❝t t❤❡ ❜✉❞❣❡t❛r② ❧❡❡✇❛② ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts✳

❲❡ ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❡s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ s❤♦rt✲r✉♥ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ♦r ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✜s❝❛❧

♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥✜r♠ t❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❜✉❞❣❡t ❛♥❞ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t r❡✈❡♥✉❡✳

■♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣❧②✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛t ❧❡❛st s♦♠❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✳

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♦✉r ✜♥❞✐♥❣s✱ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ❙✇✐ss ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝② s❡❡♠ t♦

❧✐♠✐t✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t ❡♥t✐r❡❧② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ❡❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ✜s❝❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡

❝❛✉t✐♦✉s ✇❤❡♥ ✉s✐♥❣ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r st✉❞② t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧

s❡tt✐♥❣s✱ ♦✉r r❡s✉❧ts ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥

❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ♦♥ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝②✳

✶✶

Page 13: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❆❧❡s✐♥❛✱ ❆✳✱ ❘♦✉❜✐♥✐✱ ◆✳ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❤❡♥✱ ●✳ ❉✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠②✱

▼■❚ Pr❡ss✳

❆❧t✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❛♥❞ ▲❛ss❡♥✱ ❉✳ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✵✻❛✮✱ ❵❋✐s❝❛❧ ❚r❛♥s♣❛r❡♥❝②✱ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ P❛rt✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❜t

✐♥ ❖❊❈❉ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s✬✱ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ✺✵✭✻✮✱ ✶✹✵✸✕✶✹✸✾✳

❆❧t✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❛♥❞ ▲❛ss❡♥✱ ❉✳ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✵✻❜✮✱ ❵❚r❛♥s♣❛r❡♥❝②✱ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ P♦❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ P♦✲

❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❖❊❈❉ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s✬✱ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡

✺✵✭✸✮✱ ✺✸✵✕✺✺✵✳

❆❧t✱ ❏✳ ❊✳✱ ▲❛ss❡♥✱ ❉✳ ❉✳ ❛♥❞ ❘♦s❡✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❵❚❤❡ ❈❛✉s❡s ♦❢ ❋✐s❝❛❧ ❚r❛♥s♣❛r❡♥❝②✿

❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❯❙ ❙t❛t❡s✬✱ ■▼❋ ❙t❛✛ ♣❛♣❡rs ✺✸✭✶✮✱ ✸✵✕✺✼✳

❆♥❞r✐❦♦♣♦✉❧♦s✱ ❆✳✱ ▲♦✐③✐❞❡s✱ ■✳ ❛♥❞ Pr♦❞r♦♠✐❞✐s✱ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❵❋✐s❝❛❧ P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧

❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❯✬✱ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦♥♦♠② ✷✵✭✶✮✱ ✶✷✺✕✶✺✷✳

❇✐♥❡t✱ ▼✳✲❊✳ ❛♥❞ P❡♥t❡❝♦t❡✱ ❏✳✲❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❵❚❛① ❉❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡

✐♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧✐t✐❡s✬✱ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ▲❡tt❡rs ✶✶✭✶✹✮✱ ✾✵✺✕✾✵✽✳

❇❧❛✐s✱ ❆✳ ❛♥❞ ◆❛❞❡❛✉✱ ❘✳ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ❵❚❤❡ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡✬✱ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✼✹✭✹✮✱ ✸✽✾✕

✹✵✸✳

❇❧ö❝❤❧✐❣❡r✱ ❍✳ ❛♥❞ ❑❛♥t♦r♦✇✐❝③✱ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ❵❋✐s❝❛❧ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✿ ❆♥ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❆ss❡ss✲

♠❡♥t✬✱ ❖❊❈❉ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ P❛♣❡rs✱ ◆♦✳ ✶✷✹✽ ✳

❇♦✐①✱ ❈✳✱ ❙t♦❦❡s✱ ❙✳ ❈✳✱ ❆❧t✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❛♥❞ ❘♦s❡✱ ❙✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❈♦♥t❡①t ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ P♦❧✐t✲

✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s✱ ✐♥ ❈✳ ❇♦✐① ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❈✳ ❙t♦❦❡s✱ ❡❞s✱ ❵❚❤❡ ❖①❢♦r❞ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢

❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝s✬✱ ❖①❢♦r❞ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✳

❇r❡♥❞❡r✱ ❆✳ ❛♥❞ ❉r❛③❡♥✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ◆❡✇ ✈❡rs✉s ❊st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞

❉❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❡s✬✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▼♦♥❡t❛r② ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✺✷✭✼✮✱ ✶✷✼✶✕✶✷✾✺✳

❇r❡♥❞❡r✱ ❆✳ ❛♥❞ ❉r❛③❡♥✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❵❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥s✱ ▲❡❛❞❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●♦✈❡r♥✲

♠❡♥t ❙♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✬✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✾✼✱ ✶✽✕✸✶✳

❇✉t✐✱ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ ❞❡♥ ◆♦♦r❞✱ P✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❵❉✐s❝r❡t✐♦♥❛r② ❋✐s❝❛❧ P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥s✿ ❚❤❡

❊①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛r❧② ❨❡❛rs ♦❢ ❊▼❯✬✱ ❖❊❈❉ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ❲♦r❦✐♥❣

P❛♣❡rs✱ ◆♦✳ ✸✺✶ ✳

❈❛♠❡r♦♥✱ ❆✳ ❛♥❞ ❚r✐✈❡❞✐✱ P✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ▼✐❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝s✱ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✳

✶✷

Page 14: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❈❛♥❡s✲❲r♦♥❡✱ ❇✳ ❛♥❞ ❞❡ ▲❡♦♥✱ ❈✳ P✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ❵❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❉❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✲

♠❡♥t✬✱ ❯♥♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✱ Pr✐♥❝❡t♦♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳

❉❛❤❧❜❡r❣✱ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ▼ör❦✱ ❊✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❵■s t❤❡r❡ ❛♥ ❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈②❝❧❡ ✐♥ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t❄

❙❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡ ❊✛❡❝ts ❢r♦♠ ❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❨❡❛r ❊✛❡❝ts✬✱ ❈❊❙✐❢♦ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❙t✉❞✐❡s

✺✼✭✸✮✱ ✹✽✵✕✹✾✽✳

❉❡ ❍❛❛♥✱ ❏✳ ❛♥❞ ❙t✉r♠✱ ❏✳✲❊✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥ts ♦❢ ❋✐s❝❛❧

P♦❧✐❝② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✬✱ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✽✵✭✶✲✷✮✱ ✶✺✼✕✶✼✷✳

❉r❛③❡♥✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦♥♦♠② ✐♥ ▼❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ Pr✐♥❝❡t♦♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✳

❉r❛③❡♥✱ ❆✳ ❛♥❞ ❊s❧❛✈❛✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❵❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ▼❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ ❱♦t❡r✲❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❙♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✿

❚❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✬✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✾✷✭✶✮✱ ✸✾✕✺✷✳

❉✉❜♦✐s✱ ❊✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❈②❝❧❡s ✹✵ ❨❡❛rs ❛❢t❡r ◆♦r❞❤❛✉s✬✱ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡

✶✻✻✭✶✮✱ ✷✸✺✕✷✺✾✳

❊❢t❤②✈♦✉❧♦✉✱ ●✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ■♠♣❛❝t

♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ Pr❡ss✉r❡s✬✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✷✾✺✕✸✷✼✳

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❵❙t❛t❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡❢✈✳❛❞♠✐♥✳❝❤✴❡❢✈✴❡♥✴❤♦♠❡✴t❤❡♠❡♥✴❢✐♥❛♥③st❛t✐st✐❦✴

❜❡r✐❝❤t❡rst❛tt✉♥❣✳❤t♠❧✳✹✴✷✹✴✷✵✶✼

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❵❇r✉tt♦✐♥❧❛♥❞s♣r♦❞✉❦t ✭❇■P✮ ♥❛❝❤ ●r♦ssr❡❣✐♦♥ ✉♥❞

❑❛♥t♦♥✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❢s✳❛❞♠✐♥✳❝❤✴❜❢s✴❡♥✴❤♦♠❡✴st❛t✐st✐❝s✴

♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✲❡❝♦♥♦♠②✴♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✲❛❝❝♦✉♥ts✴❣r♦ss✲❞♦♠❡st✐❝✲♣r♦❞✉❝t✲❝❛♥t♦♥

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❛✮✱ ❵❑❛♥t♦♥❛❧❡ P❛r❧❛♠❡♥ts✇❛❤❧❡♥✿ ▼❛♥❞❛ts✈❡rt❡✐❧✉♥❣

♥❛❝❤ P❛rt❡✐❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❑❛♥t♦♥✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❢s✳❛❞♠✐♥✳❝❤✴❜❢s✴❞❡✴❤♦♠❡✴st❛t✐st✐❦❡♥✴♣♦❧✐t✐❦✴✇❛❤❧❡♥

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❜✮✱ ❵❑❛♥t♦♥❛❧❡ ❘❡❣✐❡r✉♥❣s✇❛❤❧❡♥✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❢s✳❛❞♠✐♥✳❝❤✴❜❢s✴❞❡✴❤♦♠❡✴st❛t✐st✐❦❡♥✴♣♦❧✐t✐❦✴✇❛❤❧❡♥

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❝✮✱ ❵❑❛♥t♦♥❛❧❡ ❘❡❣✐❡r✉♥❣s✇❛❤❧❡♥✿ ▼❛♥❞❛ts✈❡rt❡✐❧✉♥❣ ♥❛❝❤

P❛rt❡✐❡♥✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❢s✳❛❞♠✐♥✳❝❤✴❜❢s✴❞❡✴❤♦♠❡✴st❛t✐st✐❦❡♥✴♣♦❧✐t✐❦✴✇❛❤❧❡♥

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❖✣❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✼❞✮✱ ❵▲■❑✱ ❚♦t❛❧✐♥❞❡① ❛✉❢ ❛❧❧❡♥ ■♥❞❡①❜❛s❡♥ ✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❢s✳❛❞♠✐♥✳❝❤✴❜❢s✴❞❡✴❤♦♠❡✴st❛t✐st✐❦❡♥✴♣r❡✐s❡

✶✸

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❋♦r❡♠♥②✱ ❉✳ ❛♥❞ ❘✐❡❞❡❧✱ ◆✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❵❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❚❛①❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡✬✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢

P✉❜❧✐❝ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✶✶✺✭❈✮✱ ✹✽✕✻✶✳

❋r❛♥③❡s❡✱ ❘✳ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ P❛rt✐s❛♥ ▼❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❉❡❜t ✐♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞

❉❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❡s✱ ✶✾✺✻✲✾✵✱ ✐♥ ❵■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ P♦❧✐t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❋✐s❝❛❧ P♦❧✐❝②✬✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✶✕

✽✸✳

●❛❧❧✐✱ ❊✳ ❛♥❞ ❘♦ss✐✱ ❙✳ P✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s✿ t❤❡ ❈❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲❡st❡r♥

●❡r♠❛♥ ▲ä♥❞❡r✬✱ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✶✶✵✭✸✲✹✮✱ ✷✽✸✕✸✵✸✳

❍✐❜❜s✱ ❉✳ ❆✳ ✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ P❛rt✐❡s ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✬✱ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧

❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ✼✶✭✹✮✱ ✶✹✻✼✕✶✹✽✼✳

❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❵❙t❡❧❧❡♥s✉❝❤❡♥❞❡ ♥❛❝❤ ❑❛♥t♦♥❡♥ ✶✾✸✶✲✶✾✺✹

✉♥❞ ✶✾✼✺✲✷✵✵✾✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢s✇✳✉③❤✳❝❤✴❤st❛t✴♥❧s❴r❡✈✴❧s❴❢✐❧❡s✳♣❤♣❄❝❤❛♣t❡r❴✈❛r❂✳✴❢

❑❛ts✐♠✐✱ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ❙❛r❛♥t✐❞❡s✱ ❱✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❵❚❤❡ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❋✐s❝❛❧ P♦❧✐❝② ♦♥ Pr♦✜ts✬✱ ✺✵✱ ✶✵✺✵✕

✶✵✻✽✳

❑✐r❝❤❣äss♥❡r✱ ●✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❵❋✐s❝❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ❈❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ▲❡✈❡❧ ✐♥ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✬✱ ❙✇✐ss

❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ✶✹✾✭✷✮✱ ✶✸✾✕✶✻✻✳

❑❧❡✐♥✱ ❋✳ ❆✳ ❛♥❞ ❙❛❦✉r❛✐✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ❵❚❡r♠ ▲✐♠✐ts ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s ❛t t❤❡ ▲♦❝❛❧

▲❡✈❡❧✿ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❨♦✉♥❣ ❉❡♠♦❝r❛❝②✬✱ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦♥♦♠②

✸✼✭❈✮✱ ✷✶✕✸✻✳

❑❧♦♠♣✱ ❏✳ ❛♥❞ ❉❡ ❍❛❛♥✱ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❖✉t❝♦♠❡s✬✱

P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✶✺✼✭✶✲✷✮✱ ✷✹✺✕✷✻✼✳

❑♥❡❡❜♦♥❡✱ ❘✳ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❑❡♥③✐❡✱ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❵❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ P❛rt✐s❛♥ ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❋✐s❝❛❧ P♦❧✲

✐❝②✿ ❆♥ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❛♥❛❞✐❛♥ Pr♦✈✐♥❝❡s✬✱ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❛① ❛♥❞ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡

✽✭✺✮✱ ✼✺✸✕✼✼✹✳

❑♦✉✈❛✈❛s✱ ❖✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s ❘❡✈✐s✐t❡❞✿ t❤❡ ❈❛s❡ ❢♦r ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧✬✱

▼P❘❆ P❛♣❡r ✺✼✺✵✹ ✳

❑r❛❛♥✱ ❉✳✲❏✳ ❛♥❞ ❘✉✛♥❡r✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❵❇✉❞❣❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✬✱ ❖❊❈❉ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦♥

❇✉❞❣❡t✐♥❣ ✺✭✶✮✱ ✸✼❄✼✽✳

▲✉❡❝❤✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙✳ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤❛❧t❡❣❣❡r✱ ❈✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❵❋✐s❝❛❧ ❘✉❧❡s✱ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❉❡✜❝✐ts ❛♥❞ ❇✉❞❣❡t

Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥s✬✱ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❛① ❛♥❞ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡ ✷✵✭✺✮✱ ✼✽✺✕✽✵✼✳

✶✹

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▼✐♥❦✱ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ❞❡ ❍❛❛♥✱ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❵❆r❡ t❤❡r❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦ ❆r❡❛❄✬✱

❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥ P♦❧✐t✐❝s ✼✭✷✮✱ ✶✾✶✕✷✶✶✳

◆✐❝❦❡❧❧✱ ❙✳ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ❵❇✐❛s❡s ✐♥ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ▼♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ❋✐①❡❞ ❊✛❡❝ts✬✱ ❊❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝❛

✹✾✭✻✮✱ ✶✹✶✼✕✷✻✳

◆♦r❞❤❛✉s✱ ❲✳ ❉✳ ✭✶✾✼✺✮✱ ❵❚❤❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❈②❝❧❡✬✱ ❚❤❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❙t✉❞✐❡s

✹✷✭✷✮✱ ✶✻✾✕✶✾✵✳

P❡rss♦♥✱ ❚✳ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❜❡❧❧✐♥✐✱ ●✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❉♦ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ❉✐✛❡r ❆❝r♦ss P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❙②st❡♠s❄✱

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ P❛♣❡rs ✷✸✷✱ ■●■❊❘ ✭■♥♥♦❝❡♥③♦ ●❛s♣❛r✐♥✐ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✮✱

❇♦❝❝♦♥✐ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳

P❡rss♦♥✱ ❚✳ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❜❡❧❧✐♥✐✱ ●✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❵❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❋✐s❝❛❧ P♦❧✐❝② ❖✉t❝♦♠❡s✬✱

❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ✾✹✭✶✮✱ ✷✺✕✹✺✳

P♦tr❛❢❦❡✱ ◆✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❖❊❈❉ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s✿

❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✺✶✕✷✵✵✻✬✱ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✶✺✵✭✶✲✷✮✱ ✶✺✺✕✶✼✾✳

❘♦❣♦✛✱ ❑✳ ❛♥❞ ❙✐❜❡rt✱ ❆✳ ✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ ❵❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ P♦❧✐❝② ❈②❝❧❡s✬✱ ❚❤❡

❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ✺✺✭✶✮✱ ✶✕✶✻✳

❘♦s❡✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❵❉♦ ❋✐s❝❛❧ ❘✉❧❡s ❉❛♠♣❡♥ t❤❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❈②❝❧❡❄✬✱ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡

✶✷✽✭✸✲✹✮✱ ✹✵✼✕✹✸✶✳

❘♦s❡✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❵■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❋✐s❝❛❧ ❙✉st❛✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t②✬✱ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❛① ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ✻✸✭✹✮✱ ✽✵✼✳

❙❛❦✉r❛✐✱ ❙✳ ◆✳ ❛♥❞ ▼❡♥❡③❡s✲❋✐❧❤♦✱ ◆✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❵❖♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ P❛rt✐s❛♥ ❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈②❝❧❡s

✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✿ ♥❡✇ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ▲❡✈❡❧✬✱ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✶✹✽✭✶✲✷✮✱ ✷✸✸✕✷✹✼✳

❙❤✐✱ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ❙✈❡♥ss♦♥✱ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❵P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t ❈②❝❧❡s✿ ❉♦ t❤❡② ❉✐✛❡r ❛❝r♦ss ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❛♥❞ ✇❤②❄✬✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✾✵✭✽✲✾✮✱ ✶✸✻✼✕✶✸✽✾✳

❙t❛❧❞❡r✱ ❑✳ ❛♥❞ ❘ö❤rs✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❵❆♥s✇❡rs t♦ ❖❊❈❉ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡✿ ❋✐s❝❛❧ ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r

❈❛♥t♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥❡s✬✱ ■♥st✐t✉t ❢ür ❋✐♥❛♥③✇✐ss❡♥s❝❤❛❢t ✉♥❞ ❋✐♥❛♥③r❡❝❤t ✳

❙t❛t❡ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛t ❢♦r ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❆✛❛✐rs ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❵❘❡❣✐str✐❡rt❡ ❙t❡❧❧❡♥s✉❝❤❡♥❞❡✬✳

❯❘▲✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛♠st❛t✳❝❤✴✈✷

❙tr❡❜✱ ❏✳ ▼✳✱ ▲❡♠❛✱ ❉✳ ❛♥❞ ❚♦rr❡♥s✱ ●✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❵❈❤❡❝❦s ❛♥❞ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡s ♦♥ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇✉❞❣❡t

❈②❝❧❡s✿ ❈r♦ss✲❈♦✉♥tr② ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✬✱ ❑②❦❧♦s ✻✷✭✸✮✱ ✹✷✻✕✹✹✼✳

❚❤✐❡s✱ ❈✳ ●✳ ❛♥❞ P♦r❝❤❡✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❵❚❤❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦♥♦♠② ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥✬✱

❚❤❡ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝s ✻✾✭✶✮✱ ✶✶✻✕✶✷✼✳

✶✺

Page 17: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❚✉❥✉❧❛✱ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ❲♦❧s✇✐❥❦✱ ●✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❵❇✉❞❣❡t ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❖❊❈❉ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s✿ ❲❤❛t ▼❛❦❡s

t❤❡♠ ❈❤❛♥❣❡❄✬✱ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛ ✸✹✱ ✶✕✶✹✳

❱❛tt❡r✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❉❛s ♣♦❧✐t✐s❝❤❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❞❡r ❙❝❤✇❡✐③✱ ◆♦♠♦s✿ ❇❛❞❡♥✲❇❛❞❡♥✳

❱❡✐❣❛✱ ▲✳ ●✳ ❛♥❞ ❱❡✐❣❛✱ ❋✳ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❵❉♦❡s ❖♣♣♦rt✉♥✐s♠ P❛② ♦✛❄✬✱ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ▲❡tt❡rs

✾✻✭✷✮✱ ✶✼✼✕✶✽✷✳

✶✻

Page 18: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ st❛t✐st✐❝s

❜✉❞✐♥❝ s♣✐♥❝ s♣❣r r❡✈✐♥❝ r❡✈❣r

❊❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs

▼❡❛♥ ✲✵✳✷✶✾ ✶✻✳✽✼✶ ✷✳✻✽✶ ✶✻✳✻✺✷ ✷✳✺✷✹

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ❉❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✶✳✶✹✷ ✺✳✺✼✵ ✻✳✾✾✶ ✺✳✸✷✷ ✺✳✹✸✸

N ✷✷✶ ✷✷✶ ✷✷✼ ✷✷✶ ✷✷✼

◆♦♥✲❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ②❡❛rs

▼❡❛♥ ✲✵✳✶✺✷ ✶✻✳✼✽✾ ✷✳✶✻✻ ✶✻✳✻✸✽ ✷✳✷✷✶

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ❉❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✶✳✵✺✶ ✺✳✹✾✼ ✻✳✵✸✸ ✺✳✸✷✾ ✺✳✻✺✼

N ✼✵✸ ✼✵✸ ✼✼✸ ✼✵✸ ✼✼✸

❚❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❜✉❞✐♥❝✱ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ r❡✈✐♥❝ ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s ❛ s❤❛r❡

♦❢ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✳ s♣❡♥❞❣r ❛♥❞ r❡✈❣r ❛r❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ r❛t❡s✳

✶✼

Page 19: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✿ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇✉❞❣❡t✲t♦✲■♥❝♦♠❡ ❘❛t✐♦

✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✶✺ ✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✵✽ ♦♥❧② ❥♦❜s❡❡❦ ♦♥❧② ✐♥❝❣r ❤❡r❢❣♦✈ ❤❡r❢♣❛r❧

✭✶✮ ✭✷✮ ✭✸✮ ✭✹✮ ✭✺✮ ✭✻✮

elec ✲✵✳✵✽✵ ✲✵✳✶✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✻✺ ✲✵✳✵✽✵ ✲✵✳✵✾✼ ✲✵✳✵✹✸

✭✵✳✵✻✸✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✷✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✸✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✼✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✷✮

jobseek ✲✵✳✵✻✶ ✲✵✳✶✶✷ ✲✵✳✵✺✼ ✲✵✳✵✼✺ ✲✵✳✵✷✼

✭✵✳✵✼✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✽✷✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✽✶✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✺✮

incgr ✵✳✵✵✾ ✵✳✵✶✵ ✵✳✵✵✾ ✵✳✵✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✵✶

✭✵✳✵✶✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✶✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✵✾✮

herfgov(t− 1) ✲✶✳✶✻✾∗∗

✭✵✳✺✻✹✮

herfparl(t− 1) ✲✵✳✺✽✺

✭✵✳✽✵✸✮

budinc(t− 1) ✵✳✹✹✹∗∗∗ ✵✳✹✷✻∗∗∗ ✵✳✹✸✾∗∗∗ ✵✳✹✹✽∗∗∗ ✵✳✹✸✻∗∗∗ ✵✳✹✾✾∗∗∗

✭✵✳✵✺✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✷✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✸✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✽✮ ✭✵✳✵✹✾✮

N ✽✼✹ ✼✷✹ ✽✾✾ ✽✼✹ ✽✵✽ ✼✾✻

R2 ✵✳✹✷✹ ✵✳✹✺✶ ✵✳✹✷✺ ✵✳✹✷✸ ✵✳✹✹✵ ✵✳✹✾✻

budinc ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❆❧❧ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✜①❡❞ ❡✛❡❝ts✳

❘♦❜✉st st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❡rr♦rs ✐♥ ♣❛r❡♥t❤❡s❡s✳ ∗ p < 0.10✱ ∗∗ p < 0.05✱ ∗∗∗ p < 0.01

✶✽

Page 20: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✿ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙♣❡♥❞✐♥❣✲t♦✲■♥❝♦♠❡ ❘❛t✐♦

✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✶✺ ✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✵✽ ♦♥❧② ❥♦❜s❡❡❦ ♦♥❧② ✐♥❝❣r ❤❡r❢❣♦✈ ❤❡r❢♣❛r❧

✭✶✮ ✭✷✮ ✭✸✮ ✭✹✮ ✭✺✮ ✭✻✮

elec ✵✳✶✻✵∗∗ ✵✳✶✽✸∗∗ ✵✳✶✽✽∗ ✵✳✶✺✾∗∗ ✵✳✶✾✷∗∗ ✵✳✶✶✺

✭✵✳✵✼✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✽✮ ✭✵✳✵✾✾✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✽✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✼✮

jobseek ✲✵✳✶✸✵∗ ✲✵✳✶✵✸ ✲✵✳✶✷✷ ✲✵✳✵✾✾ ✲✵✳✶✶✸

✭✵✳✵✼✶✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✽✼✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✹✮

incgr ✲✵✳✶✾✶∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✾✵∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✾✵∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✾✹∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✽✺∗∗∗

✭✵✳✵✶✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✽✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✻✮

herfgov(t− 1) ✶✳✶✶✻

✭✵✳✼✹✷✮

herfparl(t− 1) ✲✵✳✶✶✶

✭✶✳✶✽✶✮

spinc(t− 1) ✵✳✽✷✶∗∗∗ ✵✳✼✽✺∗∗∗ ✵✳✼✻✹∗∗∗ ✵✳✽✶✽∗∗∗ ✵✳✽✺✽∗∗∗ ✵✳✽✺✻∗∗∗

✭✵✳✵✸✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✹✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✸✶✮ ✭✵✳✵✸✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✷✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✷✻✮

N ✽✼✹ ✺✷✹ ✽✾✾ ✽✼✹ ✽✵✽ ✼✾✻

R2 ✵✳✽✽✾ ✵✳✽✽✸ ✵✳✽✵✻ ✵✳✽✽✾ ✵✳✽✽✺ ✵✳✽✼✾

budinc ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❆❧❧ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✜①❡❞ ❡✛❡❝ts✳

❘♦❜✉st st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❡rr♦rs ✐♥ ♣❛r❡♥t❤❡s❡s✳ ∗ p < 0.10✱ ∗∗ p < 0.05✱ ∗∗∗ p < 0.01

✶✾

Page 21: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❚❛❜❧❡ ✹✿ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❙♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ●r♦✇t❤

✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✶✺ ✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✵✽ ♦♥❧② ❥♦❜s❡❡❦ ♦♥❧② ✐♥❝❣r ❤❡r❢❣♦✈ ❤❡r❢♣❛r❧

✭✶✮ ✭✷✮ ✭✸✮ ✭✹✮ ✭✺✮ ✭✻✮

elec ✵✳✽✼✸∗∗ ✵✳✽✵✸∗ ✵✳✹✼✼ ✵✳✽✻✼∗∗ ✶✳✵✾✺∗∗ ✵✳✻✾✵

✭✵✳✹✸✸✮ ✭✵✳✹✸✽✮ ✭✵✳✹✹✺✮ ✭✵✳✹✸✹✮ ✭✵✳✹✺✵✮ ✭✵✳✹✸✻✮

jobseek ✲✶✳✶✵✼∗∗∗ ✲✶✳✷✵✵∗∗∗ ✲✶✳✵✽✹∗∗ ✲✵✳✻✷✾ ✲✶✳✶✵✻∗∗∗

✭✵✳✹✵✾✮ ✭✵✳✹✵✻✮ ✭✵✳✹✵✾✮ ✭✵✳✹✶✾✮ ✭✵✳✹✵✻✮

incgr ✲✵✳✵✻✾ ✲✵✳✵✼✽ ✲✵✳✵✼✵ ✲✵✳✵✻✵ ✲✵✳✵✸✹

✭✵✳✵✺✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✻✮

herfgov(t− 1) ✹✳✷✻✻

✭✹✳✶✽✼✮

herfparl(t− 1) ✲✹✳✸✼✻

✭✻✳✺✼✸✮

spgr(t− 1) ✲✵✳✶✽✼∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✷✽∗∗ ✲✵✳✷✷✸∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✽✷∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✾✵∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✾✺∗∗∗

✭✵✳✵✺✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✾✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✼✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✾✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✶✮

N ✽✼✹ ✼✷✹ ✾✷✺ ✽✼✹ ✽✵✽ ✼✾✻

R2 ✵✳✶✾✶ ✵✳✷✷✾ ✵✳✶✽✺ ✵✳✶✽✺ ✵✳✶✾✻ ✵✳✶✾✼

budinc ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❆❧❧ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✜①❡❞ ❡✛❡❝ts✳

❘♦❜✉st st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❡rr♦rs ✐♥ ♣❛r❡♥t❤❡s❡s✳ ∗ p < 0.10✱ ∗∗ p < 0.05✱ ∗∗∗ p < 0.01

✷✵

Page 22: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❚❛❜❧❡ ✺✿ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❡✈❡♥✉❡✲t♦✲■♥❝♦♠❡ ❘❛t✐♦

✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✶✺ ✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✵✽ ♦♥❧② ❥♦❜s❡❡❦ ♦♥❧② ✐♥❝❣r ❤❡r❢❣♦✈ ❤❡r❢♣❛r❧

✭✶✮ ✭✷✮ ✭✸✮ ✭✹✮ ✭✺✮ ✭✻✮

elec ✵✳✵✽✵ ✵✳✵✼✹ ✵✳✶✸✵ ✵✳✵✽✵ ✵✳✶✵✸ ✵✳✵✻✸

✭✵✳✵✼✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✾✮ ✭✵✳✵✽✾✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✺✮

jobseek ✲✵✳✵✼✶ ✲✵✳✵✻✾ ✲✵✳✵✽✹ ✲✵✳✵✺✼ ✲✵✳✵✺✹

✭✵✳✶✵✻✮ ✭✵✳✶✶✵✮ ✭✵✳✶✶✸✮ ✭✵✳✶✶✸✮ ✭✵✳✵✽✵✮

incgr ✲✵✳✶✼✹∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✼✶∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✼✹∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✼✻∗∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✽✷∗∗∗

✭✵✳✵✶✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✶✹✮

herfgov(t− 1) ✵✳✺✹✽

✭✵✳✻✸✺✮

herfparl(t− 1) ✲✵✳✻✽✹

✭✶✳✵✺✸✮

revinc(t− 1) ✵✳✽✵✹∗∗∗ ✵✳✼✻✵∗∗∗ ✵✳✼✺✾∗∗∗ ✵✳✽✵✸∗∗∗ ✵✳✽✸✷∗∗∗ ✵✳✽✺✻∗∗∗

✭✵✳✵✸✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✹✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✸✷✮ ✭✵✳✵✸✻✮ ✭✵✳✵✸✷✮ ✭✵✳✵✷✻✮

N ✽✼✹ ✼✷✹ ✽✾✾ ✽✼✹ ✽✵✽ ✼✾✻

R2 ✵✳✽✼✻ ✵✳✽✸✹ ✵✳✽✵✼ ✵✳✽✼✻ ✵✳✽✻✽ ✵✳✽✽✸

budinc ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❆❧❧ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✜①❡❞ ❡✛❡❝ts✳

❘♦❜✉st st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❡rr♦rs ✐♥ ♣❛r❡♥t❤❡s❡s✳ ∗ p < 0.10✱ ∗∗ p < 0.05✱ ∗∗∗ p < 0.01

✷✶

Page 23: Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons · 2020. 4. 3. · Munich Personal RePEc Archive Political Budget Cycles: Evidence from Swiss Cantons Baldi, Guido and Forster,

❚❛❜❧❡ ✻✿ ❊❧❡❝t♦r❛❧ ❈②❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❘❡✈❡♥✉❡ ●r♦✇t❤

✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✶✺ ✶✾✼✽✲✷✵✵✽ ♦♥❧② ❥♦❜s❡❡❦ ♦♥❧② ✐♥❝❣r ❤❡r❢❣♦✈ ❤❡r❢♣❛r❧

✭✶✮ ✭✷✮ ✭✸✮ ✭✹✮ ✭✺✮ ✭✻✮

elec ✵✳✸✷✾ ✵✳✷✹✻ ✵✳✶✻✹ ✵✳✸✷✻ ✵✳✹✸✷ ✵✳✸✵✼

✭✵✳✸✾✻✮ ✭✵✳✹✹✶✮ ✭✵✳✸✾✷✮ ✭✵✳✸✾✻✮ ✭✵✳✹✷✶✮ ✭✵✳✸✼✹✮

jobseek ✲✵✳✽✵✽ ✲✶✳✵✻✵∗∗ ✲✵✳✽✶✾ ✲✵✳✹✾✼ ✲✵✳✻✾✼∗

✭✵✳✺✶✽✮ ✭✵✳✺✸✼✮ ✭✵✳✺✶✽✮ ✭✵✳✺✻✵✮ ✭✵✳✸✾✾✮

incgr ✲✵✳✵✷✽ ✲✵✳✵✶✾ ✲✵✳✵✷✽ ✲✵✳✵✶✶ ✲✵✳✵✷✽

✭✵✳✵✻✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✷✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✾✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✾✮ ✭✵✳✵✻✶✮

herfgov(t− 1) ✷✳✾✾✺

✭✸✳✻✶✽✮

herfparl(t− 1) ✲✺✳✺✽✸

✭✺✳✺✺✺✮

revgr(t− 1) ✲✵✳✶✸✵∗ ✲✵✳✶✻✺∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✸✷∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✷✺∗ ✲✵✳✶✹✽∗∗ ✲✵✳✶✵✼∗∗

✭✵✳✵✼✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✽✸✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✵✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✹✮ ✭✵✳✵✼✺✮ ✭✵✳✵✺✶✮

N ✽✼✹ ✼✷✹ ✾✷✺ ✽✼✹ ✽✵✽ ✼✾✻

R2 ✵✳✶✺✷ ✵✳✶✺✼ ✵✳✶✽✷ ✵✳✶✹✽ ✵✳✶✺✺ ✵✳✶✻✼

budinc ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❆❧❧ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥t♦♥❛❧ ✜①❡❞ ❡✛❡❝ts✳

❘♦❜✉st st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❡rr♦rs ✐♥ ♣❛r❡♥t❤❡s❡s✳ ∗ p < 0.10✱ ∗∗ p < 0.05✱ ∗∗∗ p < 0.01

✷✷