Policy Paper No. 2 - National Rainfed Area Authority …nraa.gov.in/pdf/Pearl_Millet_in_india_Policy_paper2.pdfCitation NRAA, 2012, Products, Diversification, Marketing and Price Discovery

Policy Paper No. 2

Products, Diversification, Marketing and Price Discovery of

Pearl Millet in India

National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)NASC Complex

Planning CommissionGovernment of India

New Delhi

Citation

NRAA, 2012, Products, Diversification, Marketing and Price Discovery of Pearl Millet in India. Policy Paper No. 2 National Rainfed Area Authority, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi-110012, India : 48P

2012

Published by: National Rainfed Area Authority Government of India, Planning Commission NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Opp. Todapur Village Pusa, New Delhi-110012 Tel. No. Office: 25842894 www.nraa.gov.in

Printed at: M/s Dee Kay Printers 5/37A, Kirti Nagar Indl. Area New Delhi-110015

Compiled by: Dr. N.B. Singh, Technical Expert (Agriculture & Horticulture), National Rainfed Area Authority, NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi

And

Dr. R.S. Saini, Consultant (Agriculture), National Rainfed Area Authority, NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi

Table of Contents

Foreword .................................................................................................. i

Preface ................................................................................................ iii

Acknowledgments .................................................................................... iv

Acronyms ................................................................................................. v

Executive summary ................................................................................. vi

1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 1

2. Trends of area, production and productivity ................................... 2

2.1 Share of pearl millet area compared to other food grains ............. 5

2.2 Share of pearl millet production compared to other food grains ... 7

2.3 Comparative productivity trends of pearl millet and other coarse cereals ................................................................................. 8

2.4 Prospects of Rabi/summer pearl millet .......................................... 9

2.5 Genetic enhancement in pearl millet ............................................. 9

2.6 Marketed surplus ratio ................................................................. 12

2.7 Recent trends in growth rate of pearl millet ................................ 13

3. Yield potential and gap in pearl millet .......................................... 15

4. Seed production and distribution ................................................... 16

5. Consumption trends of pearl millet ............................................... 17

6. Price of pearl millet ....................................................................... 18

6.1 Price volatability ........................................................................... 18

6.2 Price war of guar gum likely to replace area of pearl millet ....... 20

7. Pearl millet trade ............................................................................ 21

7.1 Domestic trade ............................................................................ 21

7.2 International trade ...................................................................... 22

8. Utilization of pearl millet ............................................................... 23

8.1 Nutritional composition of pearl millet ....................................... 23

8.2 Anti nutritional factors in pearl millet ........................................ 25

9. Reduction or degrading of anti nutritional elements and increase of shelf life ..................................................................................... 26

9.1 Dehulling ...................................................................................... 26

9.2 Milling ......................................................................................... 26

9.3 Malting ........................................................................................ 27

9.4 Blanching .................................................................................... 27

9.5 Acid treatment .............................................................................. 28

9.6 Dry heat treatment ....................................................................... 28

9.7 Parboiling ...................................................................................... 29

10. Alternate uses of pearl millet ......................................................... 30

10.1 Pearl millet for brewing and production of alcohol ...................... 30

10.2 Use in poultry and animal feed ................................................... 30

10.3 Use of pearl millet as fodder ........................................................ 31

10.4 Use of pearl millet as thatching roof material ............................. 31

11. Diversified food products and value-addition ................................. 32

11.1 Traditional food products ............................................................. 32

11.2 Baked products ........................................................................... 32

11.3 Extruded products ...................................................................... 34

11.4 Flakes and pops ........................................................................... 34

11.5 Weaning foods .............................................................................. 36

11.6 Health foods ................................................................................. 36

11.7 Drinks .......................................................................................... 38

12. Opportunities for commercialization ............................................. 39

13. Recent initiatives by Govt. of India ............................................... 39

14. Policy options ................................................................................. 40

Annexure-I ............................................................................................ 42

Annexure-II ........................................................................................... 48

References .............................................................................................. 50

i

ForewordIndia is known for diversity in agro-ecologies, socio-

economic conditions, ethinicity and food habits. Ensuring food, feed and fodder security is a challenging task of the ever increasing population. PDS driven availability of wheat and rice has tempered with the food preferences in niche areas. Per capita consumption of traditionally healthy and nutritious coarse cereals has gone down in both urban and rural areas. The rainfed areas under pearl millet and sorghum production have declined, and have been taken over by commercial crops

like cotton and soybean. On the other hand very high productivity potentials in coarse cereals like that of pearl millet, maize, etc has been realized by the farmers. Crash in the market prices of pearl millet and its diversion to non-food uses have also been reported during higher production/glut years.

India is the largest producer of pearl millet in the world occupying an area of 9.07 millon ha, production of 10.05 MT per year and average productivity of 1.1 ton/ha. Several varieties/hybrids of pearl millet have been evolved which are tolerant to drought, high temperature and low fertility due to natural and induced adaptations. It is a well known safety factor against droughts and high temperature related vulnerabilities. There are hybrids of pearl millet which mature in relatively short duration of 80-85 days and have given very high productivity of 4-5 ton per ha under irrigated conditions in parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh.

Pearl millet is known to have certain anti-nutritional factors. However, certain processing techniques have been developed to remove its anti nutritional factors which enhance the value and shelf life of this grain. Many products like Nan-khatai, cookies, laddoo, cake, flakes and pops made from pearl millet have been developed, which need to be popularized as healthy and nutritious food for elite population. Opaque beer brewed from pearl millet is very popular in African countries. In India, there are some reports that when price of the pearl millet crashes, it is diverted to breweries for partial substitution of barley. There are also immense possibilities of using pearl millet in poultry, animal and fish feed for matching demand and supply. Several diversified products of the pearl millet described in this publication by the NRAA and other suggestions will go a long way in enhancing farm income, and strengthening nutritional and food security of our country.

(Montek Singh Ahluwalia)

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mikè;{k;kstuk vk;ksxHkkjrDeputy Chairmanplanning CommissioninDia

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iii

PrefaceRainfed cropping/farming systems having tremendous

utilizable technological potential are expected to enhance and sustain food, nutritional and livelihood securities. Rainfed agriculture being uncertain, risky, complex, diverse, distress prone and under invested calls upon robustness, resilience and tolerance to droughts, floods and other abiotic stresses.

Among all rainfed, high temperature and drought tolerant crops, pearl millet has gained highest productivity growth. Among coarse cereals it occupies maximum area with highest production. It is also a multipurpose crop of food, feed, forages

and fodder. In spite of its enhanced productivity and production, about 58% marketable surplus and occasional gluts in the market, its per capita consumption has declined by an average of 72.5% during 1972-73 to 2009-10 or in 37 years both in urban and rural sector. Its international trade is hardly one percent and non-food or alternative consumption is increasing progressively since 1987-88. Pearl millet grains are very rich in several healthy nutritional elements but are still considered as poor person’s food since they have some anti-nutritional factors and a social stigma of being cultivated in poor and marginal ecologies.

There are tremendous possibilities of diversifications into processed, nutritious and healthy foods of porridges, laddoo, namkeen, suhali, bakli, khichri, mathi, cakes cookies, biscuits and extruded products like sev, flakes and pops, weaning food for children etc. Pearl millet can be converted into healthy and elite products by degrading or de-naturing its anti-nutritional factors of high lipids, phytates and polyphenols in the grains and oxalic acid in the fodder and forages. There are proven technologies of de-hulling, milling, malting, blenching, acid treatment, dry heat treatment, par boiling, baked and extruded products, flakes and pops, weaning foods for babies/mothers, drinks etc.

In addition to traditional and diversified food products, alternative uses consist of brewing, poultry and animal feed etc. Policies like including coarse cereals in the Public Distribution System, (PDS), ensuring enforcement of Minimum Support Price (MSP), cattle and poultry feed production, alcohol production, storage and warehousing and popularizing as health food will be able to sustain traditional knowledge, technological gains and livelihood in the marginal agro-ecologies.

13th September, 2012 (J.S. Samra)

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nso izdk’k ’kkL=kh ekxZ] iwlk] ubZ fnYyh&110012government of India,Planning Commission

National Rainfed Area AuthorityNASC Complex, 2nd Floor, Dev Prakash Shastri Marg,

Opp. Todapur Village, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

iv


Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Dr. J.S. Samra, Chief Executive Officer of National Rainfed Area Authority, Planning Commission, whose inspiration lead to the selection of title as well his guidance in preparation of the manuscript at all stages. We are extremely grateful to Dr. O.P. Yadav, Project Coordinator, All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), for interaction on various aspects and providing technical inputs about production, uses and diversified products of pearl millet. We are also grateful to Dr. J.P. Singh, Director, Directorate of Millets, Ministry of Agriculture, for his support, inputs and valuable information in bringing out this publication.

We have also used the published information of various pearl millet Scientists whose articles are cited in this manuscript. We are grateful to them also.

N.B.SinghR.S.Saini


v

Acronyms

AICPMIP All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project

CFTRI Central Food Technological Research Institute

DAC Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

DMD Directorate of Millets Development

EC European Community

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations

FFA Free Fatty Acid

GI Glycemic Index

GOI Government of India

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

INSIMP Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion

MSP Minimum Support Price

NCDEX National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange

NIN National Institute of Nutrition

NFSM National Food Security Mission

OPVs Open Pollinated Varieties

PDS Public Distribution System

RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

RTE Ready-to-Eat

TE Triennium

vi


Executive Summary

Food Security of any nation depends on two important aspects (i)Sufficient production of the food grains (ii) reasonable access to food by its people. India has shown unprecedented food grain production in the last three years. According to fourth advance estimates the total food grain production during 2011-12 was 257.44 million tones which is an all time record in itself. Of the total food grain production, rice and wheat play a dominant share. But the percentage of coarse cereals to the total food grain production is sliding down. In 1960-61 the coarse grains contributed nearly 29% of the total food grains which has come down to about 12.5% during 2011-12. This happened for various reasons like change in food habits, changing cropping system over the years and policies of the Government to incentivize the farmers of wheat and rice through minimum support price and Public Distribution System. As a result the coarse cereals have been further pushed to marginal soils with poor overall profit to farmers. However, for an ever growing population like ours there is a need to expand the food basket through diversification of food products and better awareness about nutritional qualities of coarse cereals. Among coarse cereals pearl millet continues to be an important cereal crop for India.

Pearl millet is an important food crop grown in India and well adapted to drought prone areas, low soil fertility, and high temperature situations. Pearl Millet is generally considered to be an inferior food crop due to lack of nutritional awareness, almost non-existence of processing facilities and lack of any incentives to farmers. Its per capita consumption has declined from 11.5 kgs to 3.06 kgs (by 73.4 %) in rural areas and from 4 kgs to 1.13 kgs (by 71.8 %) in urban areas, between 1972-72 and 2009-10. The increasing trend of production leads to high volatility in its prices and farmers’ income.

Pearl millet ranks first under the category of millets in India, in terms of area, production and productivity. The States of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana and Gujarat account for roughly more than 90% of total area under Pearl millet and contribute similar level of production. There has been decrease in area of coarse cereals over the years, however, the area under pearl millet has not shown any decline. In general The area under coarse cereals got shifted to pulses and oilseeds especially to soybean in kharif season.

Pearl millet contributs significantly to the productivity gains of total coarse cereals. Yield of pearl millet has increased from 0.49 t/ha in 1986-87 to 1.04 t/ha in 2007-08 which is almost 2.1 times while the increase in yield of Kharif coarse cereals is about 1.87 time and that of Kharif food grain


vii

crops has been to the tune of 1.58 times, thus pearl millet continues to be an important cereal crop.

With the subsidized cheaper availability of rice and wheat under Public Distribution System (PDS), increase in per capita income, growing urbanization, changing tastes and preferences the annual per capita consumption of pearl millet both in rural and urban areas has fallen very steeply. However, the share of pearl millet to overall consumption of coarse cereals has increased and this increased percent share of consumption of pearl millet constitute almost 25% and 30% of the total coarse cereals consumed in urban and rural areas respectively.

Minimum support price of pearl millet is not linked with strong system of market interventions like in case of rice and wheat. It has been observed that when the production improves the market prices crash and the farmer is forced to sell its produce on prices even lower than the minimum support price as the market intervention procedures are slow and cumbersome which hardly help the farmers at the right time. Pearl Millet and Guar crops are grown in the same areas as both the crops are drought resistant and grow well in areas of poor rainfall. As the export demand of guar gum is increasing guar crop is competing for its area expansion by replacing pearl millet in many areas in Rajasthan and Haryana.

Pearl millet is a multipurpose crop, which is grown for food, feed, green and dried (Karvi) forages. The presence of all required nutrients in millets make them suitable for large-scale utilization in the manufacture of various food products such as traditional meals, baby foods, snack foods, dietary foods in both grain and flour form. Both grain and stover of pearl millet have a better mineral profile than many other cereals. Beside its nourishment qualities, the bioavailability of various minerals like Ca and P and trace elements such as Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn is low because of presence of some inherent anti-nutritional factors e.g. phytate, and polyphenols in grain; and oxalic acid in fodder and forage, which are undesirable. However, several processing techniques such as dehulling, milling, malting, blanching, acid treatment, dry heat treatment and parboiling have been developed which enhance food value and shelf-life of pearl millet products and improve the availability of starch, protein and minerals. Decreasing or degrading of phytic acid is very advantageous, due to its influence on nutrition.

The use of pearl millet is increasing in brewing industry, in poultry and animal feed, as fodder and as a roofing martial. Use of pearl millet is also increasing in traditional foods and snacks like porridge, chapatti, khichri, laddoo, mathi etc; baked products like cake, nan khatai, biscuits etc; extruded products like sev and sweet vermicelli; flakes and pops and many more. The National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal has recently developed and launched pearl millet ‘lassi’ made from pearl millet flour. Pearl millet is also being used in

viii


preparing various types of health foods and food ingredients as it contains a relatively higher proportion of insoluble dietary fiber which causes slow release of sugar, thus making the food products based on them especially suitable for those suffering from or prone to diabetes.

Considering the fact that pearl millet continues to be an important food grain crop for India and its productivity has shown upward trend, it is an ideal food crop to expand the food basket of the country which is being eroded due to rise in population and growing demand of food security. Certain policy measures are immediately required, such as inclusion of pearl millet in PDS, promotion of pearl millet in breweries, linked with suitable incentives to growers and its promotion as poultry and animal feed. Also there is need to develop a strong market support system through timely interventions, promotion of warehouse receipts to be used by farmers; Providing backward and forward linkages for value chain using innovative value addition techniques. Creating public awareness about the nutritional values of pearl millet is urgently needed. In addition, there is need to develop varieties having extended shelf life of grain and reduced anti-nutritional factors. The entire area of pearl millet may be brought under a mission mode project through support from government which may include value addition as well as popularization of pearl millet as nutria cereal and enhancing its diversified products like biscuits, laddoo, cake, sev, vermicelli as well as drinks.


1

Introduction

About 60% of Indian agriculture is unirrigated or rain dependent only and is projected to be 50% even after having developed all water resources. Rainfed agro-ecologies are complex, diverse, risky, underinvested and distress prone with highest poverty. Among various drought or abiotic stress tolerant species Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) based cultivation has witnessed significant technological gains. This plant species has unique tolerance to high temperature and moisture stress even at flowering, seed setting and grain filling stages. Productivity gains achieved through hybrid varieties is very attractive to the farmers. Moreover its dried up stalks (Karvi) can be stored for 2-3 years and support fodder security especially during droughts. It has become a principal crop of dryland agriculture and its marketing especially in glut years is a serious concern of sustaining livelihood of the farmers. This crop has vast potential as a healthy food for our people by removing or denaturing some undesirable traits about digestibility and shelf life of its flour.

Pearl mil let is an important rainy season (Kharif) crop which is known with various vernacular names such as Bajra (Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu), Bajri (Rajasthan, Marathi & Gujarati), Sajje (Kannada), Gantilu (Telugu) and Kambu (Tamil). Pearl millet is well adapted to drought prone areas, low soil fert i l i ty , and high temperature situation. It also performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. It can be grown in all those soil and climatic conditions where other cereal crops, such as maize or rice, would not survive in rain fed conditions. Pearl millet is one of the best crops for marginal environments under arid and semi-arid harsh conditions where moisture stress is a common feature.

A view of full grown pearl millet ears (Courtesy: AICPMIP)

2


In the rainfed regions of the country, pearl millet is staple food of a majority of the poor and small land holders as well as feed and fodder for livestock. About 89.5 % of the cultivated area under Bajra is rainfed, i.e. without irrigation. Pearl millet excels all other cereals because it requires low input cost, mature in short duration and is considered as nutritious food, feed and fodder crop. Pearl millet is a C4 crops having high carbon fixing properties (climate change compliant). It is the rich source of fibres and minerals especially iron, calcium, zinc and high in fats among cereals and hence can provide all the nutrients at the least cost compared to wheat and rice.

Despite all these advantages, it is considered to be an inferior food crop due to lack of nutritional awareness, processing and economic incentives to farmers. Its per capita consumption is declining and production increasing that leads to high volatility in its prices and farmers’ income. Its alternative uses and products are urgently needed to sustain its production.

2. Trends of area, production and productivity

In India, pearl millet was the second millet crop in terms of area, production and productivity after sorghum till 2002-03 and thereafter it has occupied the first position under the category of millets. It is largely grown as a Kharif crop in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It is also grown during Rabi (after rainy season) in Andhra Pradesh and summer in Gujarat and Karnataka. In recent years summer area under pearl millet in Gujarat has increased substantially. The area under Rabi season in Andhra Pradesh and under summer crop in Karnataka is negligible1. The quinquennial means area, production and productivity of pearl millet are given in Table 1. Graphic presentation of area and Production is given in Figure 1 and for yield in Figure 2.

The total area under pearl millet peaked from 9.02 million hectare in 1950-51 to 13.93 million hectares in 1973-74. After 1973-74 (the era of green revolution) the area under this crop started decreasing and has reached to the level of 9.61 million hectares in 2010-11. In spite of area shrinkage, the production of pearl millet increased almost by 4 times i.e. from 2.60 million tons in 1950-51 to 10.37 million tons in 2010-11. Highest production of pearl millet ever recorded was 12.11 million tons in 2003-04, immediately after 2002 severe drought with the corresponding highest productivity of 1.14 t/ha.

1 status paper on millets prepared by Directorate of millets Development, DaC, ministry of agriculture, 2010.


3

Table 1. Quinquennial mean of area, production and productivity of pearl millet

Quinquennial* Year

Area (million hectares)

Production (million tons)

Productivity (tons /ha)

1950-55 10.58 3.24 0.31

1955-60 11.18 3.46 0.31

1960-65 11.33 3.86 0.34

1965-70 12.31 4.51 0.37

1970-75 12.34 5.61 0.46

1975-80 11.08 5.17 0.47

1980-85 11.37 5.96 0.52

1985-90 10.71 5.18 0.48

1990-95 10.18 6.51 0.64

1995-00 9.43 6.73 0.71

2000-05 9.39 7.96 0.85

2005-10 9.26 8.29 0.90

2010-11** 9.61 10.37 1.08

*1950-55 mean average of 1950-51 to 1954-55; **Single year figuresSource: agricultural statistics at a glance. 2011, DaC, min. of agriculture, goi

Figure 1. Quinquennial mean of Area and Production of Pearl Millet

4


Figure 2. Quinquennial mean of yield (productivity) of Pearl Millet

As an average of latest data of three years (2007-08 to 2009-10) Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana and Gujarat accounted for 92.63% of total area under Pearl millet and contributed to 92.27% of total production. Average Area, Production and Yield of pearl millet in major States is given in Table 2.

Table 2. State wise average area, production and yield of pearl millet from 2007-08 to 2009-10

State Area Production Yield (t/ha)

Percent irrigated area

(2008-09)Million ha % to All India

Million tons

% to all India

rajasthan 5.14 56.55 3.51 41.54 0.68 5.2

uttar pradesh 0.85 9.31 1.34 15.90 1.59 7.8

haryana 0.61 6.71 1.06 12.50 1.73 37.0

gujarat 0.76 8.40 1.03 12.23 1.35 22.1

maharashtra 1.06 11.66 0.85 10.10 0.81 5.5

madhya pradesh 0.18 1.94 0.25 2.92 1.40 0.2

Karnataka 0.34 3.70 0.23 2.76 0.69 15.1

tamil nadu 0.06 0.62 0.08 0.99 1.47 11.1

andhra pradesh 0.06 0.66 0.07 0.79 1.11 26.3

J & K 0.02 0.22 0.01 0.12 0.50 0.3

others 0.02 0.18 0.01 0.16

all india 9.09 100 8.45 100.00 0.93 9.4

source : agricultural statistics at a glance. 2011, DaC, min of agriculture, goi


5

Since majority of pearl millet area falls under Kharif season, therefore the area, production and productivity of pearl millet is discussed in relation to Kharif Food grain Crops, and kharif coarse Cereals as under.

A field view of pearl millet crop

2.1. Share of pearl millet area compared to other food grains

In India the area under total coarse cereals declined from 38.32 m ha to 28.43 m ha i.e. 9.89 m ha and that of kharif coarse cereals decreased from 31.09 m ha to 22.15 m ha i.e. 8.94 m ha between triennium 1986-89 to 2010-11 whereas the area under pearl millet remained almost the same i.e. between 9.5 to 10.5 million hectares during this period. The decrease in area under coarse cereals is contributed mainly to reduction in area under kharif sorghum which has declined from 9.73 million hectares in 1986-87 to 3.07 million hectares in 2010-11. The area under coarse cereals got shifted to pulses and oilseeds especially soybean in kharif season. In Madhya Pradesh alone the area under soybean has increased from 1.2 million hectares in 1986-87 to 5.56 million hectare in 2010-11 while the total area in the country under soybean during this period has increased from 1.53 to 9.60 million hectares. According to third advance estimates, the total area under soybean in the country has reached 10.15 million hectares.

It is noteworthy to mention that the area under total kharif food grain crops also decreased from 79.46 m. ha to 72.51 m ha i.e. (-6.95 m ha) between TE 1986-89 to 2010-11. Data on area under kharif food grain crops, kharif coarse cereals, total coarse cereals and pearl millet as well as percent area of pearl millet to kharif food grain crops, total coarse cereals and kharif coarse cereals is given in Table 3 and Figure 3. A decrease of about 10% in area of

6


pearl millet has been recorded. The percent contribution of area under pearl millet to total coarse cereals and kharif coarse cereals is consistently increasing. Since 1986-89, its share has increased from 27.85% and 34.33% in TE 1986-89 to 33.80% and 43.39% in 2010-11 respectively indicating the sustainability of pearl millet area among coarse cereals.

Table 3 Share of pearl millet area in the overall area of coarse cereals (1987-89 to 2010-11)

triennium Year*

total kharif

Food grain Crops (m.ha)

total Coarse Cereals (m.ha)

total kharif Coarse Cereals (m.ha)

Pearl millet (m.ha)

Percent of pearl millet area to

total kharif food grain

crops

total Coarse Cereals

kharif coarse cereals

1986-89 79.46 38.32 31.09 10.67 13.43 27.85 34.33

1989-92 80.07 35.81 29.13 10.47 13.08 29.24 35.94

1992-95 76.31 33.14 26.21 10.13 13.28 30.57 38.65

1995-98 74.36 31.17 24.20 9.66 12.99 30.98 39.90

1998-01 74.15 29.65 23.18 9.34 12.60 31.52 40.31

2001-04 72.74 29.10 22.66 9.29 12.78 31.93 41.01

2004-07 72.55 28.93 22.56 9.44 13.01 32.63 41.85

2007-10 71.49 27.87 21.59 9.08 12.69 32.57 42.04

2010-11** 72.51 28.43 22.15 9.61 13.25 33.80 43.39

* 1986-89 mean average of 1986-87 to 1988-89 **Single year figuressource: agricultural statistics at a glance. 2011, DaC, min of agriculture, goi

Figure 3. Percent Area of Pearl Millet compared to Kharif Food grain Crops, Total Coarse Cereals and Kharif Coarse Cereals from TE 1986-89 to 2010-11


7

2.2. Share of pearl millet production compared to other food grains

Production of Pearl Millet increased from 5.20 million tons in triennium (TE) 1986-89 to 10.37 million tons in 2010-11. (Table 4 and Figure 4). Percent contribution of pearl millet to total production of coarse cereals and kharif coarse cereals has increased by 5.33% and 8.89% respectively from TE 1986-89 to 2010-11 making pearl millet an important coarse cereals crop. However, the contribution of pearl millet production to Kharif food grain crops has increased only by 2.33% during the same period.

Table 4. Share of production of pearl millet in the overall production of coarse cereals (1987-89 to 2010-11)

triennium Year*

total Kharif Food grain

Crops (m. tones)


(m. tones)

total Kharif Coarse Cereals

(m. tones)

Pearl Millet

Percent of pearl millet production to

total Kharif Food grain

Crops


total Kharif Coarse Cereals

1986-89 83.47 28.22 23.41 5.20 6.23 18.41 22.20

1989-92 97.34 31.15 26.04 6.07 6.24 19.49 23.31

1992-95 100.99 32.43 26.24 7.00 6.93 21.60 26.69

1995-98 100.21 31.18 24.84 6.96 6.95 22.34 28.03

1998-01 103.50 30.92 24.37 6.50 6.28 21.02 26.67

2001-04 105.43 32.35 26.31 8.37 7.94 25.87 31.82

2004-07 107.92 33.82 26.24 8.01 7.42 23.68 30.53

2007-10 114.35 38.11 28.09 8.45 7.39 22.18 30.10

2010-11** 121.18 43.69 33.36 10.37 8.56 23.74 31.09

* 1986-89 mean average of 1986-87 to 1988-89: **Single year figuressource: agricultural statistics at a glance. 2011, DaC, min of agriculture, goi

Figure 4. Production of Pearl Millet compared to Kharif Food grain Crops and Kharif coarse Cereals from TE 1986-89 to 2010-11

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2.3. Comparative productivity trends of pearl millet and other coarse cerealsA much higher productivity gains have been achieved in pearl millet

compared to other Kharif food grain crops; total coarse cereals and Kharif coarse cereals. Yield of pearl millet has increased from 0.49 t/ha in TE1986-89 to 1.08 t/ha in 2010-11 which is almost 2.2 times while the increase in yield of Kharif coarse cereals is about 2.01 time and that of Kharif food grain crops has been to the tune of 1.59 times. This indicates that pearl millet is contributing significantly to the productivity gains of Kharif crops, total coarse cereals and Kharif coarse cereals. (Table 5 and Figure 5.) The substantial increase in productivity of pearl millet is attributed to development and adoption of superior hybrids of pearl millet with short duration maturity and suitable plant type tailor made maturity to suit the rainfed situations of semi arid areas of the country and substantial contribution of private seed production.

Table 5. Productivity (t/ha) of pearl millet compared to other coarse cereals (1987-89 to 2007-08)

triennium Year*

total kharif Food grain Crops


kharif Coarse Cereals

Pearl Millet

1986-89 1.05 0.74 0.75 0.491989-92 1.22 0.87 0.89 0.581992-95 1.32 0.98 1.00 0.691995-98 1.35 1.00 1.03 0.721998-01 1.40 1.04 1.05 0.702001-04 1.45 1.11 1.16 0.902004-07 1.49 1.17 1.16 0.852007-10 1.60 1.37 1.30 0.932010-11** 1.67 1.54 1.51 1.08

* 1986-89 mean average of 1986-87 to 1988-89: **Single year figures source: agricultural statistics at a glance. 2011, DaC, min of agriculture, goi

Figure 5. Productivity of Kharif Food grain Crops, Total Coarse Cereals, Kharif Course Cereals and of pearl millets from 1987-89 to 2007-08


9

2.4 Prospects of rabi/summer pearl millet

Summer pearl millet cultivation was initialed in Gujarat and area has picked up due to better yield prospects and low incidence of diseases and pests during the season. The Rabi/summer produce also offers better quality and fresh grains for human consumption which fetches a better price in the markets. A status paper on millets prepared by DAC in 2010 indicates that as against the State average yield of 1.05 t/ha in Kharif season, an average yield of 1.92 t/ha (83% higher) has been recorded during summer season over an area of 1.53 Lakh ha during X Plan in Gujarat. In Rajasthan, pearl millet is grown on a substantial area during summer only as a fodder crop. Cultivation of pearl millet during summer may be encouraged to augment the availability of fresh pearl millets grains for human food consumption.

2.5 Genetic enhancement in pearl millet

Pearl millet improvement research in India is carried out through the All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP) administered by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and State Agricultural Universities. According to Dr.O.P.Yadav, Project Coordinator, AICPMIP, Genetically diverse germplasm and breeding materials with adequate disease resistance have been strategically utilized in the breeding of hybrid parental lines resulting in development of hybrids with good adaptation to diverse production environments. High productivity combined with appropriate short maturity duration (mostly 75-85 days) as per the agro-ecological requirements, and downy mildew disease resistance have been given the highest priority in the cultivar development programme using both conventional and molecular breeding techniques. A total of 150 improved cultivars were released during the last 50 years, which provided a wider cultivar choice to farmers in various agro-ecological regions. {List of Pearl millet hybrids and improved varieties released since 2000 is given in Annexure-I and Annexure-II respectively}

F o l l o w i n g t h e adoption of high-yielding and disease resistant cultivars (mostly hybrids) and, to some extent, improved production technology, pearl millet productivity has been consistently increasing since 1960 (Figure 6).

Pearl millet on farmer’s field. (Courtesy AICPMIP)

10


Figure 6: Productivity (kg/ha) of pearl millet in India during 1960-2010 (Adapted from AICPMIP)

It is quite interesting to compare the improvement in pearl millet productivity achieved during the last 25 years (1985-2010) than that achieved during 1960-85. Annual rate of improvement in pearl millet productivity for two periods of 25-year duration each is assessed in order to compare the gain in the two phases due to adoption of improved crop technology and cultivars. During first 25 years (1960-85) of hybrid development, the crop productivity increased @ 6.3 kg/ha/year (Figure. 7). This increase went up to over 20kg/ha/year in next 25 years.

The greater rate of improvement in pearl millet productivity during last 25 years is due to several reasons. Firstly, a far greater number of availability of pearl millet cultivars provided a wide range of choice for their cultivation in various agro-ecological regions. A total of 43 cultivars were released during 1960-85 in comparison to 107 hybrids/varieties released during 1985-2010. As a result, there have been no major disease epidemics during last 25 years against quite a few prior to 1985. Secondly, involvement of private sector in seed production, distribution and marketing has helped provide quality seed of hybrids. Thirdly, greater adoption of production technology along with high-yielding hybrids proved synergistic in further augmenting the productivity gains.

Percent improvement in yield over average yield of 1986-90 of principal food crops in India during 1985-2010 is given in Table 6. Pearl millet productivity has gone up from 0.54 t/ha during 1986-90 to 0.93 t/ha during 2006-10 registering a growth of 73% improvement, which is highest among all food crops (Table 6). This extent of improvement in pearl millet productivity has resulted in 40% improvement in its grain production from 7.16 million tons in 1994-95 to 10.05 million tons in 2011-12, in spite of 13% decline in crop area from 10.22 million ha to 9.10 million ha in the same period.


11

Figure 7. Trends in pearl millet productivity during 1960-85 and 1986-2010 in India (values inside figure indicate rate of

improvement in grain yield in kg/ha/year during 2 phases) (Adapted from AICPMIP; Dr.O.P.Yadav 2012)

Table 6. Five-year means for grain yield and percent improvement in yield over average yield of 1986-90 of principal food crops in India

during 1985-2010

Period grain Yield (t/ha)

Improvement (%) in yield over the average yield of 1986-90

Rice wheat Sorghum Maize Pearl millet

Rice wheat Sorghum Maize Pearl millet

1986-90 1.62 2.11 0.74 1.37 0.54 - - - - -

1991-95 1.82 2.43 0.83 1.56 0.62 12 15 11 14 15

1996-2000 1.92 2.65 0.83 1.77 0.73 18 25 10 29 36

2001-05 2.00 2.66 0.78 1.91 0.86 23 26 5 40 59

2006-10 2.16 2.81 0.96 2.12 0.93 33 33 29 55 73

source: all india Coordinated pearl millet improvement project

Crop productivity has increased enormously in various states also (Fig. 8). The phenomenal increase (91-161%) has been recorded in Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Increase in average yields has also been between 46-80% in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

12


Figure 8 Increase (%) in pearl millet productivity in different states from 1985 to 2010 (Source: DAC, Government of India: Adapted from AICPMIP) Dr.O.P.Yadav 2012)

This high quantum of productivity increase in pearl millet assumes greater significance in two ways. Firstly, more than 90% of pearl millet is grown as rainfed and often on marginal lands. Secondly, pearl millet has attracted much lesser infrastructure and human resources in comparison to other food crops. Despite this, magnitude of yield improvement in pearl millet under rainfed conditions is a successful demonstration of technology-led development and highlights greatly the role of hybrid technology in raising crop productivity in marginal and dry lands.

2.6 Marketed surplus ratio

State wise marketable surplus ratio of pearl millet is given in Table 7 which indicates that nationwide marketable surplus is around 60-70 percent. The maximum marketable surplus during 2008-09 was in Haryana (82.20%) while minimum is in Rajasthan (42.90). It is interesting to note that among all the states mentioned in Table 7, Haryana has less share to the national production of pearl millet (refer Table 2) while Rajasthan has the maximum share but the marketable surplus is just opposite indicating that maximum consumption of pearl millet takes place in Rajasthan. It is also noticeable that marketable surplus ratio has shown increasing trend over the years which is an indication of availability of more grains in the market and growing demand of its grains.


13

Table 7. State wise marketed surplus ratio (%) of pearl millet

State 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

gujarat 66.27 71.4 76.82 79.99 75.10

haryana 72.36 82.5 82.60 81.49 82.20

maharashtra 69.39 63.04 68.83 63.76 58.85

rajasthan. 66.37 44.77 62.43 44.21 42.90

uttar pradesh 45.57 76.90 89.07 80.67 73.17

all india 56.05 61.44 72.21 61.78 57.78

2.7 Recent trends in growth rate of pearl millet

Average growth rate of area, production and productivity of principal crops during the past 17 years (1994-95 to 2010-11) is given in Table 8 which indicates that average growth rate of production and productivity of pearl millet is the highest (i.e. 11.60 and 8.01% respectively) except for area where it stands fourth place next to maize, total pulses and total oilseeds.

Table 8. Average growth rate of area, production and productivity of (percent) principal crops during 1994-95 to 2010-11

S.No Crop Area (%) Production (%) Productivity (%)1 rice 0.06 1.49 1.27

2 Wheat 0.95 2.37 1.35

3 Jowar/sorghum -3.42 -2.33 1.23

4 Bajra 0.56 11.60 8.07

5 maize 2.19 5.60 3.25

6 ragi -1.56 2.15 2.49

7 small millets -5.93 -4.38 1.76

8 Barley -0.28 2.10 2.16

9 Coarse cereals -0.93 3.04 3.68

10 total Cereals -0.03 1.96 1.84

11 total pulses 1.28 4.83 3.28

12 total Food grains 0.19 2.23 1.87

10 total oilseeds 0.75 2.98 3.12

source: agriculture statistics at a glance, 2011

The high average growth in productivity has compensated the lower growth rate in area to such an extent that pearl millet stands at number one as far as the production growth rate is concerned. The highest growth rate recorded in Production and productivity shows continued interest of farmers to grow pearl millet with high yielding hybrids and varieties to realize better returns.

14


Tab

le 9

. Sta

te-w

ise

yie

ld p

erfo

rman

ce o

f n

ewly

rel

ease

d p

earl

mil

let

hybri

ds

hyb

rid/v

arie

tyR

elea

seA

Pg

ujh

ark

arM

PM

ahPB

Raj

tNu

PM

ean

hh

B-6

7-2

2005

--

2.69

--

--

1.58

--

2.13

hh

B-1

9720

07-

3.03

3.36

-3.

14-

4.03

1.67

-2.

85-

gh

B-5

3820

04-

2.34

3.00

--

--

2.26

--

2.53

gh

B-7

1520

06-

3.29

3.03

--

--

2.13

2.82

--

gh

B-7

1920

06-

2.82

2.57

--

--

2210

--

2.53

gh

B-7

3220

07-

3.28

4.11

-3.

89-

3.05

1.86

-3.

73-

gh

B-7

4420

07-

2.98

3.37

-3.

82-

3.00

2.00

--

-

gh

B-7

5720

07-

2.46

3.21

--

--

1.91

--

-

pB

-172

2002

2.78

--

2.69

-2.

50-

—5.

01-

3.25

pB

-180

2004

-3.

073.

17-

4.25

-5.

302.

38-

4.26

-

pB

-272

2007

-3.

002.

90-

3.41

-3.

841.

47-

2.68

-

ph

B-2

168

2007

-2.

843.

20-

3.29

-4.

381.

57-

3.00

-

B-2

095

2007

3.64

--

2.98

-3.

46-

—4.

53-

3.65

JKB

h-6

7620

07-

3.26

2.88

-3.

81-

4.05

1.44

-3.

06-

B-2

301

2006

3.52

--

2.90

-3.

92-

—3.

78-

3.53

86 m

52

2006

-5.

52-

--

2.91

-2.

934.

12-

3.87

nm

h-6

820

07-

3.13

3.12

-4.

25-

3.74

2.01

--

-

* a

dapt

ed f

rom

sta

tus

pap

er o

n m

illet

s. D

irect

orat

e of

mill

ets

Dev

elop

men

t, m

in.

of a

gric

ultu

re.g

oi


15

3. Yield potential and gap in pearl millet

Productivity improvement of pearl millet from 0.31 t/ha (1950-55 ) to 1.08 t/ha (2010-11) at National level is given in Table 1. According to status paper on millets prepared by Directorate of Millets Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India in 2010 the higher State average productivity up to 2.43 t/ha (Gujarat) and 2.00t/ha (Karnataka) under summer cultivation and higher State average productivity of 1.77 t/ha (Haryana), 1.61t/ha (Uttar Pradesh), 1.48t/ha (Tamil Nadu) under Kharif cultivation during 2008-09 has been recorded over larger areas. Some farmers have also recorded yield up to 5.00t/ha under summer pearl millet after potato in South-Western part of the Uttar Pradesh.

All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP) has evaluated the yield performance of 24 latest hybrids and the results indicate a mean yield between 1.72 to 3.87t/ha as against the National productivity of 1.07 t/ha (2010-11). Under these trials, new hybrids (GHB-577 and PB-180) have also yielded up to 5.56t/ha and 5.95t/ha in Punjab. The State wise yield performance of these hybrids is given in Table 9, which gives an idea of yield potential of available hybrids and the current level of productivity being achieved in pearl millet. Directorate of Millet Development, Government of India has compiled the state wise yield gaps under hybrids and varieties of pearl millets from average yield obtained in X Plan. This table has been extended to include the yield gaps from average yield obtained during XI plan in important pearl millet growing states. The State average yield of the these hybrids and State average yield of pearl millet during X and XI plan indicates larger yield gaps (> 300% in some states) from X plan State average yields, these gaps has reduced from the state average yield during XI plan in all the states which are given in Table 10.

Table-10 Estimated yield gap in cultivation of pearl millet hybrids

State Mean yield under hybrid trial

(t/ha)

State average yield of X plan (t/ha)

State average yield of XI plan (t/ha)

Estimated % yield gap from

X plan Yield

Estimated % yield gap from XI plan Yield*

andhra pradesh 3.32 0.92 1.27 261 161gujarat 3.21 1.19 1.38 170 133haryana 2.97 1.34 1.81 121 64Karnataka 2.86 0.63 0.82 354 249madhya pradesh 3.67 1.29 1.61 185 128maharashtra 2.73 0.72 0.89 278 207punjab 4.22 0.97 1.06 335 298rajasthan 1.95 0.71 0.75 177 160tamil nadu 3.92 1.15 1.58 242 148uttar pradesh 3.19 1.40 1.66 129 92

source : Directorate of millet Development, DaC, ministry of agriculture *yield for 2011-12 is based on the 3rd advance estimates

16


Similarly, new varieties/composites like CZ-9802, PPC-6 and PCB-164 have also demonstrated larger yield gap in various States during X and XI plan and are given Table 11. However, it can be seen that the gap has considerably reduced during XI plan indicating that these varieties and other production technologies are being adopted by farmers.

Table 11. Yield gap of pearl millet varieties under cultivation in different states.

State Yield of new varieties (kg/ha)

State Av. yield of X

plan (kg/ha)

State Av. yield of XI

plan (kg/ha

Estimated Yield gap ( %)

CZ-9802 ppC-6 pCB-164 mean During X plan

During Xi plan

a.p. — 1.60 — 1.60 0.92 1.27 74 21gujarat 1.56 — 2.91 2.24 1.19 1.38 89 38haryana 1.99 2.61 1.88 2.16 1.34 1.81 61 16Karnataka — 1.92 — 1.92 0.63 0.82 205 57m.p. — 3.27 2.99 3.13 1.29 1.62 143 48maharashtra — 3.84 — 3.84 0.72 0.89 431 77punjab — 3.94 3.68 3.81 0.97 1.06 293 72rajasthan 1.44 — 1.10 1.27 0.71 0.75 80 41tamilnadu — 2.15 — 2.15 1.15 1.58 88 27u.p. — — 2.69 2.69 1.40 1.66 92 38mean 1.66 2.76 2.54 2.48 0.88 1.00 183 60

adapted from status paper on millets. Directorate of millets Development, min. of agriculture.goi

4 Seed production and distribution

Directorate of Economics and Statistics of Department to Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture has compiled the statistics regarding distribution of certified/quality seed of pearl millet. The data indicates that the distribution of certified/quality seed has been erratic but on the increase since 1983-84. During 2010-11 a total of 2.31 lakh quintals of certified/quality seed was distributed. Year wise distribution of certified/quality seed of pearl millet from 1983-84 to 2010-11 is summarized in Table 12.

Table 12. Year wise distribution of certified/quality seed of pearl Millet

Year Quantity (Lakh Quintals)1983-84 1.651987-88 1.091991-92 1.681994-95 1.611998-99 1.872002-03 1.792006-07 2.162007-08 1.902008-09 2.202009-10 1.742010-11 2.31

source: Directorate of economics and statistics, min. of agriculture


17

All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project of ICAR coordinates the production of breeder seed of parental lines of hybrids and open pollinated varieties. During 2011-12 A total of 28.90 qtl of breeder seed of 15 parental lines (A, B & R) of hybrids and of 11 open pollinated varieties (OPVs) was produced which is 91% higher over indented quantity of 15.13 q from Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture. Similarly during 2010-11. A total of 22.66 q of breeder seed of 22 parental lines (A, B & R) of hybrids and of 9 OPVs was produced which was again 121% higher over indented quantity.

5. Consumption trends of pearl millet

In spite of significant technological gains in production and productivity the annual per capita consumption of pearl millet both in rural and urban areas has fallen very steeply from 11.5 kgs to 3.1 kgs (by 73.4 %) in rural areas and from 4 kgs to 1.1 kgs (by 71.8 %) in urban areas between 1972-73 and 2009-10 (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Per Capita annual consumption of Pearl Millet in rural and Urban India during 1972-73 to 2009-10 ( Modified from Basavaraj et. al. 2010)

This is due to subsidized cheaper availability of rice and wheat under Public Distribution System (PDS), increase in per capita income, growing urbanization, changing tastes and preferences. In spite of its high fibre, micro-nutrient and fat content it is being considered as poor man’s food. Shelf life of broken grains and flour is low due to high fat contents and is not ideal for feed making. Traditional farmers feed boiled grains to animals. Overall chemical composition of pearl millet has tremendous potential to make it healthy rich man food after processing to remove handicap of limited shelf life of flour and low digestibility

18


However, it is interesting to note that while the per capita annual consumption of coarse cereals and pearl millet has decreased both in rural and urban area but the share of pearl millet to overall consumption of coarse cereals has increased and this increased percent share of consumption of pearl millet constitute almost 25% and 30% of the total coarse cereals consumed in urban and rural areas respectively (Table 13).

Table 13 Per capita annual consumption of pearl millet and coarse cereals (Kg/year)

Year Coarse Cereals Pearl Millet Percent share of Pearl Millet to coarse cereals

Rural urban Rural urban Rural urban

1993-94 27.86 12.53 6.0 1.3 21.54 10.38

1999-00 20.44 10.59 4.6 1.1 22.50 10.39

2004-05 18.86 10.59 4.6 1.5 24.39 14.16

2009-10 10.34 4.60 3.06 1.13 29.59 24.57

source: Directorate of economics and statistics, moa

This trend of consumption clearly indicates the preference of pearl millet among consumers compared to other coarse grains

6 Price of pearl millet

Pearl millet is grown by small farm holders and they retain the major part of produce at the farm for their own consumption. Since the marketing of pearl millet is highly unorganized, the farmers always suffer from clutches of local traders. On arrival of new produce the local traders purchase at a very low price. Although minimum support price (MSP) of Bajra declared by Government of India has increased from Rs.240/qtl in 1992-93 to Rs.1175 in 2012-13 yet the market prices are observed to be below the MSP in most of the cases. From 2003-04 up to 2011-12 average market price of Bajra has been below MSP in markets in Rajasthan except for two instances i.e during drought years when the production was exceptionally low. (Table 14 and Figure 10). It was below MSP in six years and above MSP only in three years.

6.1. Price volatabilityStable market price plays an important role in competitiveness of a crop

and farm income. But in case of Pearl Millet, it has been observed that when the production improves the market prices crash and the farmer is forced to sell its produce on prices lower than the minimum support price as the market intervention procedures are slow and cumbersome which hardly help the farmers at the right time. Farmers thus have to adopt distress sale at much


19

lower prices. Unlike in case of rice and wheat the minimum support prices are not linked with strong system of market interventions. In certain years, some State Governments enter into buying the grains but that is too little and too late in season and is hardly effective. We need to develop a strong system of market support through timely intervention in the market and alloting sufficient storage space for processed grains which is the handicap in promotion of pearl millet production in India.

Table 14 MSP, market price (Rs.per qtl) and production of pearl millet

Year Production of Bajra (Million tons)

MSP (Rs/q)

Percent increase in MSP

Av Market Price in Rajasthan (Rs/q)

2003-04 12.11 505 — 342

2004-05 7.93 515 1.98 426

2005-06 7.68 525 1.94 565

2006-07 8.42 540 2.86 630

2007-08 9.97 600 11.11 575

2008-09 8.89 840 40.00 698

2009-10 6.51 840 0.00 943

2010-11 10.08 880 4.76 759

2011-12 9.15 980 11.36 774

2012-13 — 1175 19.90 —

Figure 10. MSP, Market price in Rajasthan and Production of Pearl Millets (Values in figure indicates production in million tons corresponding

to market price )

(Rs.

/q)

20


6.2. Price war of guar gum likely to replace area of pearl millet

Seed gums are important agrochemicals used in various industries worldwide. Examples of such seed gums are locust bean, tara, tamarind kernel powder, cassia, fenugreek, flax, guar etc. Among various commercially utilizable seed gums, guar occupies a very important place, as it is rich source of high quality galactomannan polysaccharide2. Due to unique rheology modifying properties of Guar, it is being widely used across a broad spectrum of industries viz. oil well drilling, textile, paper, paint, cement, cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical etc. It is listed as first item in the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX). India produces about two million tons of guar annually which amounts to around 80% share in the world’s total production. In India, Rajasthan and Haryana states contribute 85% of the total production. Area, Production and productivity as well as export of Guar seed is given in Table 15.

Table 15. All-India Area, Production and Yield of Guar seed

Year Area (million

hectares)

Production (million tonnes)

Yield (t/ha)

Export (guar gum meal)Quantity

(Lakh tonnes)Value

(Rs. Crores) 2001-02 2.90 1.08 0.38 1.17 403.092002-03 0.97 0.19 0.20 1.11 486.642003-04 2.85 1.51 0.53 1.19 120.562004-05 2.86 0.90 0.32 1.31 689.482005-06 2.95 1.05 0.36 1.86 1094.232006-07 3.34 1.16 0.35 1.89 1125.792007-08 3.47 1.78 0.52 2.11 1125.752008-09* 3.86 1.94 0.50 2.58 1338.992009-10* 2.98 0.59 0.20 2.18 1133.312010-11 — — — 4.03 2805.75

*provisionalsource : agricultural statistics at a glance, 2008 & 2011

India is a major exporter of guar gum; the country’s export of guar gum was 4.03 lakh MT worth Rs. 2805.75 crores during the year 2010-11. Export demand of guar gum is increasing in the recent years as given in Table 15.

Pearl Millet and Guar crops are grown in the similar areas as both the crops are drought resistant and grow well in areas of poor rainfall. In the recent years the demand of Guar gum is increasing because of its diversified uses in deep oil exploration in addition to its multiple uses in high quality food chain and pharmaceutical industries. Recently there is a great demand of guar gum in deep drilling industry since it is thermostable to high temperature around drilling bit to keep it cool. Although India contributes to the extent of 80 % to the world market of Guar Gum, other countries specially USA and Europe

2 science tech entrepreneur. september 2007. pp 1-13


21

have the sole monopoly in patenting the diversified products and processes. According to one estimate, more than 80 patents of guar seed/gum are granted in USA.

As the export demand of guar gum is increasing (Table-15) it is competing for its area expansion by replacing Pearl Millet in many areas in Rajasthan and Haryana.

Since pearl millet is an important staple food crop for Rajasthan and some other states, its demand for food will continue in these states. In addition, increasing awareness about its nutritional quality will further increase its demand under National Food Security Basket. It is therefore pertinent to put forth a strong price support and marketing facilities to sustain production of pear millet in the country.

7 Pearl Millet Trade

Millet marketing channels are not well developed in India due to three main reasons: scattered and irregular supplies, large distances between producing areas and the main urban centres and limited demand in urban areas. According to one estimate of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) only 15-20 percent of the pearl millet produced in India, and perhaps 5-10 percent in Africa, enters the commercial marketing system. Moreover, although a number of developing countries have market intervention regulations to stabilize domestic millet prices, these regulations are effectively enforced only in a few countries. In several cases, the large year-to-year variations in the size of the harvest make it difficult for governments to provide adequate farm income support and simultaneously maintain adequate stocks in anticipation of lean years. Also, many governments do not include millet in their farm price-support programmes3.

7.1 Domestic Trade

In India large quantities of pearl millet are traded from the major pearl millet growing areas to urban centres and to non-pearl millet growing areas. The trade is mainly to meet demand of pearl millet from urban consumers and to meet requirements of consumers from different income groups. The importance of pearl millet as cattle feed is increasing in recent years in northern states like Haryana and Punjab. In Tamil Nadu, farmers growing improved cultivars of pearl millet are able to market their surplus to the animal feed sector, mainly poultry and cattle feed manufacturing units. Pearl millet dry stover is often traded from Haryana, Punjab and UP to Rajasthan whenever pearl millet stover is in short supply specially in drought years4.

3 http://www.fao.org/docrep/W1808e/w1808e0g.htm#topofpage 4 http://www.aicpmip.res.in/trade.html

22


7.2 International Trade

Information about international trade of pearl millet is not available. FAO has compiled some information for the international trade of millets as a whole. According to FAO report world millet stocks, currently estimated at 3.0 million tons, are relatively unimportant in the global cereal context. They represent only 1.0 percent of world cereal carryover stocks. Most non-commercial stocks are held by farmers (but not officially recorded) in developing countries for household consumption, seed and limited trading on local markets. Such stocks, while critical in terms of food security at household or local level, are not significant in terms of global trade.

At international level, around less than 1% of global production of millets is traded. The figure could be an underestimate since substantial quantities of millet trade are unrecorded5. Very little information regarding trade of pearl millet is available. FAO6 has compiled this information for all millets together according to which global trade in millet is estimated to range between 200,000 and 300,000 tons (Table 16 and Table 17), representing roughly 0.1 percent of world trade in cereals or 1.0 percent of world millet production. The major exporters are India, United States, Argentina and China, which together supply about two-thirds of recorded exports. A sizeable proportion (about 100,000 tons) of the recorded international trade is in proso millet, exported by United States, Argentina and Australia to other developed countries. Another 60,000 tons are pearl millet exports by India. In recent years, China has started to export some quantities of foxtail millet.

The European Community (EC), accounts for more than 50 percent of global imports. During the 1992-94 periods, the EC purchased an average of 145,000 tons per year. Other major, regular importers are Japan, Switzerland and Canada. In contrast, countries like Kenya, Mauritania, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda no longer import millet, at least officially. Future world trade in millet is very difficult to project because of its small size, the unknown volume of unrecorded trade and uncertainties regarding both supply and demand. If larger surpluses of millet become available in some countries (for example, in Western Africa), trading opportunities in those regions would increase. However, in view of the huge distances and the high transport costs, and the large variability of tradable volumes, any significant trade expansion is unlikely. Most international trade in millet up to the year 2005, therefore, is envisaged to remain largely restricted to border transactions among developing countries and limited but regular purchases by the developed countries as in the past7.

5 http://www.aicpmip.res.in/trade.html 6 http://www.fao.org/docrep/W1808e/w1808e0f.htm 7 http://www.fao.org/docrep/W1808e/w1808e0i.htm#topofpage


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Table 16. International trade of pearl millet : exports1

Exports 1979-81(‘000 tons) 1989-91(‘000 tons) 1992-94(‘000 tons)

Africa 57.9 26.4 20.2

mali 0.02 15.0 18.0

niger 36.7 0.1 0.0

sudan 2.1 1.3 0.0

Asia 12.0 16.8 84.6

China 8.7 4.6 21.6

india 0.0 7.0 58.5

North, Central and South America, and the Caribbean

145.9 119.1 90.3

argentina 112.9 41.0 42.9

united states 33.0 75.5 45.5

Europe 20.5 33.0 43.7

eC (12 countries)3 15.6 22.6 28.3

hungary 4.4 6.9 13.0

oceania 14.6 13.6 16.3

australia 14.6 13.6 16.3

world 250.9 208.7 255.0

Developing countries 181.9 84.0 147.4

Developed countries 69.0 124.7 107.6

1. Each figure is a 3-year average for the respective period

source: Fao

8 Utilization of pearl millet

Pearl millet is a multipurpose crop, which is grown for food, feed, green and dried (Karvi) forages. The presence of all required nutrients in millets make them suitable for large-scale utilization in the manufacture of various food products such as traditional meals, baby foods, snack foods, dietary foods in both grain and flour form. (Dr.O.P.Yadav. Project Coordinator Pearl Millet, ICAR, Personal Communication)

8.1 Nutritional composition of pearl milletBoth grain and stover of pearl millet have a better mineral profile than

many other cereals. The protein contents in grain ranges from 9 to 15 percent8, which is much higher than the protein contents in other millets of sorghum and maize. The green fodder is of higher quality with crude protein content ranging from 5 to 15%, total mineral content 3 to 16%, ether extract 0.5 to

8 http://www.milletindia.org/pzublication/part-iii.pdf

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2.3%, nitrogen free extract 38 to 56% and crude fibre 25 to 38% at various stages of the crop growth.

Table 17. International trade of pearl millet : imports1.

Imports 1979-81(‘000 tons) 1989-91(‘000 tons) 1992-94(‘000 tons)

africa 82.0 7.9 40.9angola 0.02 0.0 21.7Côte d’ivoire 0.0 2.6 1.2gabon 0.0 0.0 0.1mauritania 1.0 0.0 0.0mali 40.0 0.0 0.5niger 8.0 2.4 0.5nigeria 26.7 0.5 0.0senegal 0.0 2.1 15.0sudan 0.0 0.0 0.3Zimbabwe 0.2 0.0 0.3

asia 58.9 40.3 44.3Japan 53.1 23.7 20.3Kuwait 1.1 0.3 0.5malaysia 0.7 2.1 2.4saudi arabia 1.4 1.5 2.8singapore 0.4 1.1 0.7thailand 0.8 1.7 1.8

north, Central and south america and the Caribbean

4.0 26.2 18.1

Brazil 3.8 3.7 5.8Canada 0.0 5.9 8.2europe 145.7 145.5 155.4austria 2.3 1.2 0.8eC (12 countries)3 114.9 131.5 145.2switzerland 26.0 9.2 8.2

oceania 0.8 0.8 5.7World 291.4 220.8 264.3Developing countries 90.5 43.8 75.4Developed countries 201.0 177.0 188.8

1. Each figure is a 3-year average for the respective period, e.g., 1979-81.2. shown as zero for trade less than 50 tons.3. including intra-trade among member countries.source: Fao

Pearl millet contains 1.6-2.3% ash and is very rich in major mineral especially Phosphorous. Trace minerals are also high specially Fe content. HC1-extractability of minerals (as an index of their bioavailability) varies between the cultivars and type of mineral as well as contents of antinutritional factors like phytic acid and polyphenoles. In a study Phytic acid content ranged from


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969.3 to 1101.0 mg/100 g and polyphenol ranged from 306.7 to 669.4 mg/ 100 g. Cooking was found to reduce the these antinutritional factors and caused a slight increase in mineral content while bioavailability was significantly improved for all minerals. Germination for 2, 4 and 6-days significantly decreased major and trace minerals (except Cu and Co) contents. Bioavailability of all minerals was significantly improved throughout the germination time and fermented/germinated food are very promising. Composition of Millets, Coarse cereals and fine cereals is given in Table 18 which indicates that Pearl Millet is better than rice in terms of total protein, fat, crude fibers, mineral matters, calcium and phosphorus. Except protein and phosphorus, same is true when compared with another staple grain of wheat.

Table 18 Nutritional composition of millets, coarse cereals and fine cereals (Per 100 g)

Commodity Protein (g)

Carbohy-drates

(g)

Fat (g)

Crude fibre (g)

Mineral atter (g)

Calcium (mg)

Phosphorus (mg)

sorghum 10. 4 72. 6 1. 9 1. 6 1. 6 25 222

pearl millet 11. 6 67. 5 5. 0 1. 2 2. 3 42 296

Finger millet 7. 3 72. 0 1. 3 3. 6 2. 7 344 283

proso millet 12. 5 70. 4 1. 1 2. 2 1. 9 14 206

Foxtail millet 12. 3 60. 9 4. 3 8. 0 3. 3 31 290

Kodo millet 8. 3 65. 9 1. 4 9. 0 2. 6 27 188

little millet 8. 7 75. 7 5. 3 8. 6 1. 7 17 220

Barnyard millet 11. 6 74. 3 5. 8 14. 7 4. 7 14 121

Barley 11.5 69.6 1.3 3.9 1.2 26 215

maize 11.5 66.2 3.6 2.7 1.5 20 348

Wheat 11. 8 71. 2 1. 5 1. 2 1. 5 41 306

rice 6. 8 78. 2 0. 5 0. 2 0. 6 10 160

source: national institute of nutrition (nin), hyderabad (adapted from DmD 2010)

8.2 Anti nutritional factors in pearl millet

Beside its nutritional qualities, the bioavailability of various minerals like Ca and P and trace elements such as Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn is low because of presence of some inherent anti-nutritional factors9 e.g. phytate, and polyphenols in grain; and oxalic acid in fodder and forage, which are undesirable. Its flour acquires a rancid odour within a few days of milling10 because of high concentration of lipids that contribute to the development of fat acidity, lipolytic activity and accumulation of peroxides of lipids in the meal during storage. The typical grey colour of pearl millet grain and its products due to polyphenolic pigments present in peripheral area of the endosperm further restricts efficient utilization of pearl millet.

However, several processing techniques have been developed to enhance food value and shelf-life of pearl millet products and to improve the availability

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of starch, protein and minerals. Decreasing or degrading of phytic acid is very advantageous, due to its influence on nutrition.

9 Reduction or degrading of anti nutritional elements and increase of shelf life

Technologies for various processing treatments, such as milling, malting, blanching, acid treatment, dry heating, and fermentation, which reduce anti-nutritional factors and increase the digestibility and shelf life of various alternative food products made from pearl millets such as unleavened flat bread (roti/chapati), porridges, noodles, bakery products, and extruded and weaning food products have been developed and tested at the laboratory scale. Some of the techniques are Dehulling, Milling, Malting, Blanching, Acid treatment, Dry heat Treatment and parboiling. These are described below in brief:

9.1 DehullingBoth whole grains and dehulled (decorticated) grains of pearl millet are used

for preparing various types of food products. Decortication is generally to the extent of removing 12-30% of the outer grain surface. Increased decortication leads to greater loss of fiber, ash and fat. It also reduces protein, lysine, histidine and arginine. Decorticated grains improve the nutritional quality and sensory properties of various food products, but these also have cost considerations in terms of the time and investments and grain weight losses. Further, these also lead to micronutrient losses, which are more concentrated in the outer layers of the grain. Pearl millet grains can be decorticated in rice mills or other modified mills. In some villages and urban areas, pearl millet grains are decorticated with abrasive disks in mechanical dehullers.

9.2 MillingGrains can be milled either by using a hammer mill or a roller mill.

The flour produced using a hammer mill has large particle size and is not uniform, hence it is suitable for preparing thin and stiff porridge of rough texture and not suitable for preparing baked and steamed food products of smooth texture. Shelf life of grains is almost 18 months whereas that of flour is about 2 weeks due to its high fat contents and ranicificaton after grinding. This is a limitation as well as opportunity for preparing fermented products. A new method for improving the shelf life of pearl millet has been developed at the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore. It involves moist heating of the grains followed by drying to about 10-12% moisture and decortication to the desired degree or pulverization. This process improves the milling characteristics of pearl millet varieties which have high proportions of floury endosperm. Flour from treated and decorticated pearl millet could be

9 http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin693.pdf 10 http://www.aicpmip.res.in/valueaddition.html


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stored for about 3-4 months, during which the free fatty acid (FFA) content remained below 10%, which is the limit of perceptible deteriorative condition. The oxidative rancidity also remains low, as the flours are refined. Another advantage of this process is that the microbial load on the grain surface is drastically reduced.

9.3 Malting

This process involves limited germination of cereal in moist air under controlled conditions. Malting reduces protein, but improves the quality of protein compared to that in the bran, so a small loss in protein in milling of the malted pearl millet is compensated for by protein quality. The process results in a higher protein efficiency ratio and bioavailability of malting of pearl millet grains with 48-h germination reduced polyphenols and phytic acid by more than 40% (Table 19). Malting also increases vitamins such as riboflavin, thiamin, ascorbic acid, and vitamin A. There was little effect of malting on increasing the shelf-life of flour.

Table 19: Effect of malting and blanching on polyphenols and phytic acid in pearl millet flour

treatment Anti-nutritional fectors (mg/100 g grain)Polyphenols Phytic acid

untreated (control) 755 858malting (48 h) 449 481Blanching 529 565acid treatment (24 h) 182 153

source: rekha (1997); poonam (2002)

In Africa, millet beer branded as Opaque Beer, Bantu, Kaffir Beer, Boza, etc. are quite popular. In India, pearl millet is procured by breweries especially in glut years and actual figures and its uses are not known. Published information about malting is available in the journals and articles. It will be advisable to come out with a cheaper brand of pearl millet bear to ensure proper price to the farmers.

9.4 Blanching

It is one of the effective processing technologies to increase the shelf life of pearl millet. Blanching is usually done by boiling water at 98°C in a container then submerging the grains in the boiling water (1:5 ratio of seeds to boiling water) for 30 seconds and drying at 50°C for 60 minutes. Blanching has been observed to be effective in the retardation of enzymatic activity and thus improve the shelf life of pearl millet flour without much altering the nutrient content (Chavan and Kachare, 1994). Blanching of seeds at 98°C for 10 seconds in boiling water before milling has been reported to

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effectively retard the development of fat acidity in meal and enhance shelf life by 25 days (Kadlag et al., 1995). Fat acidity increased about 6-fold in untreated pearl millet flour, whereas it remained almost unchanged in flour obtained from boiled water-blanched grains (98°C for 30 seconds) (Chavan and Kachare, 1994). As compared to the high levels of polyphenols (755 mg/ 100 g grains) and phytic acid (858 mg /100 g grains) in the untreated controls (Table 19), blanching of pearl millet seeds reduced the polyphenol and phytic acid anti-nutritional contents considerably. Also, fat acidity was reduced significantly in the case of blanched pearl millet flour as compared to raw flour after 28 days of storage (Rekha, 1997).

9.5 Acid Treatment

The dark-grey grain in pearl millet is highly preferred in Maharashtra state of India. Elsewhere in India and most of the world, this grain color is not preferred for food purposes. Treating the decorticated seed with mild organic acids, such as acetic, fumaric, or tartaric, and also with the extracts of natural acidic material such as tamarind (Hadimani and Malleshi, 1993) has been found to improve the product quality by reducing polyphenols and other anti-nutritional factors, thereby also increasing consumer acceptability. Various studies have reported that soaking of pearl millet in acidic solutions, like sour milk or tamarind, markedly reduced the color of the grain. Dehulled grains decolorized faster than whole grains because the acidic solution penetrates the grain at a faster rate (Reichert and Youngs, 1979). Among the various acidic solutions tried, dilute hydrochloric acid was more effective and suitable chemical treatment to remove pigments from whole grain before milling as compared to citric acid and acetic acid (Naikare et al., 1986). Soaking grains in dilute HCl for 15 to 24 h reduces a major portion of these pigments and thus helps in the production of creamy white grains. Soaking of pearl millet in 0.2 N HCl for 24 h reduced polyphenols by 76% and phytic acid by 82% as compared to 755 mg/100g polyphenol and 858 mg/100g grains of phytic acid in the untreated control. While fat acidity of the flour during 28 days of storage increased 4-fold in the untreated control, there was very marginal increase in the flour produced from the acid-treated grains (Table 20). Similar patterns of changes were observed in the acid-treated and control treatments with respect to free fatty acids and lipase activity. In another study, pearl millet grain samples given acid treatments for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h had in vitro protein digestibility increased by 29, 44, 56, and 59%, respectively, and the in vitro starch digestibility increased by 40, 57, 76, and 85%, respectively.

9.6 Dry heat treatment

Lipase activity is the major cause of spoilage of pearl millet meal, so its inactivation before milling improves the meal quality. The application of dry heat effectively retards lipase activity and minimizes lipid decomposition during storage. It has been observed that when pearl millet grains were given a dry


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heat treatment in a hot air oven at 100±2°C for different time periods ranging between 30 and 120 min, and then cooled to room temperature, there was about 50% increase in fat acidity, free fatty acids, and lipase activity during the 28 days of the storage of flour produced from the acid-treated grains, while there was a 4-fold increase in these parameters in the flour produced from untreated grains.Heating grains for 120 min has been found to be most effective for maximum retardation of the lipolytic decomposition of lipids during storage (Kadlag et al., 1995). Fat acidity, free fatty acid presence, and lipase activity decrease significantly during storage of 28 days in pearl millet flour given an 18-h acid treatment and a 120 minutes heat treatment. Results also showed that heat treatment increased the shelf life of pearl millet flour as compared to raw flour (Poonam, 2002).

Table 20. Changes in fat acidity (mg KOH/100 g), free fatty acids (mg/100 g fat), and lipase activity of acid- and heat-treated

pearl millet flour during storage.

Rancidity factor Storage period (days) CD (P<0.05)0 7 14 21 28

Fat acidity (mg KOH/100 g flour)Control 30.30 42.40 58.10 83.30 123.70 3.36acid treatment 35.10 35.00 36.20 38.60 38.00 1.82heat treatment 28.00 30.90 34.40 41.20 50.50 1.27CD (p<0.05) 2.56 2.17 1.26 3.65 2.56

Free fatty acids (mg/100 g fat)Control 282.00 427.30 789.00 942.00 1115.00 4.32acid treatment 208.00 210.30 216.00 221.00 230.30 4.27heat treatment 67.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 84.00 5.68CD (p<0.05) 3.82 3.94 5.99 6.82 5.20

lipase activity (% enzyme activity on % fat)Control 3.69 5.60 10.34 12.35 14.61 0.06acid treatment 2.90 2.93 3.01 3.08 3.21 0.06heat treatment 0.89 0.93 1.00 1.06 1.12 0.08CD (p<0.05) 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.07

source: adapted from rai et al. (2008)

9.7 ParboilingParboiling is especially beneficial for soft-textured grains. Parboiled grains

decorticate more efficiently in removing the germ and the pericarp. Parboiled-decorticated grains have slightly lower protein digestibility than the raw grains decorticated to the same extent. In practical terms, however, this detrimental effect is negligible since most traditional food processes involve cooking of flour or decorticated grains. The parboiled grains can be used for various snack food items, especially for diabetics (Sehgal et al., 2004). Parboiled grains can also be cooked to produce rice-like products. In pearl millet, parboiling can prolong the shelf life of the products such as milri.

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10 Alternate uses of pearl millet

During the last 2 decades the new sources of demand for sorghum and pearl millet have been emerging from different sectors. As evident from the Table 21, the share of sorghum and millet alternative uses to availability increased phenomenally, especially after 1990’s. The demand for sorghum and pearl millet has potential in the poultry feed (especially as layer feed) and animal feed sector. Additionally, there is a growing demand for the grain of these two crops from alcohol industry for manufacture of potable alcohol. Thus, the demand for sorghum and pearl millet is derived from the demand for feeds both for animals and poultry and other industrial uses. This requires efforts from breeders for development of varieties based on industrial preferences traits.

Table 21. Trends in supply and share of sorghum and millet in alternative uses

Year Supply (million tons)

Share of alternative uses to availability (%)

Sorghum Pearl Millet Sorghum Pearl Millet1972–73 8.32 5.59 0 01977–78 11.47 5.38 0 71982–83 11.59 6.13 5 01987–88 11.75 5.91 14 301993–94 10.99 6.96 30 371999–00 07.92 6.93 33 462004–05 07.16 9.19 31 55

source: http://agrariancrisis.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/merged_document1.pdf

10.1 Pearl Millet for brewing and production of alcoholSeagram is the only company in India which uses grain, and not molasses,

in the production of its blended whiskies. This company has already invested Rs. 35 million (0.83 million dollars) on a research and development centre in the Western State of Maharashtra to develop methods for converting pearl millet, grown by farmers in Maharashtra, and ragi - cultivated in Rajasthan State - into whisky.11 This company has plans to invest Rs. 100 million ($2.38 million) over the next five years in grain alcohol research using locally grown raw material. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) under the Ministry of Science, has also lent its support to the grain alcohol project. It recently awarded full recognition to the Seagram R&D centre, making it eligible for coveted government incentives such as tax benefits and import of duty-free equipment.

10.2 Use in Poultry and animal FeedPearl millet-supplemented poultry feeds are generally superior to sorghum

and equivalent to maize in broiler diets. Pearl millet is also suitable for use in

11 http://www.sunsonline.org/trade/process/followup/1999/01120699.htm


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cattle feeding if diets are adjusted to accommodate higher protein levels in the grain. In general, pearl millet is at least equivalent to maize and often superior to sorghum in cattle, pig and sheep rations because of its high energy and grain protein levels. Its grain, as a high-energy alternative source of inexpensive feed, could be exploited and utilized in production of high quality fish.

10.3 Use of Pearl Millet as FodderPearl Millet is also cultivated for forage mostly in North India. Pearl millet

varieties and hybrids are available exclusively for forage purpose. Green forage yield, dry forage yield and crude protein of pearl millet is more compared to sorghum and maize. Yield of green and dry forage and crude protein contents of sorghum, pearl millet, maize and pigeon pea are given in Table 22.

Table 22. Yield of green and dry forage and crude protein contents of sorghum, pearl millet, maize and pigeon pea

Crop green Forage Yield (t/ha)

Dry Forage Yield (t/ha)

Crude Protein (%)

sorghum 32.7 7.7 6pearl millet 37.6 8.5 8.7 maize 30.9 6.5 5.5pigeon pea 40.6 12.6 23.7

10.4. Use of pearl millet as roof material

Dried pearl millet stalk makes a very good roofing material for constructing traditional houses at a very cheap cost.

A house showing roof prepared out of pearl millet dried stalk Source: Directorate of Millets Development, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI

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11 Diversified food products and value-addition

Processed pearl millet grains and meals from them are used to prepare various types of traditional and nontraditional food products. Murty and Kumar (1995) summarized and classified these into 9 major food categories (thick porridge, thin porridge, steam-cooked products, fermented breads, unfermented breads, boiled rice-like products, alcoholic beverages, nonalcoholic beverages, and snacks); and they provided the details of their preparations and the various common names in many countries. These products are described under seven different categories below.

11.1 Traditional food products

The simplest and the most common traditional food made from pearl millet are thin porridge (gruel); thick porridge (fermented and unfermented) and flat and unfermented bread such as chapati. Flat, unleavened bread prepared from pearl millet flour enriched with soy flour has been reported to have high protein efficiency ratio, minimal thickness, puffing, and uniform color and texture. Chapati prepared from pearl millet flour produced after the grains had been bleached or acid-treated or heat-treated has been reported to have enhanced overall acceptability as compared to the chapati prepared from the raw untreated grains (Poonam, 2002). Use of processed flour, in comparison to raw flour, in the product development has been found to reduce anti-nutritional factors and increase the digestibility (Singh, 2003).

Various types of snacks are also made from pearl millet in India. Products like laddoo, namkeen sev, and matari have been made using blanched and malted pearl millet flour (Figure 11). These products were highly acceptable and have shown to have longer shelf life and stored well up to 3 months. Rekha (1997) incorporated blanched and malted pearl millet flour in various products like bhakri, suhali, khichri, churma, shakkarpala, mathari and the products were found to be organoleptically acceptable. An earlier study (Chaudhary, 1993) also indicated that the traditional food products including chapati, khichri, bhakrii, popped grain, dalia, and shakkarpala prepared from pearl millet were not only acceptable but their protein and starch digestibilities were also better.

11.2 Baked products

Pearl millet flour is not a good raw material for the baking industry, since it does not contain gluten and this forms dough of poor consistency. For instance, cookies made from pearl millet flour do not spread during baking, have a poor top grain character, and are dense and compact (Badi et al., 1976). However, pearl millet flour hydrated with water, dried, and supplemented with 0.6% unrefined soy lectin can produce cookies with spread characteristics equal to those made from soft wheat flour. Various types of biscuits and cakes produced using blanched pearl millet (Figure 12) have been found to be organoleptically


33

acceptable. Various types of biscuits developed by incorporating different levels of blanched as well as malted pearl millet flour have been found to be acceptable and store well up to 3 months (Singh, 2003).

Figure. 11: Traditional food products made from pearl millet (Source : Project Coordinator, AICPMIP.ICAR.

Figure 12. Baked products made from pearl millet flour obtained from blanched grain (Source : Project Coordinator, AICPMIP. ICAR)

Bajra laddoo

Bakli

Chapati

Khichri

Suhali

Mathi

Chocolate cake

Kaju biscuit

Nan-khatai

Barja eggless cake

Bajra cookies

Melting point

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11.3 Extruded products

Extrusion is being used increasingly for making ready-to-eat foods. In extrusion processes, cereals are cooked at high temperature for a short time. Starch is gelatinized and protein is denatured, which improves their digestibility. Anti-nutritional factors that are present may be inactivated.

Pearl millet grit and flour can be used to prepare ready-to-eat (RTE) products. Such products have crunchy texture and can be coated with traditional ingredients to prepare sweet or savory snacks. Alternatively, the grits could be mixed with spices and condiments prior to extrusion to obtain RTE snacks of desirable taste. The acid-treated pearl millet yields products of better acceptability as compared to that from just decorticated pearl millet. Pearl millet, blended with soy or protein-rich ingredients, such as legumes or groundnut (peanut) cake, on extrusion gives nutritionally balanced supplementary foods (Malleshi et al., 1996). Sumathi et al. (2007) showed that extruded pearl millet products prepared from a blend of 30% grain legume flour or 15% defatted soybean had, respectively, 14.7% and 16.0% protein, and 2.0 and 2.1 protein efficiency ratio. The shelf life of the extrudates was about 6 months in different flexible pouches under ambient storage conditions. Noodles, macaroni and pasta-like extruded products could be prepared from pearl millet flour. (Desikachar, 1975). Extruded snacks prepared with mixed millet flour containing rice flour and/or corn flour and/or tapioca starch in various proportions have been shown to have acceptable appearance, color, texture, and flavor (Siwawij and Trangwacharakul, 1995). Extrusion-cooking also enhances the in vitro protein digestibility of foods (Malleshi et al., 1996).

Utilization of pearl millet for producing soft-cooked products such as vermicelli noodles is very rare, although these grains are unique with respect to taste and aroma, and provide dietary fiber. Research at the CFTRI, has led to a process to prepare noodles (Sowbhaghya and Ali, 2001a). The noodles on cooking in water retained the texture of their strands and firmness without disintegration (Figure13), and the solid loss is less than 6% (Sowbhaghya and Ali, 2001b). The noodles from pearl millet were readily acceptable in the savory and sweet formulations.

11.4 Flakes and pops

Extensive work has been carried out on sorghum flaking at CFTRI, Mysore, and various process parameters, such as soaking time, temperature, wet-heat or dry-heat treatment conditions, have been standardized. The grain soaked to its equilibrium moisture content is steamed or roasted to fully gelatinize the starch, dried to about 18% moisture content, conditioned, decorticated, and then flaked immediately by passing through a pair of heavy-duty rollers. The flakes can also be used for the preparation of traditional snacks like ‘uppitu’ after boiling and seasoning. The thicker flakes could be deep-fried


35

or dry-roasted to prepare expanded and crunchy snack products. Results of exploratory studies on flaking of pearl millet following the method adopted for sorghum have been promising. Pearl millet flaking would be a new avenue for its widespread utilization. Since stabilization of the oil occurs during flaking, pearl millet flakes will have longer shelf life.

Figure 13: Extruded food products prepared from pearl millet Source : Project Coordinator, AICPMIP,ICAR

Since popping involves formation of steam and development of pressure inside the grain, the optimum moisture level and popping temperature play important roles in the quality of the popped cereal. Varietal differences exist largely with respect to popping characteristics. The optimum conditions for grain popping, according to the CFTRI process, are equilibrating pearl millet to about 16% moisture and subjecting the grains to a high-temperature, short-time treatment (about 230°C for a fraction of a minute) in an air popper developed at the Institute (CFTRI, 1985). The machine is highly suitable for value addition to pearl millet by popping.

Popping of pearl millet is not very popular, but the popped pearl millet is a good source of energy, fiber and carbohydrates (Figure14). Varieties with hard endosperm and medium-thick pericarp exhibit superior popping quality (Hadimani et al., 2001). The lipolytic enzymes are denatured during the process of popping. The nutritional advantage of the popped millet is utilized in developing formulations for supplementary foods or weaning foods for children and mothers (Bhaskaran et al., 1999). Since pearl millet is a rich source of micronutrients and phytochemicals, such products may score over similar products made from rice and wheat.

Sev Sweetvermicelli

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Figure 14: Popped and roasted pearl millet products Source : Project Coordinator, AICPMIP, ICAR

11.5 Weaning foods

Pearl millet can be successfully utilized for the development of weaning foods, as it can satisfy the nutritional requirement of infants during the crucial transitional phase of life from breast milk to other type of food, at reasonable cost. Keeping in view the delicate digestive system and nutritional requirement of the infants, malting seems to be an effective process as it provides an opportunity to develop easily digestible and nutritious weaning foods of low viscosity, low dietary bulk and of high calorie density. In addition malting also improves the availability of protein, minerals, free sugars, vitamin B and ascorbic acid by reducing the level of anti-nutritional factors. It also imparts desirable flavour and taste to the product. Blanched pearl millet can also be used for weaning foods (Figure 15). Blanching improves the storage stability by retarding the lipolytic spoilage of meal without much altering its nutrients. Nutritive value of pearl millet-based weaning foods can further be enhanced when mixed with legumes like cowpea or green gram because these pulses complement the profile of essential amino acids which is beneficial for infants’ optimum growth.

11.6 Health foods

Pearl millet can find uses in preparing various types of health foods and food ingredients as it contains a relatively higher proportion of insoluble dietary fiber. This causes slow release of sugar, thus making the food products based on them especially suitable for those suffering from or prone to diabetes. For instance, various pearl millet-based food products were found to have a lower glycemic index (GI) than those based on wheat, with the extent of reduction in the GI trait ranging from 20% for biscuits to 45% for dhokla (Table 23).

Popped laddoo Roasted pearl millet grains


37

Figure 15: Weaning food products from value-added pearl millet flour Source : Project Coordinator, AICPMIP, ICAR.

Table 23: Health value of pearl millet-based diabetic food products

Product glycemic indexControl (wheat flour) Pearl millet-based products

Biscuit 72.7 58.1Chapati 69.4 48.0Dhokla 68.4 38.0instant idli 69.8 52.1pasta 71.3 54.1

source: mani et al. (1993).

Gluten intolerance, leading to protein allergy (specifically gliadin allergy), is a physiological disorder from which about 500,000 people suffer in the USA alone (Dahlberg et al., 2004). Pearl millet is gluten-free and, hence, has a good chance of being commercialized for the food-based management of this problem.

Pearl millet is rich in oil and linoleic acid accounts for 4% of the total fatty acids in this oil, giving it a higher percentage of n-3 fatty acids as compared to maize in which linoleic acid accounts for only 0.9% of the total fatty acids and, hence, is highly deficient in n-3 fatty acids. The n-3 fatty acids play an important role in many physiological functions, including platelet aggregation, cholesterol accumulation, and the immune system. Pearl millet in poultry feed can have a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of eggs and, consequently, on human health. In a poultry feeding trial, it was observed that eggs produced from layers fed a pearl millet-based diet had lower n-6 fatty acids and higher n-3 fatty acids and, thus, led to lower n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios than those fed corn-based diets (Table 24). These eggs are of special health value, especially for those prone to high levels of LDL in the cholesterol

38


The bran separated as a by-product during grain processing could serve as a source of the edible oil similar to that of rice bran oil. Deoiled bran from pearl millet has lower ash and silica contents as compared to that of deoiled rice bran. Thus, it could be efficiently used as a source of dietary fiber. Pearl millet bran contains a high proportion of soluble dietary fiber and could be tapped for hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects. In view of this, fiber-regulated pearl millet flakes could be an ideal snack for the obese and for calorie-conscious people (Hadimani and Malleshi, 1993).

Table 24. Cereal grains and egg composition of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids

Fatty acid DietCorn Corn + pearl millet Pearl millet

Diet composition of fatty acid (% of total fatty acids)total n-6 59.3 47.0 40.0total n-3 2.4 2.5 3.3n-6 : n-3 ratio 25.2 19.0 12.8

egg composition of fatty acid (mg/g yolk)

total n-6 66.8 55.6 47.3total n-3 5.1 5.5 5.7n-6 : n-3 ratio 13.1 10.1 8.3

Modified from Collins et al. (1997).

11.7 Drinks

Pearl millet flour is used in making different types of drinks. A fermented drink known as rab/rabari is consumed widely during summer months in Rajasthan. Similarly, traditional drink called as ‘Cumbu Cool’ is consumed in Tamil Nadu. The National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal has recently developed and launched pearl millet ‘lassi’ made from pearl millet flour Figure 16.

Figure 16. Pearl millet drink (lassi) prepared from pearl millet flour Source : Project Coordinator, AICPMIP, ICAR.


39

12 Opportunities for commercialization

One of the greatest constraints in the commercialization of pearl millet grain for food purposes has been a misplaced social stigma dubbing this as poor man’s crop primarily because it is grown in marginal environments, where poverty is common. Thus, pearl millet could not make it to the food basket of the urban elite whose consumption choices play a dominant role in the commercialization of any food product.

Grain quality and nutritional studies now show that pearl millet grains are more appropriate choice for the nutritional security of the rural and urban poor who have limited access to other sources of dietary components. In addition, pearl millet grains could also be more appropriate choices than the fine cereals such as wheat and rice for the elite who will benefit from their high nutraceutical properties. This will require different approaches to commercialize pearl millet to serve the widely different consumer classes.

Policy support from the governments plays a significant role in product and process commercialization, at least in the initial stages when the food products from grains of new crop species have to compete with those from the established crop species. For instance, subsidy on wheat and rice production almost all over the world plays a big role in their production and marketing. On top of this, is the subsidized procurement and supply of wheat and rice through the public distribution system in India. Similar support is not available to pearl millet. This leaves farmers with little incentive for investment in production as the returns are not economical when increased production leads to a drop in grain prices. The low-resource agriculture, characterized by rainfed cultivation of pearl millet crops with negligible external inputs, leads to low productivity with large variation in production and grain surplus across the years. The low volume and inconsistency in grain supplies reduce the dependability of producers for grain supplies, which is so essential for commercialization. Opportunities exist to drastically reduce or even eliminate these uncertainties through governmental policy support for increased and stable production and marketing of pearl millet grain surpluses.

Most of those involved in commercial grain processing and food manufacturing are not familiar with the possible alternative food uses and health value of pearl millet. Commercialization of pearl millet grains for alternative and health food uses needs to be viewed in a broader context from production to utilization, and emerging challenges and opportunities.

13 Recent initiatives by Govt. of India

In order to promote cultivation and consumption of millets based food products, the Government had announced an allocation of Rs. 300 Crores in

40


2011-12 under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). To achieve the above objectives, a scheme on “Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion (INSIMP)” was formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture which aimed to demonstrate the improved production and post-harvest technologies in an integrated manner with visible impact to catalyze increase in production of millets in the country. Besides increasing production of millets, the Scheme through processing and value addition techniques is expected to generate consumer demand for millet based food products.

Technology demonstration kits of critical inputs of nutrients and plant protection measures comprising of micro-nutrients, fungicides and bio-fertilizers, DAP, urea, potash and pesticides including weedicides at a total cost of Rs. 3,000/- per ha for pearl millet. These kits were supplied free of cost to the beneficiary farmers subject to maximum area of 2 hectare. Besides, to popularize the improved varieties/hybrids of millet crops, seed minikits for 0.40 ha area for every one hectare of area covered under demonstration was also to be supplied.

14. Policy options

1. In the long run pearl millet will continue to be an important cereal crop for national food security not only as a staple food but also through diversified and value added products and alternate uses. Production and productivity of pearl millet also has shown higher sustainability in rainfed areas. Keeping the future requirement of food and for the purpose of expanding food basket, pearl millet should be brought in the PDS and farmers should be encouraged through policy support to realize its fair price.

2. Industrial demand for grain based alcohol is also expected to propel a double digit growth rate. There is a huge demand for pearl millet towards extraction of alcohol, provided the starch content in pearl millet is increased from the present level of 55% to 65%. Presently, most of the distilleries are using broken rice in the distilleries, as rice has high starch content and the unit cost of starch from rice is cheaper than starch from the pearl millet. Hence, the demand for pearl millet from the distilleries depends on the relative prices of broken rice and pearl millet. Although the distilleries are using pearl millet for production of alcohol, but direct linkage and transparency between producers and end user is lacking. As a result the farmers do not get their fair share in its alternate uses.

3. With increase in production of pearl millet, larger proportion of pearl millet grain is being diverted to feed for cattle and poultry; for beverage industry and for alcohol production as well. However, there are no base-line surveys available on this aspect which is a major hindrance in alignment to harness its potential price.


41

4. Even though Minimum support prices (MSP) are offered by Government of India for millets similar to rice and wheat but farmers are not responding to millet cultivation due to (i) absence of procurement operations (ii) false notion that millets are nutritionally inferior to other cereals (iii) lopsided policy support compared to rice, wheat and other commercial crops. There is an urgent need to develop a strong market support through timely interventions

5. The price disadvantage of rainfed farmers due to lack of storage and bargaining capacity is exploited by middlemen who garner the produce during peak arrivals at harvest time and then store the grain to reap the time utility. The vertical integration capacities of small and marginal farmers are virtually non existent or poor which puts them at an additional disadvantage warehouse receipts have become negotiable instruments and should be promoted among the farmers.

6. Much of the millets in the rural areas are processed at household level by following a tedious method involving a considerable drudgery. There is vast scope to transfer information regarding modern technologies and benefits of value addition to the farmers. Providing backward and forward linkages for value chain using innovative value addition in domestic and international markets is required. Capacity building for social capital formation among farmers and consumers regarding their cooperation for millet cultivation and consumption is essential.

7. Pearl millet is more nutritious than other cereals but general public is not aware of this. Dedicated platform for publicity is needed to highlight pearl millet as nutritious food rather than branding it as poor man’s crop

8. There is an urgent need to breed varieties having extended shelf life of grain and reduced anti-nutritional, followed by improving keeping quality of the flour and exploring health benefits and nutriceutical value for pearl millet. Similarly suitable varieties need to be developed to meet the industrial demand for production of alcohol.

9. Entire area of pearl millet must be brought under a mission mode project through support from RKVY/NFSM which may include value addition as well as popularization of pearl millet as nutri cereal and enhancing its diversified products like biscuits, laddoo, cake, sev, vermicelli as well as drinks.

42


Annex

ure

-I

Lis

t of

Hybri

ds

of

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rl m

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eloped

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000,

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43

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44


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1.08

a

iCp

mip

mr

s

Jam

naga

r r

ajas

than

, g

ujar

at,

har

yana

, p

unja

b, n

ew

Del

hi,

up

and

mp

med

ium

mat

urity

, med

ium

tall,

com

pact

lanc

eola

te

earh

eads

, pu

rple

ant

hers

, gl

obul

ar g

rey

brow

n bo

ld g

rain

s


45

S.No

hybr

ids

Pare

ntag

e (A

x R

) No

tifica

tion

date

Br

ed a

t Ar

ea o

f ada

ptat

ion

Mat

urity

gro

up/d

urat

ion

and

salie

nt fe

atur

es

23g

hB

744

iC

ma

9844

4 x

J 23

40

10.0

1.08

a

iCp

mip

mr

s

Jam

naga

r r

ajas

than

, g

ujar

at,

har

yana

, p

unja

b, n

ew

Del

hi,

up

and

mp

med

ium

mat

urity

, med

ium

tall,

med

ium

thic

k st

em

with

bas

al p

igm

enta

tion,

com

pact

cyl

indr

ical

sha

ped

earh

eads

with

yel

low

ant

hers

, glo

bula

r gre

y br

own

grai

ns

24g

hB

757

iC

ma

9277

7 x

J 24

67

10.0

1.08

a

iCp

mip

mr

s

Jam

naga

r W

este

rn r

ajas

than

and

dr

ier

part

of g

ujar

at a

nd

har

yana

ear

ly m

atur

ity,

med

ium

tal

l, co

mpa

ct c

ylin

dric

al

shap

ed e

arhe

ads

with

pur

ple

anth

ers,

glo

bula

r gr

ey b

row

n gr

ains

25g

hB

719

iC

ma

9522

2 x

J 24

54

06.0

2.07

a

iCp

mip

mr

s

Jam

naga

r W

este

rn r

ajas

than

and

dr

ier

part

of g

ujar

at a

nd

har

yana

70-7

5 da

ys m

atur

ity, f

ully

exe

rted

coni

cal s

hape

d,

com

pact

and

bris

tled

earh

eads

, glo

bula

r, m

ediu

m in

si

ze,

grey

col

oure

d gr

ains

, to

lera

nt t

o dr

ough

t.

26n

mh

68

(nan

di 6

2)

iCm

a 97

444

x n

mp

48

5.10

.07

new

nan

di

ahm

edab

ad

raj

asth

an,

guj

arat

, p

unja

b, n

ew D

elhi

, u

p an

d m

p

late

mat

urity

, ta

ll, p

ubes

cent

nod

es,

com

pact

cy

lindr

ical

ear

head

s th

at a

re s

light

ly t

aper

ing

27B

230

1 B

000

9a x

B

5103

r

5.10

.07

Zuar

i see

ds l

td.

Ban

galo

re

mah

aras

htra

, K

arna

taka

, a

ndhr

a p

rade

sh,

tam

il n

adu

late

mat

urity

, med

ium

tall,

com

pact

spi

ndle

sha

ped

earh

eads

, gl

obul

ar g

rey

bold

gra

ins

28g

hB

538

iC

ma

9544

4 x

J 23

40

25.0

8.05

a

iCp

mip

mr

s

Jam

naga

r W

este

rn r

ajas

than

and

dr

ier

part

of g

ujar

at a

nd

har

yana

early

mat

urity

, hig

hly

resi

stan

t to

moi

stur

e st

ress

es,

resi

stan

ce t

o do

wny

mild

ew a

nd lo

dgin

g

29h

hB

67

impr

oved

iC

ma

843-

22

x h

77/

833-

2-20

2

05.1

1.05

a

iCp

mip

CC

s h

au

h

isar

W

este

rn r

ajas

than

and

dr

ier

part

of g

ujar

at a

nd

har

yana

ext

ra e

arly

mat

urity

, hi

ghly

res

ista

nt t

o m

oist

ure

stre

sses

, re

sist

ant

to d

owny

mild

ew.

The

first

co

mm

erci

al c

ultiv

ars

deve

lope

d us

ing

mar

ker-

assi

sted

sel

ectio

n in

ind

ia.

46


S.No

hybr

ids

Pare

ntag

e (A

x R

) No

tifica

tion

date

Br

ed a

t Ar

ea o

f ada

ptat

ion

Mat

urity

gro

up/d

urat

ion

and

salie

nt fe

atur

es

30g

hB

577

Jm

s a

101

x

J 24

05

4.02

.04

aiC

pm

ip m

rs

Ja

mna

gar

raj

asth

an,

har

yana

, m

p,

guj

arat

, u

p, n

ew D

elhi

80

-85

days

, ta

ll, m

ediu

m t

hick

ste

m w

ith b

asal

pi

gmen

tatio

n, s

emi-c

ompa

ct c

ylin

dric

al e

arhe

ads

with

slig

htly

inco

mpl

ete

exer

tion,

glo

bula

r gr

ains

31p

B 1

80

ps

p 41

x

pp

29

4.02

.04

pro

agr

o h

yder

abad

s

umm

er c

ultiv

atio

n ar

eas

of r

ajas

than

, g

ujar

at a

nd

othe

r st

ates

85 d

ays,

tall,

hig

h til

lerin

g, p

ubes

cent

gre

en n

odes

, co

mpa

ct c

andl

e sh

aped

ear

head

s, y

ello

w a

nthe

rs,

obov

ate

dark

gre

y gr

ains

32h

hB

117

h

ms

7 a

x

h77

/29-

2 4.

02.0

4 a

iCp

mip

CC

s h

au

h

isar

h

arya

na

74-7

8 da

ys, m

ediu

m ta

ll, y

ello

w a

nthe

rs, c

ompa

ct

cand

le-s

hape

d

33h

hB

146

iC

ma

9522

2 x

htp

94

/ 54

12.0

3.03

a

iCp

mip

CC

s h

au

h

isar

and

iC

ris

at

raj

asth

an,

har

yana

, m

p,

guj

arat

, u

p, n

ew D

elhi

75

-80

days

, ta

ll, v

iole

t no

des,

hai

ry l

eaf

shea

th,

long

wel

l- fil

led

com

pact

ear

head

s, o

bova

te g

rey

grai

ns,

slow

sen

esce

nce

34g

hB

558

iC

ma

9455

5 x

J 22

90

12.0

3.03

a

iCp

mip

mr

s

Jam

naga

r a

ll in

dia

75-8

0 da

ys, m

ediu

m ta

ll, b

road

leav

es, l

ong

thic

k co

mpa

ct c

andl

e sh

aped

ear

head

s, y

ello

w a

nthe

rs,

obov

ate

dark

gre

y bo

ld g

rain

s

35g

hB

526

iC

ma

9522

2 x

J 23

72

12.0

3.03

a

iCp

mip

mr

s

Jam

naga

r s

umm

er c

ultiv

atio

n ar

eas

acro

ss i

ndia

85

day

s, m

ediu

m ta

ll, g

ood

tille

ring,

nar

row

leav

es

with

gre

enis

h w

hite

mid

-rib

, goo

d ex

ertio

n, y

ello

w

anth

ers,

com

pact

con

ical

ear

head

s, o

bova

te g

rey

brow

n gr

ains

36p

B 1

72

ps

p 35

x

pp

27

12.0

3.03

p

ro a

gro,

hyd

erab

ad

sum

mer

cul

tivat

ion

area

s of

guj

arat

84

day

s, m

ediu

m ta

ll, g

ood

node

s, c

ompa

ct c

andl

e sh

aped

ear

head

s, y

ello

w a

nthe

rs,

glob

ular

gre

y gr

ains

3776

88

ph

03

x p

h

05

2.02

.01

pio

neer

, h

yder

abad

a

ll in

dia

78-8

0 da

ys,

tall,

hai

ry g

reen

int

erno

des,

lig

ht

purp

le a

nthe

rs,

com

pact

cyl

indr

ical

ear

head

s,

grey

gra

ins


47

S.No

hybr

ids

Pare

ntag

e (A

x R

) No

tifica

tion

date

Br

ed a

t Ar

ea o

f ada

ptat

ion

Mat

urity

gro

up/d

urat

ion

and

salie

nt fe

atur

es

38p

B 1

06

(pro

agr

o 94

43)

ps

p 41

x

pp

6 2.

02.0

1 p

roa

gro,

hyd

erab

ad

all

indi

a 76

-80

days

, tal

l, ba

sal p

igm

enta

tion

purp

le, p

urpl

e an

ther

s, c

onic

al s

emi-

com

pact

ear

head

s w

ith ta

n br

istle

s, m

ediu

m g

rey

grai

ns

39p

B 1

12

(pro

agr

o 94

45)

ps

p 35

x

pp

1 15

.11.

01

pro

agr

o, h

yder

abad

r

ajas

than

, h

arya

na,

mp,

g

ujar

at,

up,

Del

hi

85-8

8 da

ys,

tall,

goo

d til

lerin

g, g

labr

ous

gree

n no

des,

com

pact

con

ical

ear

head

s, y

ello

w a

nthe

rs,

bold

and

glo

bula

r gr

ey g

rain

s

40r

hB

121

iC

ma

8911

1 x

riB

313

5-18

15.1

1.01

a

iCp

mip

ar

s

Dur

gapu

ra,

Jaip

ur

raj

asth

an,

har

yana

, m

p,

guj

arat

, u

p, D

elhi

85

day

s, m

ediu

m t

all,

com

pact

thi

ck c

onic

al

earh

eads

, ye

llow

ant

hers

, lo

ng p

urpl

e br

istle

s,

glob

ular

gre

y br

own

grai

ns

41n

andi

35

nm

s 1

1a x

n

mp

42

15.1

1.01

n

ew n

andi

a

hmed

abad

m

ahar

asht

ra,

Kar

nata

ka,

ap,

tn

80

day

s, ta

ll, c

ylin

dric

al e

arhe

ads,

non

-pig

men

ted

node

s an

d m

ediu

m s

ize

grey

gra

ins

42C

ohC

u 8

732

a x

pt

4450

15

.11.

01

aiC

pm

ip t

na

u

Coi

mbt

ore

tam

il n

adu

80-8

5 da

ys,

tall,

con

ical

ear

head

s, o

bova

te g

rey

brow

n gr

ains

43h

hB

94

iCm

a 89

111

x g

73 –

107

3.

04.2

000

aiC

pm

ip C

Cs

ha

u

his

ar

har

yana

73

-76

days

, m

ediu

m t

all,

sync

hron

ous

tille

ring,

se

mi-

com

pact

cyl

indr

ical

ear

head

s, y

ello

w a

nthe

rs,

obov

ate

grey

gra

ins

44r

hB

90

81 a

x r

iB

3135

- 1

8 13

.09.

2000

a

iCp

mip

ar

s

Dur

gapu

ra,

Jaip

ur

raj

asth

an

85 d

ays,

med

ium

tall,

com

pact

cyl

indr

ical

ear

head

s,

yello

w a

nthe

rs,

purp

le b

ristle

s, o

bova

te y

ello

w

brow

n gr

ains

48


Annex

ure

-II

Lis

t of

open

-poll

inat

ed v

arie

ties

of

pea

rl m

ille

t dev

eloped

sin

ce 2

000,

thei

r ar

ea o

f ad

opti

on

and s

alie

nt

char

acte

rist

ics

S.N

o.

Varie

ty

Not

ifica

tion

date

B

red

at

Are

a of

ada

ptat

ion

Mat

urity

gro

up a

nd s

alie

nt f

eatu

res

1m

ando

r B

ajra

C

ompo

site

2 (

mB

C 2

) (m

p 48

9)

10.1

0.20

11

sK

ra

u, a

.r.s

m

ando

r, Jo

dhpu

r D

rier

parts

of

raj

asth

an,

har

ayan

a, g

ujar

at

ear

ly m

atur

ing,

med

ium

hei

ght,

med

ium

lon

g se

mi

com

pact

cyl

indr

ical

ear

head

s, o

bvat

e gr

ey c

olou

red

seed

2p

usa

Com

posi

te 6

12

(mp

480)

25

.03.

11

aiC

pm

ip i

ar

i, n

ew D

elhi

m

ahar

asht

ra,

Kar

nata

ka,

and

hra

pra

desh

, ta

mil

nad

u

med

ium

mat

urity

, m

ediu

m t

o ta

ll pl

ant

heig

ht,

com

pact

cy

lindr

ical

ear

head

s

3p

usa

Com

posi

te 4

43

(mp

443)

11

.02.

09

aiC

pm

ip i

ar

i, n

ew D

elhi

r

ajas

than

, h

aray

ana,

g

ujar

at

ear

ly m

atur

ity,

med

ium

tal

l, ro

d sh

aped

ear

head

s w

ith

bold

gra

in

4p

CB

164

20

.07.

07

aiC

pm

ip p

au

lu

dhia

na

pun

jab

85-8

8 da

ys,

dual

pur

pose

var

iety

with

bro

ad l

eave

s,

thic

k st

alks

, cyl

indr

ical

ear

head

s, b

red

from

sev

en e

lite

popu

latio

n an

d 27

div

erse

inbr

ed li

nes

5JB

V 4

(m

p 40

3)

20.0

7.07

a

iCp

mip

Co

a g

wal

ior

mp

mat

ure

in 7

5 da

ys, m

ediu

m ta

ll, th

ick

stem

med

. pla

nts

with

man

y le

aves

, sl

ate

grey

see

ds.

6p

pC

-6 (

par

bhan

i s

ampa

da)

02.0

2.05

a

iCp

mip

r

rs

na

rp

aur

anga

bad

mah

aras

hatra

75

-80

days

, med

ium

tall,

ligh

t pin

k no

des,

bol

d gr

ains

, br

ed f

rom

8 in

bred

line

s

7C

oCu

9 28

.08.

05

aiC

pm

ip t

na

u

Coi

mba

tore

r

ainf

ed/

irrig

ated

co

nditi

ons

in t

amil

nad

u 80

-85

days

, ta

ll, s

emi-c

ompa

ct t

o co

mpa

ct,

cand

le/

cylin

dric

al s

hape

d ea

rhea

ds,

grey

gra

ins

with

yel

low

ba

se.


49

S.N

o.

Varie

ty

Not

ifica

tion

date

B

red

at

Are

a of

ada

ptat

ion

Mat

urity

gro

up a

nd s

alie

nt f

eatu

res

8C

Zp 9

802

12.0

3.03

C

aZr

i Jo

dhpu

r D

ry a

reas

of

raj

asth

an,

guj

arat

and

har

yana

70

-72

days

, med

ium

tall,

goo

d til

lerin

g, th

in s

tem

, nar

row

le

aves

, th

in c

andl

e-sh

aped

ear

head

s, y

ello

wis

h gr

ains

of

med

ium

siz

e, d

roug

ht t

oler

ant,

very

hig

h st

over

of

good

qua

lity

9h

C 2

0 4.

09.0

2 a

iCp

mip

CC

s

ha

u h

isar

h

arya

na

80-8

3 da

ys,

tall,

com

pact

thi

ck c

ylin

dric

al e

arhe

ads,

ye

llow

ant

hers

, ob

ovat

e gr

ey g

rain

s, d

evel

oped

fro

m

s1

prog

enie

s de

rived

fro

m a

gen

e po

ol s

elec

ted

for

drou

ght

tole

ranc

e

10JB

V 3

(g

iCK

V 9

6752

) 2.

02.0

1 a

iCp

mip

g

wal

ior

and

iCr

isat

raj

asth

an,

har

yana

, m

p,

guj

arat

, u

p, n

ew D

elhi

82

day

s, ta

ll, lo

ng c

ompa

ct c

ylin

dric

al e

arhe

ads,

yel

low

an

ther

s, o

bova

te g

rey

grai

ns,

deve

lope

d fro

m c

ycle

3

of s

rC

ii

11p

usa

Com

posi

te

383

15.1

1.01

ia

ri,

new

Del

hi

raj

asth

an,

har

yana

, m

p,

guj

arat

, u

p, n

ew D

elhi

82

day

s, t

all,

thic

k st

ems

and

pani

cles

, re

sist

ant

to

lodg

ing

and

dow

ny m

ildew

12a

imp

9290

1 (s

amru

dhi)

15.1

1.01

a

iCp

mip

r

rs

na

rp

aur

anga

bad

mah

aras

htra

, K

arna

taka

, a

ndhr

a p

rade

sh,

tam

il n

adu

80 d

ays,

med

ium

hei

ght,

cylin

dric

al c

ompa

ct e

arhe

ads

slig

htly

tap

erin

g to

war

ds t

ip,

bold

dee

p gr

ey g

rain

s

13h

C 1

0 3.

04.2

000

aiC

pm

ip C

Cs

h

au

his

ar

har

yana

75

-80

days

, tal

l, m

ediu

m th

ick

sem

i- co

mpa

ct e

arhe

ads,

pu

rple

ant

hers

, ob

ovat

e gr

ey b

row

n gr

ains

, a

dual

-pu

rpos

e va

riety

dev

elop

ed f

rom

hig

h yi

eldi

ng,

early

flow

erin

g an

d dr

ough

t to

lera

nt N

ELC

50


References

Badi, S.M. and Hoseney, R.C. 1976. Use of sorghum and pearl millet flours in cookies. Cereal Chemistry 53 (5) : 733-738.

Basavaraj, G., Parthasarathy, R., Bhagavatula, Shraavya and Ahmed, Wasim. 2010. Availability ad Utilization of Pearl Millet in India. Ejournal.icrisat.org (An open Access Journal of ICRISAT); 8 : 1-6.

Bhaskaran, V., Mahadevamma, Malleshi, N.G., Shankara, R. and Lokesh, B.R. 1999. Acceptability of supplementary food based on popped cereals and legumes suitable for rural mothers and children. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition 53 : 237-247.

CFTRI. 1985. Annual Report 1984-85. Mysor e, India: CFTRI. 11 pp.

Chaturvedi, A. and Sarojini, G. 1996. Malting of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoidum) : its effects on starch and protein digestibilities. Journal of Food Science and Technology 33 (4) : 343 - 344.

Chaudhary S. 1993. Preparation of nutritional evaluation of some traditional foods from pearl millet. M.Sc thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. 98 pp.

Chavan, J.K and Kachare, D.P. 1994. Effect of seed treatment on lipolytic deterioration of pearl millet flour during storage. Journal of Food Science and Technology 31 : 81-82.

Collins, V.P., Cantor, A.H., Pescatore. A.J., Straw, M.L. and Ford, M.J. 1997 : Pearl Millet in Layer Diets Enhances Egg Yolk n-3 Fatty Acids. Poultry Science 76 : 326–330.

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Hadimani, N. A. and Malleshi, N. G. 1993. Studies on milling, physico-chemical properties, nutrient composition and dietary fibre content of millet s. Journal of Food Science and Technology 30(1) : 193-198.

Hadimani, N.A., Murali Krishna, G., Tharanathan, R.N. and Malleshi, N.G. 2001. Nature of carbohydrates and proteins in three pearl millet varieties varying in processing Characteristics and kernel texture. Journal of Cereal Science 32:17-25.

Kadlag, R.V., Chavan, J.K. and Kachare, D.P. 1995. Effect of seed treatment s and storage on the changes in lipids of pearl millet meal. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 45 : 279-285.


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Malleshi, N.G. and Klopfenstein, C.F. 1998. Nutrient composition and amino acid contents of malted sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet and their milling fractions. Journal of Food Science and Technology 35(3) : 247-249.

Malleshi, N.G., Hadimani, N.A., Chinnaswamy, R. and Klopfenstein, C.F. 1996. Physical and nutritional qualities of extruded weaning foods containing sorghum, pearl millet, or finger millet blended with mung beans and non fat dried milk. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition 49 : 181-189.

Mani, U.V., Prabhu, B.M., Damle, S.S. and Mani, I. 1993. Glycemic index of some commonly consumed foods in western India. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2 : 111-114.

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Poonam. 2002. Effect of acid and heat treatment on nutrient composition and shelf life of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) flour. M.Sc thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. 106 pp.

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Rekha. 1997. Efficacy of processing techniques in the utilization of pearl millet for value added products. M.Sc thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. 125 pp.

Singh, G. 2003. Development and nutritional evaluation of value added products from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Ph.D thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India.

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Sowbhagya, C.M. and Ali, S.Z. 2001a. Vermicelli noodles and their quality characteristics. Journal of Food Science and Technolology 38 : 423-432.

Sowbhagya, C.M. and Ali, S.Z. 2001b. A process for manufacturing high fibre low fat vermicelli noodles from millets. Indian Patent 1128/DEIV99.

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Yadav, O.P. Project-Coordinator, Pearl Millet, ICAR. 2012: Personal Communication.

Other Publications of NRAA

1. harmonization of Wasteland/Degraded land of india 2008

2. Common guidelines for Watershed Development projects (english) 2008

3. Common guidelines for Watershed Development projects (hindi) 2008

4. hiware Bazar – an experience in integrated natural resource management (success stories series:1)

2008

5. soybean Based Farming systems for improving livelihood of rainfed areas (policy paper–1)

2008

6. harnessing opportunities in rainfed areas (Vision 2025) 2009

7. rainfed livelihoods – progressive paradigms (position paper–1) 2009

8. Drought mitigation strategies (position paper-2) 2009

9. Food security, Water and energy nexus ( position paper-3) 2009

10. high rainfall/Flood management strategies ( position paper-4) 2009

11. perspectives and problems of primary producers Companies (Case studies no.1)

2009

12. Farmer – Industry Partnership for Diversified Livelihood and Raw Material production – an itC Case study (nraa Case study : 2)

2009

13. report of Central team on Drought mitigation strategy for Bundelkhand region of uttar pradesh and madhya pradesh (report no.1)

2009

14. project proposal (mini Dpr) for simultaneous treatment of Fringe Forest and adjoining non-Forest lands for Conservation of Water Biodiversity, sustainability of JFm and poverty alleviation

2009

15. Challenges of Food security and its management – (position paper-5) 2011

16. impact of high rainfall/Floods on ground Water resources in Krishna river Basin (During 1999-2009) (study report-2)

2011

17. Monitoring and Evaluation of a Artificial Recharge of Ground Water programmes/schemes/projects in the rainfed regions of maharashtra (study report-3)

2011

18. technologies for increasing production of rabi Crops in Bundelkhand (technical Bulletin no.1)

2011

19. Common guidelines for Watershed Development projects- 2008, revised edition 2011

2011

20. impact evaluation of Watershed activities on Forest Conservation and livelihood of people – a Case study of Kalimati Watershed in uttarakhand state

2011

21. impact evaluation of Watershed activities on Forest Conservation and livelihood of people – a Case study of Fakot Watershed in uttarakhand state

2011

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2011

23. prioritization of rainfed areas in india – (study report 4) 2012

Documents

Policy Paper No. 2 - National Rainfed Area Authority …nraa.gov.in/pdf/Pearl_Millet_in_india_Policy_paper2.pdfCitation NRAA, 2012, Products, Diversification, Marketing and Price Discovery