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Policy Framework for
Space Security Activities
in the European Union
Frank Asbeck
Principal Advisor
European External Action Service
30 April 2015
EEAS1
“Space Security in the 21st Century”
Overview
30 April 2015
EEAS2
• The Development of the
Policy Framework
• Earth Observation
• Navigation
• Security for Space
30 April 2015
European Space Actors
• European States
EU MS and European organizations own and operate some 150 satellites (civilian, military and dual-use space systems)
• The European Space Agency (22 Member States)
• The European Union (28 Member States)
3EEAS
European Union and ESA
30 April 2015
EEAS4
The European Framework
30 April 2015
EEAS5
Space in Europe before 1990
30 April 2015 6
• Bipolar system US-USSR
• Military space usage by both superpowers
• NATO as the framework for security coperation
• Europeans participated in military space activities
via NATO
• Bilateral intelligence cooperation with the US
• European space ativities R&D – oriented
• French / British interest in space / space security
• Emerging Security Identity
European Space Activities
30 April 2015 7
1960: COPERS
1962: ELDO, ESRO, ESRIN
1965: Diamant (France)
1971: Black Arrow (GBR)
1975: ESA
• Research / development - oriented
• French / (British) lead
• Parallel intergovernmental (ESA)
and national activities
ESA Convention 1975
30 April 2015
EEAS8
Article II
Purpose
The purpose of the Agency shall be to provide for
and to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes,
cooperation among European States in space
research and technology and their space
applications, with a view to their being used for
scientific purposes and for operational space
applications systems ...
The Evolution of
EU Space Security
3. Februar 2015 9
1989 – 1991
• Collapse of the bipolar system
• Uncertanties about the Balkans
• European participation in the
Gulf War
• Requirement for European
decision-making in security
matters
• New Role for WEU
Maastricht Declaration
of 10 December 1991
30 April 2015
EEAS10
• Develop a genuine European
security and defence identity
• Strengthen the role of WEU
• WEU as the Defence component
of the European Union
• Perspective of a common defence policy within
the European Union which might in time lead to a
common defence, compatible with that of the
Atlantic Alliance
• WEU moves to Brussels
WEU Satellite Centre
30 April 2015
EEAS11
WEU Ministerial 27 June 1991 Vianden (LUX):
„With the aim of intensifying space cooperation within the WEU
and giving concrete expression to that cooperation, Ministers
decided to:
• Set up a satellite data interpretation Centre whose immediate
task would be to train European experts in the photo-
interpretation of satellite-derived data, to compile and process
accessible data and to make those data available to Member
States, particular within the framework oft he verification of
arms control agreements, crisis monitoring and environmental
monitoring. ...
• task the ad-hoc group on space to pursue studies on the
possibilities for medium- and long-term cooperation on a
European satellite observation system.“
3. Februar 2015
EEAS12
COMMON VISION
FOR
FOR COMMON DECISIONFOR
COMMON ACTION
Presidency Report on strengthening the Common European
Policy on Security and Defence
… 3. Decision Making
“Furthermore, the EU will need a capacity for analysis of
situations, sources of intelligence, and a capability for
relevant strategic planning. This may require in particular:
• regular (or ad hoc) meetings of the General Affairs
Council, as appropriate including Defence Ministers;
• a permanent body in Brussels (Political and Security
Committee) … ;
• an EU Military Committee … ;
• a EU Military Staff including a Situation Centre;
• other resources such as a Satellite Centre, … .”
Cologne European Council
3-4 June 1999
The Evolution of
EU Space Security
3. Februar 2015 14
New
Imagery
Governmental Satellite Imagery
Helios 2Helios 1a
Cosmo-SkyMed 1 to 4
SAR-Lupe 1 to 5 Pleiades 1 Pleiades 2
Helios 2B
World View 1
Cartosat 2Eros 1B
Formosat
Kompsat 2
IRS P6
Spot 5
Quickbird
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Launch Year
Reso
luti
on
(m
ete
rs)
Terrasar-X
Radarsat 2
Topsat
Ikonos
Eros 1A
Cartosat 2A
2010 2011 2012
Cartosat 1
Cosmo SkyMed
Sentinel 3 (300m)
Pleiades 1/2
GeoEye 1 World View
2
Eros 1C
Rapid Eye 1 - 5
TanDEM-X
Sentinel 1
Sentinel 2 (10m+)
GeoEye 2
Theos
Alos
Kompsat 3
Kompsat - 5
Astroterra
DMC Nigeriasat 2
Seosat
Satellite Sensors:
Resolution and Availability
The Evolution of
EU Space Security
3. Februar 2015 16
New Customers:
• CSDP struc-
tures in EEAS
• ESS as tasking
framework
• EU Missions
and Operations
• Organised Crime
• Regional Conflicts
• Proliferation
• Terrorism
• Failed States
The European Security Strategy
“Key Threats” (2003)
30 April 2015
EEAS18
EU CSDP Missions and Operations (Completed)
30 April 2015
EEAS19
Current EU Missions and Operations
• 16 EU CSDP
Missions and
Operations ongoing
• + 16 completed
• Some 3000
personnel currently
involved
The Evolution of
EU Space Security
3. Februar 2015 20
The Lisbon Treaty:
• EU Mandate for a
Space Policy
• The High
Representative is
responsible for
CFSP and CSDP
The Treaty on the Functioning of
the European Union
30 April 2015
EEAS21
Article 189
1. To promote scientific and technical progress, industrial
competitiveness and the implementation of its policies, the Union
shall draw up a European space policy. To this end, it may
promote joint initiatives, support research and technological
development and coordinate the efforts needed for the
exploration and exploitation of space.
2. ... the European Parliament and the Council, ... shall establish
the necessary measures, which may take the form of a
European space programme, excluding any harmonisation of the
laws and regulations of the Member States.
3. The Union shall establish any appropriate relations with the
European Space Agency.
30 April 2015 22
Council HR/VP
EEAS
•Space Task Force
•Security Policy Dir
•EU Military Staff
•IntCentre
•Situation Room
•…
European
Commission
European
Parliament
• DG GROW
• DG JRC
• …
EU Agencies:
Space Policy
TFEU Art. 189CFSP and CSDP (TEU Title V, Chapter 2)
Committees
Space Actors within the EU
SatCen
EDA
GSA
30 April 2015 23
Council HR/VP
EEAS
•Space Task Force
•Security Policy Dir
•EU Military Staff
•IntCentre
•Situation Room
•…
European
Commission
European
Parliament
• DG GROW
• DG JRC
• …
Space Policy
TFEU Art. 189
Committees
Space Policy Decisions (Art. 189)
SatCen
EDA
GSA
Regulations
Directives
Decisions
The Commission proposes
30 April 2015 24
Council HR/VP
EEAS
•Space Task Force
•Security Policy Dir
•EU Military Staff
•IntCentre
•Situation Room
•…
European
Commission
European
Parliament
• DG GROW
• DG JRC
• …
EU Agencies:
Space Policy
TFEU Art. 189CFSP and CSDP (TEU Title V, Chapter 2)
Committees
CFSP Decisions (TEU Title V)
SatCen
EDA
GSA
Council Decisions
Overview
30 April 2015 25
• The Development of the
Policy Framework
• Earth Observation
• The EU Satellite Centre
• GMES / Copernicus
• Navigation
• Security for Space
The EU Satellite Centre (1)
30 April 2015
EEAS26
Article 2
Mission and activities
1. SATCEN shall support the decision making and actions of the
Union in the field of the CFSP and in particular the CSDP,
including European Union crisis management missions and
operations, by providing, at the request of the Council or the HR,
products and services resulting from the exploitation of relevant
space assets and collateral data, including satellite and aerial
imagery, and related services, ...
2. ...
The EU Satellite Centre (2)
30 April 2015
EEAS27
2. And In the framework of SATCEN's mission, the HR shall also,
Upon request …, direct SATCEN to provide products or services
to:
i. a Member State, the European External Action Service
(EEAS), the Commission, or Union agencies or bodies with
which SATCEN cooperates pursuant to Article 18;
ii. Third States having agreed to the provisions set out in the
Annex on the association with SATCEN's activities;
iii. if the request is relevant in the field of the CFSP, in
particular of the CSDP, international organisations such as
the United Nations, the Organisation for Security and
Cooperation in Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation (NATO).
The EU Satellite Centre (3)
30 April 2015
EEAS28
SatCen users 2013
• Budget ca. 14 Mio. €
• Ca. 110 staff
• The HR issues operational
direction
• Political and Security
Committee exercises
political control
• Ca. 1000 products p.a.
• Imagery: commercial and
governmental data (Member
States‘ military satellites)
• Security environment
Copernicus
30 April 2015
EEAS29
• 6 Services
• Ca. 3.8 billion € for the
time period 2014-2020
• Ca. 60% for space
component, ca 40% for
ground component and
services
• “GMES-Global Monitoring for Environment and Security”
• The European programme for Earth Observation
and Monitoring.
• Coordinated, funded and managed by the European
Commission (Regulation 377/2014 of 4 April 2014).
Atmo-
sphereLand
Climate Marine
Emergen-
cy
Security
Copernicus: Legal Basis
30 April 2015
EEAS30
REGULATION (EU) No 377/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL
of 3 April 2014 establishing the Copernicus Programme
Sensitive Copernicus Services
EEAS31
Article 5
Copernicus service component
1. The Copernicus service component shall consist of the following
services:
...
e) the emergency management service, which is to provide information
for emergency response in relation to different types of disasters,
including meteorological hazards, geophysical hazards, deliberate
and accidental man-made disasters and other humanitarian
disasters, as well as the prevention, preparedness, response and
recovery activities;
f) the security service, which is to provide information in support of the
civil security challenges of Europe improving crisis prevention,
preparedness and response capacities, in particular for border and
maritime surveillance, but also support for the Union's external
action, ...
Copernicus security aspects
30 April 2015
EEAS32
Article 25
Protection of security interests
1. The Commission shall evaluate the security framework of
Copernicus, ... . To that end, the Commission shall assess the
necessary security measures which shall be designed to avoid any
risks or threats for the interest or security of the Union or its Member
States, ... .
2. On the basis of the evaluation referred to in paragraph 1, the
Commission shall ... establish the necessary security-related
technical specifications for Copernicus. ....
3. ...
4. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, the Council shall adopt the
measures to be taken whenever the security of the Union or its
Member States could be affected by data and information provided
by Copernicus.
3. Februar 2015 33
© European Commission
30 April 2015
© European Commission34
Overview
30 April 2015
EEAS35
• The Development of the
Policy Framework
• Earth Observation
• Navigation
• Security for Space
18 June, 2015
Document Title
36
Open Service (OS)Freely accessible service for
positioning, navigation, and timing
Public Regulated Service
(PRS)
Encrypted service designed for greater
robustness and higher availability
Search and Rescue
Service (SAR)
Assists locating people in distress and
confirms that help is on the way
Commercial Service (CS)Delivers authentication and high accuracy
services for commercial applications
GALILEO: The European Satellite System for
Global Navigation, Positioning and Timing
Managed by the European Commission and the
European GNSS Agency (Prague)
4 Services:
GALILEO
© European Commission
Galileo: Legal Bases
• REGULATION (EU) No 912/2010 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 22 September 2010
setting up the European GNSS Agency, repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1321/2004 on
the establishment of structures for the management of the European satellite radio navigation
programmes and amending Regulation (EC) No 683/2008 of the European Parliament and of
the Council
• DECISION No 1104/2011/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 25 October 2011
on the rules for access to the public regulated service provided by the global navigation satellite
system established under the Galileo programme
• REGULATION (EU) No 1285/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL
of 11 December 2013
on the implementation and exploitation of European satellite navigation systems and repealing
Council Regulation (EC) No 876/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 683/2008 of the European
Parliament and of the Council
• COUNCIL DECISION 2014/496/CFSP of 22 July 2014
on aspects of the deployment, operation and use of the European Global Navigation Satellite
System affecting the security of the European Union and repealing Joint Action 2004/552/CFSP
30 April 2015
EEAS37
Public Regulated Service
PRS is a navigation service:
• restricted to government-authorised users,
• for sensitive applications which require effective
access control and a high level of service continuity.
• free of charge for the Member States, the Council, the
Commission, EEAS and, where appropriate, duly
authorised Union agencies
• May be made available to international organisations
and third states, under strict conditions and with the
agreement of all EU Member States
18 June, 2015
EEASDocument TitleEEAEEE
38
30 April 2015
GALILEO Roadmap
18 June, 2015
Document Title
39
Galileo System Testbed v1
Validation of critical algorithms
GIOVE A/B
2 test satellites
In-Orbit Validation
4 fully operational satellites
and ground segment
Initial Operational Capability
Early services for OS, SAR, PRS
and demonstrator for CS
2003
2005/2008
2013
2015-2016
Full Operational Capability
Full services, 30 satellites
2020
© European Commission
Status:
• Today 8 satellites in orbit
• Latest Launch: 27 March 2015
• 4 more satellites to be launched
in 2015
Galileo Control Centres
18 June, 2015
Document Title
40
30 April 2015
© European Commission
"Threats"
Usage of Galileo timing and
geopositioning information for terrorist
attacks or by unfriendly forces against
EU or Member State operations
41
Jamming of the Galileo Satellites
(uplinks and downlinks) leading to the
loss of satellites, degradation or
suspension of Galileo services and
ultimately the loss of the Galileo system.
30 April 2015
Council Decision 2014/496
EEAS42
Article 1
This Decision sets out the responsibilities to be
exercised by the Council and the HR to avert a threat
to the security of the Union or one or more Member
States or to mitigate serious harm to the essential
interests of the Union or of one or more Member
States arising from the deployment, operation or use
of the European Global Navigation Satellite System,
in particular as a result of an international situation
requiring action by the Union or in the event of a
threat to the operation of the system itself or its
services.
30 April 2015
EEAS43
• I case of a threat, the Member States, the Commission
and/or the GSA inform the Council and the High
Representative.
• The decision-making power moves from the Commission to
the Council which issues the necessary instructions to the
GSA.
• Commission and GSA support the Council, the Political and
Security Committee provides an opinion.
• In urgent cases, the HR issues a provisionary instruction.
• Member States support the implementation of instructions
COUNCIL DECISION 2014/496/CFSP
of 22 July 2014
on aspects of the deployment, operation and use of the European Global Navigation
Satellite System affecting the security of the European Union
Council Decision 2014/496
30 April 2015
Overview
EEAS44
• The Development of the Policy
Framework
• Earth Observation
• Navigation
• Security for Space
• Space Situational Awareness / Space
Surveillance and Tracking
• Code of Conduct for Outer Space
Activities30 April 2015
Hazards
• Natural• Space weather
• Meteorites
• Ground Infrastructures
• Man Made• Debris
• Congestion
• RF Interference
• Ground Infrastructure
Hazards and Threats to
Space Assets
Threats
• Kinetics
• Cyber
• Dazzle
• RF jamming• Up Link
• Down Link
• Spoofing
• ASAT
30 April 2015
Space Debris
Size Number of objects Effect Visibility
>10cm~22,000 (16,000
catalogued)
Complete
destructionvisible
1-10cm~500,000
(statistics)
Destruction or
serious damageHardly visible
<1cm~100,000,000
(statistics)
Damage, sensor
loss Not visible
Origin (Examples)
• Fragmentation debris. Large fragments of satellites or
launchers, e.g. following explosions or collisions
• Dead satellites; ca. 2400 currently in earth orbit
• Mission-related debris; abgestoßene Objekte im Rahmen von
Missionen (Verkleidungen und Montageteile von Antennen oder
Solarpanels, Treibstoffreste, Na-/K-Kühlmittelreste etc.);
• Launcher upper stages; launch vehicle stages used to place
satellites in orbit.
• US: World-wide Space
Surveillance Network
• US provides data to space-
faring nations, incl. EU/ESA
• SSA data are sensitive and have
military importance
• Some EU Member States and
ESA have appropriate sensors
• EU initiative to pool EU
capabilities
• ESA will focus on „space
weather“ and near-earth objects
SSA: Current Situation
© http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usspc-fs/space.htm
© Fraunhofer FHR
© www.Onera.fr
http://www.flickr.com/photos/
joerg73/ CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
SSA / SST
30 April 2015 EEAS48
Decision No 541/2014/EU of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing a Framework
for Space Surveillance and Tracking Support
Objectives
• ensuring the long-term availability of European and
national space infrastructure, facilities and services ;
• assessing and reducing the risks to in-orbit
operations of European spacecraft
• reducing the risks relating to the launch of European
spacecraft;
• surveying uncontrolled re-entries of spacecraft or
space debris
• seeking to prevent the proliferation of space debris.
Space Surveillance and
Tracking Support Programme
Three functions:
• sensor function consisting of a network of Member
State ground-based and/or space-based sensors, ...,
to survey and track space objects and to produce a
database thereof;
• processing function to process and analyse the SST
data at national level to produce SST information and
services for transmission to the SST service provision
function;
• function to provide SST service
. EEAS
4930 April 2015
Space Surveillance and
Tracking Support Programme
EEAS50
Governance Framework:
• Networking between existing sensors of EU Member
States in the framework of a „Consortium“
• Member States retain control of their sensors
• The Commission provides 70 Mio. € for the next 7 years,
implements the Decision and manages the Consotium
• No new sensors on the basis of this Decision
• The EU Satellite Centre is the candidate to be the
service provider;
• Data will be classified by default; data will be provided on
a need-to know basis.
30 April 2015