PO T88,19 PORT US AD-A203 696 Cold Regions Research … · Timothy Pangburn of CRREL and Dr. H.M. Selim of Louisiana State University techni-cally reviewed this report. The contents

PORT US Army CorpsPO T88,19 of Engineers

AD-A203 696 Cold Regions Research &Egineering Laboratory

frozen water contents of undisturbed7d rem olded Alaskan silt as determinednuclear magnetic resonance -

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Cover: Air photo of Chilled Gas Test Facility,operated by the Northwest AlaskaPipeline Company in Fairbanks,Alaska. (Photo by F. Crory.)

rRREL Report 88-19ovemnber 1988

nfrozen water contents of undisturbed

nd rem olded Alaskan silt as determined

by nuclear magnetic resonance

lien R. Tice, Patrick B. Black and Richard L. Berg

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Fist OFpTeciFOaEGNER

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L _________________________________________________ __I

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CRREL Report 88-19

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Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290 Washington, D.C. 20314-1000

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PROGRAM PROJCT TASK WORK UNITELEMENT NO. NO fT1611 NO ACCESSION NO

6.11.02A 02AT24 A 002

11. TITLE (Include Security Classification)

Unfrozen Water Contents of Undisturbed and Remolded Alaskan Siltas Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)

Tice, Allen R., Black, Patrick B. and Berg, Richard L.13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 115. PAGE COUNT

I FROM TO November 1988P 2316. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

Funding partially provided by the Northwest Alaska Pipeline Company

17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Freeze-thaw cycles Nuclear magnetic resonanceFrozen soils Unfrozen water contents

19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

Unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was measured in the laboratory using nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) for 16 undisturbed frozen cores acquired from the Northwest Alaska PipelinCompany Chilled Gas Test Facility. The cores were then remolded and brought to their original densi-ties and water contents, and unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was again measuredover three warming and cooling cycles. It was found that differences in unfrozen water contents be-tween the undisturbed warming and cooling curves depended upon relative degree of saturation andits effect on soil structure. Only slight changes occurred during the three warming curves of the re-molded soil, indicating minor freezing and thawing consequences on the soil structure.

20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

[ UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED [ SAME AS RPT C3 DTIC USERS Unclassified22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDI'viDuAl 22 T' EOwNE (include 4rea Code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOL

Allen R. Tice 603-646-4100 CECRL-RC

DD FORM 1473, 84 MAR 83 APR edtion may be used until exhausted SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEAll other editions are obsolete UNCLASSIFIED

PREFACE

This report was prepared by Allen R. Tice, Physical Science Technician, and Dr. Patrick

B. Black, Research Physical Scientist, of the Geochemical Sciences Branch, Research Divi-sion, and by Dr. Richard L. Berg, Research Civil Engineer, of the Civil and GeotechnicalEngineering Research Branch, Experimental Engineering Division, U.S. Army Cold RegionsResearch and Engineering Laboratory. Funding for this project was provided by the North-west Alaska Pipeline Company and DA Project 4A161102 AT24, Research in Snow, Ice and

Frozen Ground, Scientific Area A, Properties of Cold Regions Materials, Work Unit 002,Properties of Frozen Soils.

Timothy Pangburn of CRREL and Dr. H.M. Selim of Louisiana State University techni-cally reviewed this report.

The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising or promotional purposes. Ci-

tation of brand names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use ofsuch commercial products.

iiI

Unfrozen Water Contentsof Undisturbed and Remolded Alaskan Silt

as Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

ALLEN R. TICE, PATRICK B. BLACK AND RICHARD L. BERG

INTRODUCTION In this study we measured the unfrozen watercontent change due to a temperature change for 16

The technical difficulties encountered during undisturbed soil samples by employing NMR (nu-the construction of the trans-Alaska pipeline dem- clear magnetic resonance). These data are perhapsonstrate the need for knowing the physical proper- the only public domain measurements of unfrozenties of soil when designing for engineering applica- water contents on undisturbed frozen samples (thetions in cold regions. Uncertainty regarding the undisturbed samples of Pusch [1979] and Tice etunusual behavior of the thermomechanical prop- al. [1981] were initially unfrozen). As such, theyerties of frozen soil made the design process for contain all in-situ factors that affect unfrozenthe pipeline long and expensive. This lack of un- water content and perhaps represent the first testderstanding primarily results from the unique heat of the ability of NMR to determine in-situ unfro-and mass transfer properties of frozen soil that re- zen water contents.quire detailed knowledge of the soil's constitutiverelationships.

It has been recognized since the pioneering work EXPERIMENTof Taber (1930) and Beskow (1935) that the exis-tence of a continuous liquid layer separating the The soils investigated were taken from the North-soil matrix from the ice in frozen soil is the con- west Alaska Pipeline Company (NAPLINE) Chilledtrolling factor in the dynamics of soil freezing. All Gas Test Facility near Fairbanks, Alaska. Theconstitutive relationships for thermal, hydraulic cores were recovered by NAPLINE during theirand mechanical properties of frozen soil are func- 1979 drilling program. Each frozen core wastions of the quantity of unfrozen water present marked with a project number, boring number(Black and Miller 1985). Successful engineering and sample number. We were not furnished with asolutions to cold climate construction problems, drawing showing bore hole locations, but for thesuch as thermopile design for pipeline support and purpose of this work, location is unimportant.long-term water migration towards cold pipelines, Sixteen frozen cores packed in dry ice were re-therefore depend upon ability to predict or meas- ceived at CRREL in mid-January 1980. They wereure the amount of unfrozen water present. removed from the shipping container and allowed

The amount of unfrozen water present in frozen to equilibrate at a temperature of -3VC for twosoil is dependent upon the physical, chemical and days to avoid brittle fracture during sample prep-mineralogical composition of the soil. Anderson aration. A frozen specimen was extracted from theand Tice (1973) found the dominant factors to be center axis of each core by hydraulically pressing aspecific surface area, solute concentration, tern- thin-walled stainless steel core barrel into the larg-perature, confining pressure and, to a lesser ex- er core and its volume measured. Soil texture datatent, initial water content and surface chemistry of for each specimen are given in Table 1. The soilthe soil matrix. The present lack of understanding type for all specimens is ML (a silt-clay).of the complex interactions between these factors The specimens were removed from the barrelprohibits the development of predictive models of and drilled with a 0.5-mm-diam bit to make a holeunfrozen water content based upon all of them. It 2 cm deep. A copper-constantan thermocoupleis because of this limitation that methods to meas- was inserted in the hole to monitor temperatureure unfrozen water content directly or indirectly changes of the sample throughout the experiments.are employed. The specimens were then placed in 1.68-cm-inside-

Table 1. Sieve and hydrometer analysis of NAPLINE soil.

Project/Sample!Boring % silt-clay Oo < 0.002 m DIO D30 D60

802/2/I * * * * *802/3/1 98.9 49.1 0.004 0.012 0.026802/3/2 98.5 26.0 0.008 0.022 0.038802/3/3 99.2 45.3 0.006 0.014 0.025802/13/2 91.5 30.9 0.005 0.020 0.035802/13/3 99.3 59.0 0.001 0.008 0.02802/16/4 96.1 34.2 0.006 0.018 0.034802/18/4 98.1 42.5 0.001 0.013 0.03852802/4/2 97.8 45.1 0.005 0.013 0.029852802/6/I 99.0 36.8 0.008 0.017 0.03941201/1 94.2 30.8 0.003 0.020 0.035'Y41201/2 98.6 68.7 0.001 0.004 0.015941201/3 99.4 68.5 0.001 0.004 0.017941201/4 99.4 53.1 0.002 0.010 0.023941201/5 98.9 51.5 0.004 0.012 0.024941201/6 99.1 54.2 0.001 0.009 0.023

* No data.

diam test tubes and sealed with rubber stoppers to Table 2 along with dry bulk densities, volumetricprevent moisture losses. Following specimen prep- water contents, porosities and relative degrees ofaration, all test tubes were placed in a constant saturation based upon the initial volumes of thetemperature bath containing an ethylene glycol extracted specimens.and water mixture and allowed to equilibrate at After completing the water content determina--25°C overnight, tions, we rewetted each oven-dry specimen to ap-

A Praxis PR-103 pulsed nuclear magnetic reso- proximate its original water content with distillednance analyzer, factory-tuned to detect only hy- water, sealed it and allowed it to set for severaldrogen, was used to determine unfrozen water days for moisture equilibration. Each specimencontents. Each test specimen was removed sequen- was then thoroughly remixed and compacted to itstially from the bath, wiped dry and inserted in the original density in carefully calibrated glass tubes.NMR probe. After the four seconds required to The sealed tubes were then quickly frozen torecord specimen temperature and first-pulse NMR -25'C with no attempt to de-air the soil or water.signal amplitude, the specimen was reinserted in Three individual warming cycles were conduct-the bath. When all observations had been com- ed for all except two remolded specimens. Thesepleted at a given temperature, the bath tempera- two were not used because of ethylene glycol con-ture was increased by 3°C. Thermal equilibrium tamination from the constant temperature bath.was attained after approximately 45 minutes and After the last warming cycle, each specimen wasmeasurements repeated. again oven-dried and its gravimetric water content

When -100 C was reached, the bath temperature determined.was increased by smaller increments until -1.5'C The unfrozen water contents at each tempera-was reached. Then an even smaller temperature in- ture were determined from the measured firstcrement was employed until all soil water was pulse NMR amplitude. The technique is describedthawed. by Tice et al. (1978, 1981, 1982). Briefly, the ratio

Following the warming run, the test samples of the gravimetric water content to the first pulsewere quickly refrozen and brought to a tempera- amplitude of the ice-free case for each test speci-ture slightly below 00C. Cooling observations were men was determined. Unfrozen water contentsmade in a manner similar to those made during were then deduced by multiplying the measuredwarming and stopped when the specimens reached first pulse amplitude at the different temperaturesa temperature of -25°C. Water contents were then by the above determined ice-free ratio. The datadetermined gravimetrically and are presented in are listed in Appendix A.

2

Table 2. Sample identification, water content and density for NAPLINE data.

Project/Sample/ Percent water Bulk density RelativeBoring State* Weight Volume Wet Dry Porosity saturation

802/2/I Undisturbed 45.35 57.53 1.66 1.14 0.58 0.99Remolded 45.16 - t 1.63 - - -

802/3/I Undisturbed 49.22 59.99 1.64 1.10 0.60 1.01

Remolded 49.33 - 1.62 - - -

802/3/2 Undisturbed 32.30 47.31 1.74 1.32 0.52 0.91Remolded 32.49 - 1.74 - - -

802/3/3 tndisturbed 48.78 60.06 1.65 1.11 0.58 1.03Remolded 48.63 - 1.63 - - -






852802/6/1 Undisturbed 49.67 59.08 1.60 1.07 0.60 0.98

941201/1/- Undisturbed 31.64 48.84 1.83 1.40 0.51 0.96Remolded 31.59 - 1.86 - - -



941201/4/- Undisturbed 47.92 - - -

Remolded 47.88 - 1.66 - - -

941201/5/- Undisturbed 67.31 67.73 1.52 0.9 0.66 1.03


* U-undisturbed, R-remolded.

t No data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The logarithms of data in Appendix A were lin-early regressed to eq 1 and optimal values of a and

Anderson and Tice (1973) reported that unfro- 0 determined. Resulting values along with r2 val-zen water content of a soil as a function of temper- ues for the analysis are presented in Table 3. Fig-

ature could be represented in the following form: ure 1 contains the best fit curves as predicted from

eq 1 using values of a and 3 from Table 3, exclud-Wu = (1) ing data points for two sets of specimens, both un-

disturbed and remolded.where Wu (mass watcr/mass soil) is unfrozen All undisturbed specimens exhibited hysteresiswater content in percentage of dry sample weight, between warming and cooling curves. They differ

0 is the temperature (in degrees Celsius) below 0°C only in amount and timing of hysteresis. It is im-expressed as a positive number and a and 0 are re- portant to note that the difference in amount ofgression constants characteristic of each soil. unfrozen water between the warming and cooling

3

Table 3. Least-squares regression coefficients of NAPLINEdata to power curve.

Project/Sample/Boring Test conditions a

802/2/1 Undisturbed, warming 8.015 -0.456 0.908Undisturbed, cooling 7.403 -0.143 0.977Remolded, 1st warming 10.160 -0.711 0.728Remolded, 2nd warming 8.386 -0.619 0.789Remolded, 3rd warming 8.468 -0.577 0.855

802/3/1 Undisturbed, warming 8.319 -0.454 0.926Undisturbed, cooling 7.196 -0.288 0.950Remolded, Ist warming 8.915 -0.688 0.732Remolded, 2nd warming 7.579 -0.648 0.758Remolded, 3rd warming 7.792 -0.641 0.879


802/3/3 Undisturbed, warming 7.663 -0.497 0.906Undisturbed, cooling 7.062 -0.327 0.980Remolded, 1st warming 7.146 -0.649 0.812Remolded, 2nd warming 7.146 -0.649 0.812Remolded, 3rd warming 7.471 -0.613 0.810

802/13/2 Undisturbed, warming 4.575 -0.599 0.860Undisturbed, cooling 4.695 -0.513 0.920Remolded, ist warming 5.260 -0.657 0.893Remolded, 2nd warming 5.133 -0.591 0.984Remolded, 3rd warming 5.265 -0.746 0.951

802/13/. Undisturbed, warming 5.866 -0.463 0.898Undisturbed, cooling 5.739 -0.372 0.974Remolded, 1st warming 7.418 -0.735 0.662Remolded, 2nd warming 6.176 -0.665 0.83 IRemolded, 3rd warming 6.163 -0.641 0.842




852802/6/I Undisturbed, warming 7.144 -0.579 0.884Undisturbed, cooling 6.424 -0.571 0.958

941201/I Undisturbed, warming 3.662 -0.584 0.836Undisturbed, cooling 2.614 -0.557 0.797Remolded, ist warming 4.317 -0.629 0.904Remolded, 2nd warming 3.236 -0.885 0.730Remolded, 3rd warming 3.399 -1.040 0.919

941201/2 Undisturbed, warming 6.614 -0.444 0.851Undisturbed, cooling 5.681 -0.304 0.978Remolded, Ist warming 6.512 -0.657 0.923Remolded, 2nd warming 6.580 -0.698 0.871Remolded, 3rd warming 6.833 -0.694 0.799

4

Table 3 (cont'd).

Project/Sample'Boring Test conditions . r

941201/3 Undisturbed, warming 5.365 -0.547 0.965Undisturbed, cooling 7.801 -0.454 0.994Remolded, 1st warming 6.115 -0.579 0.886Remolded, 2nd warming 7.883 -0.700 0.683Remotded, 3rd warming 7.916 -0.684 0,860

841201/4 Undisturbed, warming 5.244 -0.397 0.934Undisturbed, cooling 5.875 -0.306 0.951Remolded, Ist warming 6.104 -0.546 0.869

Remolded, 2nd warming 6.408 -0.627 0,922Remolded, 3rd warming 6.749 -0.567 0.810

941201/5 Undisturbed, warming 7.554 -0.566 0.944Undisturbed, warming 9.113 -0.519 0.970

941201/6 Undisturbed, warming 7.893 -0.405 0.881Undisturbed, cooling 6.906 -0.311 0.983Remolded, 1st warming 6.174 -0.519 0.934

Remolded, 2nd warming 6.945 -0.638 0.751Remolded, 3rd warming 6.871 -0.558 0.884

Pooled Undisturbed, warming 5.574 -0.485 0.694Undisturbed, cooling 5.367 -0.383 0.523

curves at a given temperature is slight but some While the degree of uncertainty of these data is

trends are noticeable. Close inspection reveals that unknown, we suspect that the uncertainties in de-the curves for specimens with the highest relative termining the unfrozen water content and temper-

degree of saturation display more unfrozen water ature are large enough that the expected behavior

during cooling than warming for a given tempera- between respective warming and cooling curves

ture (Fig. 1c). On the other hand, specimens with cannot be clearly demonstrated. Therefore, thethe lowest relative degree of saturation display less data that exhibit the expected behavior must have

unfrozen water during cooling than warming for a added influences that accentuate the amount ofgiven temperature. The remaining specimens, with unfrozen water during cooling. This added influ-

relative degrees of saturation in between the ex- ence to the hysteresis effect is attributed to a re-

tremes, display more unfrozen water during warm- structuring of the undisturbed frozen specimen

ing than cooling for the higher temperatures and upon thawing at the end of the warming run.

then they display more unfrozen water 1'iring The soil used for these experiments is very simi-

cooling than warming for the lower temperatures lar to Fairbanks silt, and as such, is highly suscep-

after the -1.5°C to -4°C temperature region (Fig. tible to frost heave (Berg and Johnson 1983). It

I a). seems reasonable, therefore, to suspect that iceIf the hysteresis displayed in these data were leses existed in the specimens and that specimens

merely a result of a Haines jump change in ice with the highest relative degree of saturation had

content, then the unfrozen water content during the largest amount of segregated ice. Upon thaw-cooling would always be greater than warming for ing of these lenses, soil settled into a more com-

a given temperature for air-free frozen soil, just as pact structure, which increased the bulk density

the drying curve displays a larger water content and shifted the pore size distribution toward the

than the wetting curve for the same suction in an smaller pores. The cooling curve of this different

ice-free soil characteristic curve (Koopmans and pore size distribution then reflected a greater frac-

Miller 1966, Black and Tice, in prep.). Since all tion of smaller pores than the preceding warming

the specimens were close to or exceeded satura- curve with its original pore size distribution for a

tion, all the cooling curves should display more given temperature, ensuring an increased unfrozen

unfrozen water than the corresponding warming water content. This process is the same as that ex-

curve for a given temperature. But only the speci- plained by Taylor and Box (1961) for changes in

mens with the highest relative degree of saturation the soil , "aracteristic curve arising from changes

consistently displayed the expected behavior, in bulk density.

5

Nopline 802.,3/122 i T - T ~ f

-- - ndisturbed, Worming I ---... Remolded, V!rst Worming- Undisturbed, Cooling -R -! --- - Pemolded, Secono Worrniic

.-. Remolded, First Worming - - - -Remolded, Third Worming

12 5

F~ "' -

22 Nopline 802/18/4

2 2 - H_-_ T _ _ T

-- Undisturbed, Warming --- Remolded, First Worming

-Undisturbed, Cooling - --- Remolded. Second Worming

o ... .-- Remolded, First Worming- -----. Remolded, Third Warming

2 C_

-2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10Temperature (°C)

Figure 1. Unfrozen water contents vs temperature plots obtained from NMR analysis for two undisturbed andremolded NA PL INE soil samples.a. NAPLINE802/3/I undisturbed warming and cooling and first remolded warming curves, no segregated water observed.b. NAPLINE 802/3/1 remolded warming curves.c. NAPLINE 802/18/4 undisturbed warming and cooling and first remolded warming curves, segregated water observed.d. NAPLINE 802/18/4 remolded warming curves.

The first warming run of all remolded test sam- display no consistent trend. The unfrozen waterpies contained more unfrozen water at the warm content does not always decrease with successivetemperatures than either of the undisturbed curves cycles and the relative degree of saturation doesand less unfrozen water at the cooler temperatures not appear to determine behavior. This observa-(Fig. la and Ic). Again this can be explained in tion is in agreement with data of Chamberlain andterms of pore size distribution. A uniformly dense Gow (1979) who reported that structural changessoil inevitably contains fewer large and small induced by cyclically freezing and thawing siltspores than an undisturbed, structured soil of same were slight.bulk density. Accordingly, the remolded sample All undisturbed data for both warming and cool-contains more unfrozen water at the warmer tem- ing cycles were pooled and fitted to eq 1; the re-peratures because of a decreased number of large suits are given in Table 3. These data, along withpores than present in the undisturbed soil. best fit curves, are plotted in Figure 2. As expected,

The primary purpose of measuring three warm- the r' values for these pooled data are much lowering curves on the remolded soil was to determine than those for individual undisturbed test sampleschanges in unfrozen water content arising from but are not insignificant (r2 < 0.52). Other rela-cyclic freezing and thawing cycles. If significant tionships based upon soil physical characteristicschanges occurred, it would be reasonable to con- were sought, but no distinctive behavior was ob-clude that such cycles would cause mechanical served. Since all specimens were from the same lo-strength changes in the soil. While all remolded cation and of the same soil type, such relation-warming curves show changes between the three ships would at best indicate uncertainties causedcurves (Fig. lb and Id), the changes are slight and by the soils' inherent spatial variability.

6

20 I I , I

I6

12

4 --

•- - .. . ">10 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10

Temperature (°C)

a. Pooled undisturbed warming data and best fit curve.

20 I 1 I I1 Iw12

0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10Temperature (°C)

b. Pooled undisturbed cooling data and best fit curve.

Figure 2. Unfrozen water contents vs temperature plots ob-tained from NMR analysis for 16 undisturbed frozen NAP-LINE soil samples.

LITERATURE CITED Beskow, G. (1935) Soil freezing and frost heavingwith special application to roads and railroads.

Anderson, D.M. and A.R. Tice (1973) The unfro- The Swedish Geological Society, C, no. 375, Year-zen interfacial phase in frozen water systems. In book no. 3. (Translated by J.O. Osterberg, Tech-Ecological Studies: Analysiv and Synthesis. New nological Institute, Northwestern University.)York: Springer-Verlag, vol. 4, p. 107-124. Black, P.B. and R.D. Miller (1985) A continuumBerg, R. and T. Johnson (1983) Revised procedure approach to modeling of frost heaving, freezingfor pavement design under seasonal frost condi- and thawing of soil-water systems. ASCE Techni-tions. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineer- cal Council on Cold Regions Engineering Mono-ing Laboratory, Special Report 83-27. ADA 134 graph (D.M. Anderson and P.J. Williams, Ed.),480. p. 36-45.

7

Black, P.B. and A.R. Tice (1988) Comparison of confining pressure and bulk density on soil watersoil freezing curve and soil water curve data for matric potential. Soil Science, 91(1): 6-10.Windsor sandy loam. USA Cold Regions Research Tice, A.R., C.M. Burrous and D.M. Andersonand Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report (1978) Determination of unfrozen water in frozen88-16. soil by pulsed nuclear magneic icsonance. In Pro-Chamberlain, E.J. and A.J. Gow (1979) Effect of ceedings, Third International Conference on Per-freezing and thawing on the permeability and mafrost, 10-13 July, Edmonton, Alberta, Can-structure of soils. Engineering Geology, 13: 73- ada. National Research Council of Canada, vol.92. 1, p. 149-155.Koopmans, R.W.R. and R.D. Miller (1966) Soil Tice, A.R., D.M. Anderson and K.F. Sterreltfreezing and soil water characteristics curves. Soil (1981) Unfrozen water contents of submarine pc.r-Science Society of America Proceedings, 30(6): mafrost determined by nuclear magnetic reso-680-685. nance. Engineering Geology, 18: 135-146.Pusch, R. (1979) Unfrozen water as a function of Tice, A.R., J.L. Oliphant, Y. Nakano and T.F.clay microstructure. Engineering Geology, 13: Jenkins (1982) The relationship between the ice157-162. phase and unfrozen water phases in frozen soil asTaber, S. (1930) The mechanics of frost heaving, determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonanceJournal of GeoloRy, 38: 303-317. and physical desorption data. USA Cold RegionsTaylor, S.A. and i.E. Box (1961) Influence of Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL

Report 82-15. ADA 118 486.

8

APPENDIX A: SOIL FREEZING CURVE DATA

Undisturbed Undisturbed RemoldedWarming Cooling ist Warming

(- C) (% dry wt.) (- C) (% dry wt.) (- C) (% dry wt.)10.37 2.86 0.33 11.42 10.61 2.41

9.33 3.16 0.48 10.12 5.41 3.25

8.02 3.17 0.64 8.21 1.34 6.61

7.34 3.47 0.80 7.71 1.08 7.13

6.28 3.67 0.88 7.31 0.95 7.765.07 3.78 1.24 6.80 0.69 9.96

4.14 4.28 1.40 6.10 0.61 15.842.91 4.79 1.50 6.30 0.46 21.92

2.49 5.19 2.18 5.60 0.38 33.36

2.02 5.50 2.89 5.591.34 5.90 4.12 4.98

1.03 6.81 4.86 4.480.74 7.61 6.17 4.170.56 9.12 7.05 3.670.46 10.82 9.22 3.460.41 12.73 11.41 2.96

0.35 16.23

0.25 19.14

Remolded Remolded2nd Warming 3rd Warming

(- 0C) (%dry wt.) (-°C) (% dry wt.)10.37 2.32 10.29 2.43

5.22 3.38 5.14 3.171.95 5.60 0.90 8.131.61 6.02 0.46 10.46

1.14 6.02 0.28 23.350.90 7.390.56 9.72 KAPLINE

0.33 15.85 802/2/10.20 35.70 802/2/1

9

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17

A facsimile catalog card in Library of Congress MARC format is repro-duced below.

Tice, Allen R.Unfrozen water contents of undisturbed and remolded Alaskan silt as

determined by nuclear magnetic resonance / by Allen R. Tice, Patrick B.Black and Richard L. Berg. Hanover, N.H.: U.S. Army Cold Regions Re-search and Engineering Laboratory; Springfield, Va.: available from Na-tional Technical Information Service, 1988.

ii, 23 p., illus.; 28 cm. (CRREL Report 88-19.)Bibliography: p. 7.1. Freeze-thaw cycles. 2. Frozen soils. 3. Nuclear magnetic resonance.

4. Unfrozen water contents. I. Black, Patrick B. II. Berg, Richard L. III.United States Army. Corps of Engineers. IV. Cold Regions Research andEngineering Laboratory. V. Series: CRREL Report 88-19.

• U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989--600-057--82056

Documents

PO T88,19 PORT US AD-A203 696 Cold Regions Research … · Timothy Pangburn of CRREL and Dr. H.M. Selim of Louisiana State University techni-cally reviewed this report. The contents