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[Tâi-gí/Taiwanese] Pán-koân sī chhut-pán-siā A-se-a Kok-chè Thoân-pò-siā ê. Tī chun-siú ē-bīn ê 3 ê CC tiâu-kiāⁿ chi-hā, lí ē-sái chū-iû thoân-pò͘ chit pún chheh ê tiān-chú-tòng:
• Chù-bêng lâi-goân — Lí ài sek-tòng chù-bêng siū-koân ê lâi-goân, chò liân-kiat kap chù-
bêng tó-ūi ū siu-kái--kòe.
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tō bē-sái koh sì-kè iā.
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Gí-giân, G n-tông kap Khì-s…t-bîn
Language, Identity and Decolonization
701 1
http://www2.twl.ncku.edu.tw/~uibun
06-2757575 ext 52627
06-2755190
2005 1
Copyright © 2005 by Wi-vun Taiffalo Chiung
GPN: 1009400036
ISBN: 957-8845-85-5
Printed in Taiwan NT280 USD10
Language, identity
and docolonization / . --- .
--- , 2005[ 94]
ISBN 957-8845-85-5 ( )1. 2.
802.5232 93022461
gp註解台語研究室已改為國立成功大學台灣語文測驗中心http://ctlt.twl.ncku.edu.tw本書總經銷:亞細亞國際傳播社http://www.astiu.com
gp註解蔣為文教授網站http://uibun.twl.ncku.edu.tw
i
kám ê
chún ê -tàng ê t
ê lóng koh t g--khì in
ùi
koh t g--khì
m ùi
ùi 17 ta tiõh k ng ê Chit-
kóa lóng tòe tiõh ê tôa -á
ê kap ê ‹-koh ˜a ch…t kóa
t g--khì soah t ài t ê
ê kap ê t chit ê
t t
˜-koh t soah -
tàng ê kap ê
Ho n-sè kám kiâ ê à
k ng ê ho n-sè k ng ê 2000
chit -tàng kap
ê
ê t -kha t u-t u-á
Tòe tiõh ê m t u-
t u-á hông chit kúi b chió
ii
kap ê Chit ká-ná
ê à ‹-koh kám án-ne chún
ùi ê ê kap ê
k ng-khoán iáu ê ah ê
k ng-khoán
khah ê
soah ˜ ê
Chit
ê t t leh teh
thang t ê
teh t u-t u-á hông H -ló
ê tong ê hông
ê ún-tàng beh n chún -
tàng pê -pê 50 ê ê
b -tàng chiâ -chò Hit-kóa ê
Thomas Barclay, 1874-1935 William
Campbell, 1871-1918 George L. Mackay, 1844-1901
koh b chió --ê ê án-chóa in ê
b -tàng soah t hông Iáu koh
hit-kóa ê kham-p¬-di-a ê
ê kham-b¬-di-a thái
-sái ê ê languages of
iii
citizens ˜-koh ˜ Taiwanese languages
h m kap ê k ng-khoán -sái ê
teh ê ˜-koh lóng ˜
ê Ká-sú chit-kóa
koh chiâ -chò ê in
in ê ê ‹-koh in ê koh
khah lóng ài ê
‹-koh b -chió ê soah ê
l³-k¬-moâi chiah ê
Chit ê t leh ê kap
lóng k ˜-chiâ -m…h
ch ê kan-ta ê
kan-ta soah
kan-ta ê soah b -giàn Chit
ê t ài chiah tiõh Hit-kóa
kiò-s ka-t ê beh ê
khah ê thang in ê
ni -ni
chún kiâ ê --ê
ê tú-hó si ng-hó ê
Chit thçh beh t
kap ê
iv
--ê t 1996 kah 2004
t chit t ê
kap ê Chit-kóa ch…t kóa
ê tiõh ê kap ê
tãk iáu ê t k ng ê
kap
Chit ài ch Chit ê
t ê --ê hit Dallas-Fort
Worth ê t ê Chit
ê kap ê ê
kap ‹-t án-ne ê m chit ê
ê in
kap
kap ê chit
li ng ê ê m
ta
v
17
2000
vi
Holo
languages of
citizens Taiwanese languages
vii
1996 2004
viii
Bõk-liõk
ê
Thçh h m
1. 2
2. ê 3
2.1. ê kap 4
2.2. ê 6
2.2.1. ê 7
2.2.2. ê 9
2.3. ê 11
2.3.1. ê 12
2.3.2. ê 15
2.4. ê 16
2.4.1. ê 17
2.4.2. ê 18
3. ê 20
4. 22
ê
ê
1. 26
2. h m ê 27
3. ê kap ê 30
Bõk-liõk
4. Pái ê 32
5. ê 34
6. 42
teh ê
ê
1. 52
2. ê 53
2.1. 17 -19 54
2.2. 19 - 57
3. ê 63
3.1. ê 63
3.2. ê 66
4. ê 68
4.1. ê kap 68
4.2. ê 73
4.3. ê 79
5. 81
h m ê
1. 88
2. 88
Bõk-liõk
2.1. ê 89
2.2. ê 91
2.3. ê 96
3. ê 100
3.1. 102
3.2. 107
4. 116
1. 124
2. 125
3. 126
4. 131
5. 139
1. 144
2. 145
3. 147
3.1. 149
3.2. 149
3.3. 150
Bõk-liõk
4. 151
4.1. 151
4.2. 155
4.3. 171
5. 175
1. 178
2. 178
3. 180
4. 183
5. 185
1. 188
2. 189
3. 191
4. 193
5. 196
6. 201
Bõk-liõk
ê ê
1. 212
2. 213
2.1. 214
2.2. 214
2.3. 215
2.4. 216
2.4.1. j n-bat ê 216
3. 220
3.1. ê kap 220
3.2. ê 227
3.3. ê 230
3.3.1. word ê 230
3.3.2. polysyllable ê 231
3.3.3. h m ê hâm-h² 232
4. 233
ê /bi/ h m ê “bee” kám k ng-khoán
Ùi Voice Onset Time ê h m ê ê
1. h m 236
2. h m ê 236
3. 238
4. h m 240
Bõk-liõk
5. 247
Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan
1. Introduction 252
2. Socio-political background 253
3. Romanization prior to 1945 256
3.1. Sinkang Romanization (1624-early nineteenth century) 256
3.2.Peh-oe-ji Romanization (1865-present) 258
4. Romanization after 1945 263
4.1. Romanization for Mandarin Chinese 264
4.2.Romanization for Taiwanese 270
5. The Future of Romanization in Taiwan 273
6. Conclusion 276
Peh-oe-ji, Childish Writing?
1. Introduction 284
2. Historical Development of Romanization in Taiwan 285
2.1. Sinkang Romanization (1624-early nineteenth century) 287
2.2.Peh-oe-ji Romanization (1865-present) 289
3. Socio-cultural Factors of Developing Peh-oe-ji 295
4. Socio-political Background in Hanji Sphere 295
4.1. Sociolinguistics of Peh-oe-ji 298
5. A Linguistic Account of Peh-oe-ji 301
Bõk-liõk
5.1. Classification of Writing Systems 303
5.2.Evaluation of the Peh-oe-ji 306
6. Conclusion 311
Language Attitudes toward Written Taiwanese
1. Introduction 317
2. Background 319
3. Methodology 325
3.1. Selection of reading samples 326
3.2.Selection of raters 327
3.3. Procedure for conducting the research 328
3.4.Data analysis 328
4. esults and Discussion 329
4.1. Evaluations of the six characteristic scales 329
4.2.Different readings show different scores 329
4.3.Raters’ evaluations on writers’ backgrounds 334
4.4.Effects of raters’ backgrounds on their evaluations 339
4.5.The Taibun equation for predicting reading scores 341
5. Implications 344
6. Conclusion 347
Bõk-liõk
Impact of Monolingual Policyon Language and Ethnic Identity:
A Case Study of Taiwan
1. Introduction 356
2. Ethnic Background 357
2.1. The Taiwanese aborigines 358
2.2.The Holo people 359
2.3.The Hakka people 360
2.4.The Mainlanders 360
2.5.Ethnic relations 361
3. Methodology 362
4. Results and Discussion 363
5. Conclusion 377
2
1.
Beh 1 ê h m ê 2
-sái ùi 2 ê h m
ê ê
ê
Ùi ê h m ê
kap t lóng bat
m lóng ê ê h m ˜-
ta ê ê t m ê
In ˜-ta tiõh m tiõh ê
t ˜-bat ˜-koh
h m ê ê m chiâ -chò ê
ê ê
h m ê m chit-kóa ¢g-b ng
kap ê
Ùi ê ê
chit-kúi-ê kap
ê h m ê 3 ê
˜-ta chit ê
h m ê k ng ê
1 ê bat iáu teh ê
kap2 t chia
ê kap ê3 th¢g-chhiah-kha chò-sit-lâng
ê 3
t ê ê to
b e-liáu--á thang Chit l³-bóe
ê kap ˜-bat ê ê
ê ê ê beh
ián-tó ê ê ê ê
nation-state ê
2. ê
ê h m ê tú-hó -sái t ê
ê ê
500 lóng-chóng lú t lú
ê t ê ê
ê iáu in ài
chiâ -chò ê
111 ê
ê 939 ê sî-
ch n chiah ê ˜-
koh ê ê chit-ê
108
kap 4 tòa t ê
ê sio-sòa
Koguryo Paekche kap Silla
3 iáu 668
sòa--lâi ê
918-1392 koh ê ê
ê m t chit-ch m ùi
4
t h m ê ê sî-ch n koh bat
˜-bat ˜-koh
h m ê m ê
ê
kap T
ê sî-ch n in lóng tú-tiõh in ka-t ê ê
In t 4 5
chit-ê ê in ka-t ê
ê Chu-Nom ê Hangul 6
kap ê Kana in ka-t ê ˜-koh chit-
kóa ˜-ta t ê t in
ka-t ê m ê ê kap
chiâ -chò ê ê 19 20
ê chhiâ -i chiah t u-t u-á
2.1. ê kap
ê tú-hó ê
ê 5 Chia-ê tú
ê ê ê
4 ê5 Bô-chhap ê kan-ta ê ê
6 Hangul: ê Hangul
Chu Si-gyong t 1913
Chosoncha Chongum
ê 5
1. word ê
2. polysyllable
3.
4. ch
5. ch 1996
ê ê
h m ê T
ê ê
nation-state ê
chit t
ê lóng ê
t b e ê
ê ê ùi ê
ê chiah
m ùi chit-ch m ê h m
t Ùi chit ê
kap
ê ê lóng chit
ê kap
ê in ê beh chiâ -chò ê
h m chhin-chiâ t ài
koh ‹-koh chia-ê ˜-ta
m in ê ê ˜
6
ê ê h m ê
k ng ê ê to
b e-liáu--á thang Chit
t u-t u-á kap ê
˜-bat bat
teh koh ê
2.2. ê
T 207
Trieu Da ê ê
ê 111 ê
ê ê
939 chiah ê sî-ch n
˜-koh ê
ê chit-ê 19 chiah
T ê Ly dynasty h m Tran dynasty
1010-1428 ùi chin-ch
h m ê
˜ t ê iáu ê m
ê ê Tran Trong Kim, 1882-1953
ê 7
1992
19
1885 h m
t ê hông ê
Ho Chi Minh
ê chiah t 1945
koh 2 pái ê
Indochina War, 1946-1954; 1964-1975 chiah ê
ê h m ê -sái ùi chit
111-939
/
939-1651 ê / /1651-1861 ê / / /1861-1945 ê / / / / /1945- Quoc Ngu
* John DeFrancis, 1977
2.2.1. ê
ê
ka-t ê ê h m lóng
kap ê 7 teh
iá-s ê
ê t
7 cha-b¯-lâng
8
chiah t u-t u-á in ka-t ê
˜-koh m ê
t h m beh
t ài ê
Chit -tàng h m
in ka-t ê ˜-koh
ê h m
k ng-khoán ê k ng-khoán
k ng-khoán ê -tâng-sî-á
koh khah ti -ti 2 1
1 chiâ -chò 1 ê
kap chiâ -chò ê
h m chiâ -chò
ê 17 chiah 1624 ê sî-ch n
ê Alexandre de Rhodes
l³-bóe koh t 1651
Dictionarium Annamaticum, Lusetanum et Latinum Chit
chiâ -chò ê
t 17 lóng kan-ta ê
teh
ch --leh ˜-koh 20 chìn-chêng m t
ê ê kap
ê ùi ê ˜
ê tú ê h m
ê
sá 18 ê t ê
ê 9
sak ˜-koh sak ê
m t ê sî-ch n in
khah ti thçh
ê
sòa--lòe sak
2.2.2. ê
20 ê ê
ê ê khang-khòe sak
ê beh chiâ -chò ê ˜-ta ài -
m ài - Beh chit-ê t ài
ê
t 1907 khí ê
Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc ê kap
chiâ -chò m ê
t chit-ê ê ê
t u-t u-á khah ch teh kui-ê
ê iáu ê Chit-ê ài kàu 1945
chiah
T 1945 chìn-chêng h m iáu hông
ê kap koh khah in
ê Ho Duy Kien t 1931
ê kap t ê Gascogne
Brittany Normandy Provence ê k ng-khoán
ê beh ê
ài liáu 500 ê
10
Tng-tong t 1945 9 2
s i t 9 9 kap Quoc Ngu
ê ¢g-b ng Quoc Ngu
h m kô-kô-tî ê thang-hó ê
T bat ê -sái ùi chit
Bat ê ê1945 2,520,678 14% 1946 4,680,000 27% 1947 6,880,000 39% 1948 9,680,000 55% 1949 11,580,000 66% 1950 12,000,000 68% 1953 14,000,000 79%
* 1953 p. 20
t kap in
ê ê
1. ê
2. t ê ê tín-t ngh m
chiú ê behsak ê
ê sî-ch n chiahk ng-khoán ê
3. ê êkhí-ch ê
ê ê ê ˜-koh h mê iáu khah
ch ê ê DeFrancis, 1977, pp.77-83
ê 11
án-chóa châi-ti u k in ê ê Quoc
Ngu ê kap ê
t 1945 chìn-chêng 95% ê lóng
ê ˜-bat hit-kóa kap
ê khah Quoc Ngu ê
2.3. ê
108
kap 4 tòa t ê
ê sio-sòa
Koguryo Paekche kap Silla
3 iáu 668
Sòa--lâi ê
918-1392 koh ê ê
ê m t chit-ch m
t ê kap k ng-khoán tú-tiõh
in ka-t ê ê m ê8 1443 Sejong, 1398-1450
sòa--lâi t 1446 t
Hun Min Jong Um l i-té
8 Chongum ê ê
12
Lee Sang-Baek, 1957
chin kut-lãt teh ˜-koh ê
beh
Yonsangun t ê 1494-1506
ê chit-ê koh
hông 9
bat ê b e chit
kan-ta t Chit-ê 500
19 ê giâ-koân chiah
ê h m ê
108-313
/
313-1446 ê /1446-1910 ê / /1910-1945 ê / / / /1948- Hangul+Hancha
10
1948- Hangul
2.3.1. ê
3
Hyangka I-du kap To
9 onmun ê ê10 Hangul h m Hancha ê t ùi
ê
ê 13
k h m ê
t 11
ê
m
h m
chai-iá beh k
ài ê
ê kap
ê
kap ê chiâ -chò ê
15 chiah
T ê kap hit
ê ê h m ê ê
kan-ta 50 chhun
ê ê -
sái ùi chit-ê 1444 2 ê
Choe Mal-li
1
11 Hyangka ê
14
2
3
4
5
ê 15
6
Lee Sang-Baek, 1957
2.3.2. ê
t 16 sio-sòa h m ê
1876 chiah koh t ê
ê ê nationalism ùi 19
1910 chiâ -chò chiah
t 1894 ê koh -sái
chiâ -chò ê t 12 1876-1916
h m ê sak t u-t u-á ê sî-ch n
ê t 1921 13 ê
kap In t 1933 1936
koh 1940
sak kap ê
kap sak l³-bóe ê
28
1945 t 1948
kap t 1949
12 1908 1910
191413 1931
16
14 t 1970 ˜-koh
ê khah iáu ch…t-kóa t
ê t ê -sái ùi chit
Chosun Ilbo ê ê
_____ ê-------- ê
Taylor, 1995
PercentHancha
Year of Sample
2.4. ê
108 ê
ê t u-t u-á hit ê
i 15 44516 7
ê sî-ch n 618-895 ê
14 60 ê ˜-koh iáu s kan-ta15 i ê16 57 Chit-liãp
ê 1784 t ê
ê 17
h m 16 ê
kui-khì 1853 chiah
koh t ê phah-khui t ê
ê 1867
2.4.1. ê
712 h m 720 ê
t 4 ê sî-ch n ê Si ng-
thâu-á ê iáu ˜ ài ê 645-
649 ê kap chiah kap
h m t si ng chhiâ -i ê 7-9
ê ê 2
t ê k ng-khoán tú-tiõh h m
ê ê
in ê ê chit
ê Manyogana 17
ê sù-s l³-bóe koh
ê ê
˜-koh t hit ê
kan-ta ê chiâ -chò18 10 chiah
17 a shi ta na
mo ca.759 chit18 tó-tà ê
18
hiragana 19 h m katakana 20 ê
2.4.2. ê
t 18 phah-khui tãk-kang tiõh ê
lú lú ch khah ê
18 ê
kap ê
1866
Maejima hit ê ê Kanji
gohaishi no gi ê
21 t 1873
Keimosha ê Mainichi
hiragana shinbun 1880 ê lú lú
koân ê t 1883 Kana no
kai b
soah t u-t u-á
ê
iáu ê 1869 Nanbu Yoshikazu
19 ê khah teh
m onnamoji onnade ê
hiragana chh m ê ê20 ê21 1954. P. 21.
ê 19
hit ê
1874 t
ê ê
ê 80
ê t 1885 Romaji kai koh
Romaji zasshi tú-tiõh k ng-khoán ê
koh ê kap
Hepburn kap Nipponshiki hit ê
20 ê t 1930
t 1937 Kunreishiki ê
ê chit-mái iáu-b e
ê teh t u-t u-á chiâ -chò ê
ê ê
iáu ê ê
Fukuzawa Yukichi t 1873 Moji no
oshie k leh ê thçh chhun ê
Yano Fumio m t 1886
Nihon buntai moji shinron koh
Sanzenji jibiki sak ê
1900 ê ê kap
l i-té t 1,200 T
20
soah t 1908 1921 22
ê ê Kanji seigen o
teisho 1923 ê 2,108 ê
Chit-ê t 1931 1856
soah 23 1942 ê
Hyojun kanjihyo 1,134
1,320 74 t ê 141
2,669 l³-bóe
t 1946 11 16 1,850 ê
Toyo kanjihyo koh ùi 881 chiâ -
chò t 1948 ê 1949
ê 24 ê
chit t u-t u-á chit-mái ê
3. ê
h m ê ê beh
ián-tó ê ê ê ê
ê ê tháu-pàng25
t 3000 ê
kap ê in ê
22 ch…t- t n23 ài ê m
ê24 30025 tháu-pàng: ê
ê 21
ê ka-t ê ka-t ê
k
ê ê
h m ê ê thçh
ê ê
kap kap ê
ê lú in ê lú ê ê
t ê kap ê
ê ka-t ê
ê
h m án-ne ê Chit t hit
ê hông ˜-koh tng-tong
chit ê soah ê ê
ê ê ê
ê
tín-t ng26 khah hiah ê
m ˜ ê
lú lú ch ê kap ê
ê ê
In ê ê T
ê ê sî-ch n tú-tiõh ê ê
ê ê beh ài ián-tó ê
m ài ê ê chiah
26
22
ê ê
ê
h m ê -tàng
m -tàng ê
2000 -tàng chiâ -chò ê ˜ hiông-hiông ùi
lak--lõh-lâi-ê ê t 19
chiah ê sòa--lâi
ê ê kap thang-hó ê
ê beh ê t ài tàn
ê kap ê ê tú-hó -
tàng tàu ê sòa--lõh-lâi ài ê ka-t ê
t kap téng-thâu s i to ài
ùi tàu h m ê
ê
ê Tng-tong 1945
s i ê ê
h m k ng ê ê
ê
4.
Ùi ê h m
k ng ê in ˜-ta ê m
ê ˜-ta iáu teh ài
m teh ê
ê h m
l m leh ê kap kan-ta ê Chit 3
ê 23
b e-s tú-hó h m ê
kap T in kan-ta ch…t-
kóa in ê in t 1997 ài ê
h m ê ê
beh chiâ -chò ê ài ê
ê chiah
t 1997 3 May 30-June 1, University of
California at Berkeley
24
Coulmas, F. 1991 The Writing System of the World. Oxford: Blackwell. DeFrancis, J. 1977 Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam.Gernet, J. 1982 A History of Chinese Civilization. NY: Cambridge University Press. Habein, Y. S. 1984 The History of The Japanese Written Language. Tokyo: University
of Tokyo Press. Kolb, A. 1971 East Asia: China Japan Korea Vietnam. Great Britain: Methuen & Co.
Ltd.Lee Sang-Baek, L. D. 1957 Hangul: The Origin of Korean Alphabet. Seoul: Tong-Mun
Kwan.Lee Sang-Baek, L. D. 1970 A History of Korean Alphabet and Movable Types. R. of
Korea: Ministry of Culture and Information. Seeley, C. 1991 A History of Writing in Japan. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. Taylor, I. & Taylor, M. M. 1995 Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and
Japanese. PA: John Benjamins. 1954
25 pp. 30-321954 24 pp. 33-36
1954 25 pp. 18-20
197719781987
198819901954 26 pp. 20-24
19921954
27 pp. 15-181954 16 pp. 17-
221996 chiah châi-ti u1956 49 pp. 23-30
26
1.
pi n lóng
khi t ê ê chit ê
in chia ê ˜ beh
am-khàm chiah ê ê ê
chai-iá t chìn-chêng ê
ê Hit tong-ch n ê in ê
tú ê hit ê kan-ta
oral literature iáu written literature
ê ùi
koh chiah ch…t-kóa
2003:26 ùi 1652 chiah
m ê in ka-t
˜-chai thang ê In t 1636
ê à t chìn-chêng ch
ê Heylen, 2001 Chit-kóa kap
chiâ -chò ê ê
t ê -sái 2 Chiung,
2001 ê ê
ê 1933 Chit-ê ùi 17
kah 19 ê 19 tan
teh ê Pçh-o -j
2001 2004 ê
khah ê ê Chit
ê tú-hó ê
ê 27
kap lóng in lóng
ê
ê ê Hit-kóa ê
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kap ê
in
khi t kúi
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T chit l i-té kap ê koh
ê sòa--lâi ê
kap chiah ê
h m ê
kám tiõh chiah ê ‹
lóng t ê t ê ê
chiah ê Diamond, 1997:235
ê tiõh ê chiah
chín ê Sume Sumerian
cuneiform kan-ta ch…t-kóa kap niâ
ê Gelb, 1952:62 Koh ê
ê ˜ m ˜
ê hông thçh ê
ê Gelb 1952 thçh ê
28
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ê 3 word-syllabic
systems 1 syllabic systems kap
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chiah koh
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khah ê ê khah Smalley, 1963:7
ê ê phonemes
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ê m khah ê 2001
khah ê khah m khah
khah khah ê
khah ê ê
t ê
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ê t ê t
kap Hit ê -sái ê
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DeFrancis, 1996 hit-kóa khiáu--ê ê ch k 1 Gelb word-syllabic DeFrancis 1990 morphosyllabic
ê 29
à in sòa--lòe ài koh hit-kóa ê Chit
ê ˜ ka-t tiàm lìn bat neh
ê ài
k M ˜ chhìn-chhái chh e
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ê châi-ti u m
ê
Chit ê t
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in ka-t ê t
ê T ê ˜-
koh chit ê iáu ê Hit-kóa
ê t ê ê
tiõh in ê ê ê chit
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kap
ê h m ê ê
1997 ˜-ta chit ê
h m ê k ng
ê t ê ê t
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bóe ê kap ˜-bat ê ê
Chit ka-t ê ê ê
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30
3. ê kap ê
ê
the Middle Age k ng ê ê
t m-põh-á k ng ê ‹-koh
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Davies, 1997:291 T hit-ê Latin hit-ê
ê the Roman Catholic Church ê
official language hông t kap
Crystal, 1992:223 hit ê lìn in
ê vernacular language ˜-koh t ê ài
t ê ká-ná t lìn
ê k ng-khoán Norman, 1988:83
t ê kah
Renaissances2 Reformations
chiah tiõh ê hông ê
ê chit-ê t ê
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lóng -sái ê h m chih-
chiap koh T chit-ê
ê t 1522
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Davies 1997:469 ê 1450-1670
ê 31
ê
T -hiáu
thang ê T
t u-t u-á ch…t-kóa ê Dante
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kap ài chiah khah ê t
ê chit
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ê 1996:51 chit
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t 17 ê hit
chín
ê
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in ê T ê chit
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Pçh-o -j 2003 2004
ê chit ê
32
ê T 19 ê lú
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T Koxinga
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3 William Campbell t 1896 koh4 ê Het Heylige Euangelium Matthei en Jonannis Ofte Hagnau Ka D'llig Matiktik,
Ka na Sasoulat ti Mattheus, ti Johannes appa. Overgefet inde Formosaansche tale, voor de
Inwoonders van Soulang, Mattau, Sinckan, Bacloan, Tavokan, en Tevorang.
Campbell, 1888 1990:121-123
34
ch…t-ch m Siraya ê t u-t u-á ê sî-ch n
chiah t 19 ê in bat ê Chit-kóa
ch…t-kóa ê In ê kan-ta
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ê
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1993:28 1996:2 1996:18 1996:149
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2 ê chiah ê Chit ê ê
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ê 35
ê ê ê
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Tâi-oân-hú-siâ Kàu-h e-pò ê
à Tng hit-kóa iáu teh
ê sî-ch n b chió ê kap
1882-1963 1900-1990 1887-
1947 1896-1951 1898-1970 1889-1983
2000
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koh ê
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36
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T
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ùi 1885 1969 chit
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1936 Barclay ê kap ê chiah-
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ê 37
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beh sak
Khó-sioh lín pún-kok ê j chin oh, chió chió lâng khòan hiáu--tit. S¯-í goán siat pãt-m…h ê hoat-t³, ng pçh-o -j lâi ìn-chheh, h³ lín chèng-lâng khòan khah khoài bat... Lâng ˜-thang phah-s¢g in- i i bat Khóng-chú-j s¯-í ˜-bián õh chit-h ê j ; i ˜-thang khòan-khin i, kóng s gín-á s¯-thãk--ê Barclay 1885 .
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phah bat chit-h êê
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t ê
t ê ê t ti m à
kah 19 chiah koh t chhiân-i 1860 ê
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ê ê 1995:6-8 1990:277-280
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2 3 kap 4
5 6
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38
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ch…t-kóa Medhurst Water H. Medhurst 1796-1857 t 18376 Douglas Carstairs Douglas 1830-
1877 t 1873 7 t si ng ê8 Campbell William Campbell 1871-
1918 t 1913 ê 1990
1993 1996
ê 9 t 187310 t 1884 t ê
hông ê 11 t
1885 Barclay ê h m
m ch…t-kóa kap khah ê m…h-á 12 1897 Gê
Uî Lîm ê 13 1917 G. Gushue-
Taylor ê 14 1925 L a Jîn-seng 6 A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the
Reading and Colloquial Idioms Chit t 1932 19377 Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with
the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects8 -m£g-im Sin J -tián A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular
Spoken throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa9 Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-so
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10 K -iok ê Sèng Keng11 kúi-n pái Chit
t 1970 chìn-chêng lóng 1970 chit koh
t 1 ê12 -sái 199413 Pit Soàn ê Chh¬ Hãk14 L i G a Kho Khan-h³-hãk The Principles and Practice of Nursing
ê 39
ê ê 15 1926 T n Khe-phoàn ê16 1925 Chhòa Pôe-hóe ê ê17 Chit-kóa lóng t 30
à Hit-kóa l i kan-ta té ê iáu b
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40
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ê
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ch -ch ê ê tháu
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1992:7020 1980 ê -sái Chiung 1999:33-4921 t chia ê ê H -ló22 ê -sái & 199923 T 1996 ch…t-t n ê 5% chit-ê t
beh k ch…t-kóa khah ê 1996
10 ê à
ê 41
khah ch -hiáu kap thang ti 1925
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Pún-tó lâng lóng-ki ng san-pah lãk-chãp-b n lâng, k n-k n chiah chha-put-to j -chãp-b n lâng hãk-b n, kiám ˜-s chin chió mah? Che s sím-m…h goân-in neh? Ch…t h ng, s lán ka-t b -hiáu khòan hãk-b n t ng;ch…t h ng, s siat-hoat ê lâng bô chãp-hun ê sêng-sim. Iáu koh ch…t h ng,chi -s beh õh hãk-b n ê b n-j giân-gú thài kan-kè hui-siông oh-tit õh
Chhòa, 1925:14-15 .
360 k n-k n 20 kámb -hiáu
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khah soah k
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ê -tàng ch chit ê soah
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ê ê Hawaii DeFrancis 1990
chit ˜ tiõh ê
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ê
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42
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ê t 1975 ê
6.
ùi ê
ê kap pái ê 17
ê pái ê ùi 1885 Barclay
t ê ke
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koh sak ê lóng
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24 T ˜-koh t 1945 m
ê ch Quôc ng ta ê chiâ -chò
ê
ê 43
ê kap khah
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t 2004 10 9-10
ê
44
Band, Edward. 1936. Barclay of Formosa. Tokyo: Christian Literature Society. Barclay, Thomas. 1885. Tâi-oân-hú-siân Kàu-h e-pò. No.1. Campbell, William. 1888. The Gospel of St. Matthew in Formosan Sinkang
Dialect With Corresponding Versions in Dutch and English Edited From Gravius's Edition of 1661. reprinted in 1996 Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
Campbell, William. 1903. Formosa Under the Dutch. reprinted in 1992 Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 1999. Language Attitudes toward Taibun, the Written Taiwanese. MA thesis: The University of Texas at Arlington.
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2001. Romanization and language planning in Taiwan. TheLinguistic Association of Korea Journal 9 1 ,15-43.
Crystal, David. 1992. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages.Oxford: Blackwell.
Davies, Norman. 1997. Europe: A History. London: Pimlico.DeFrancis, John. 1990. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Taiwan edition
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. DeFrancis, John. 1996. How efficient is the Chinese writing system? Visible Language.
Vol.30, No.1, p.6-44. Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: W. W. Norton &
Company.Gelb, I. J. 1952. A Study of Writing. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Heylen, Ann. 2001a. Dutch language policy and early Formosan literacy 1624-
1662 . In Ku Wei-ying ed. . Missionary Approaches and Linguistics in Mainland China and Taiwan, 199-251. Leuven: F. Verbiest Foundation and Leuven University Press.
Norman, Jerry. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smalley, William. et al.1963. Orthography Studies. London: United Bible Societies.
20031996
20031994 1978
1995
1933
ê 45
1996 1999 t
12004
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1993b4 1-9
19961996200319932004 55 2
289-3241925 Chãp-h ng Koán-kiàn1997 t 3
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teh ê 55
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ne ê ê ê soah t u-t u-
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58
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8 A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the
Reading and Colloquial Idioms9 Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with
the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects10 -m£g-im Sin J -tíán A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular
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t 1443 kap ê ê Hangul si ng-thâu-á
ê ˜ Hangul Hangul chit-ê
Chu Si-gyong t 1913 k
Hangul Chosoncha Chongum
31 ùi 8 ê 19
chiah ê
teh ê 65
in ka-t ê ˜-koh hit-kóa ˜-
tan t ê t in ka-t ê
m ê ê kap chiâ -chò
ê ê 19 20
ê chhiâ -i n chiah t u-t u-á kap
ê
1443 Sejong, 1398-1450
sòa--lâi t 1446 t
Hun Min Jong Um l i-té
Lee Sang-Beck, 1957: 47
T ê kap hit ê
ê h m ê ê
kan-tan 50 chhun ê
ê -sái ùi
chit-ê 1444 2 ê Choe
Mal-li
Lee Sang-Baek,1957:4,31
66
in ê
ê -sái ùi ê ê Tran Trong Kim, 1882-
1953 t ê ê l i-té ê
1992:1-2
3.2. ê
Ùi ê t ê ˜
ê kúi-ê ê -sái ê
ê ˜ hit kúi ê ê T
ê ê t b e-liáu--á thang
ê tú-hó chit-kóa ê t ê
kap t 20 ê ch -ch ê
ê tháu
khah ch kap thang t 1925
ê ê l i-té
Pún-tó lâng lóng-ki ng san-pah lãk-chãp-b n lâng, k n-k n chiah chha-put-to j -chãp-b n lâng hãk-b n, kám ˜-s chin chió mah? Che s sím-m…h goân-in neh? Ch…t h ng, s lán ka-t b -hiáu khoàn hãk-b n t ng;ch…t h ng, s siat-hoat ê lâng bô chãp-hun ê sêng-sim. Iáu koh ch…t h ng,chi -s beh õh hãk-b n ê bûn-j giân-gú thài kan-kè hui-siông oh-tit õh.
Chhòa, 1925: 14-15
360 k n-k n 20 kám
teh ê 67
˜ ka-t b -hiáuê ê Iáu koh
beh ê oh
khah soah k
ê 32 t ê hông ê
kap chit-ê chit 3
ê ê t l i-té kúi
lóng hông ê
ê beh ê ài
ê lóng khah ê teh ê T 19 ê
ê chit-ê t
1885 ê ê
Khó-sioh lín pún-kok ê j [Hàn-j ] chin oh, chin chió lâng khòa -hiáu-tit.S¯-í goán siat pãt-m…h ê hoat-t³, ng pçh-o -j lâi ìn chheh, h³ lín chèng-lâng khòa khah khoài bat. Lâng ˜-thang phah-s¢g in-ùi i bat Khóng-chú-j [Hàn-j ] s¯-í ˜-bián õh chit-h ê j ; i ˜-thang khòa -khini, kóng s gín-á s¯-thãk--ê.
ê ohê khah bat
phah bat chit-h êê
ê kap soah
ê -tàng ch chit ê soah
ê in ê ‹-koh lú
lú ch ê ê Hawaii DeFrancis
32 l i-té ê “digraphia” digraphia -sái DeFrancis 1984;Dale 1980;Tiun
1998
68
˜-tiõh ê t chit
ê
ê ê ê t
ê
ê ê
ê bat ê
ê t 1975 ê 33
4. ê
Chit ê ê kap ê
beh ùi ê ê kap ê
4.1. ê kap
ch lóng kap
ê sòa--lâi
ABC ê chit k ê
m
ê ê “semi”kap“er” kap ê ê
ê ê
“McDonald” chit-ê
án-ne ê h m ê
ABC k ng chiah tiõh ‹-koh ch ê
lóng k ê kap ê
33 kap ê -sái 1993 1996
teh ê 69
ê Tzeng, 1992 ê k ng-khoán
ê chit-ê kap ê ê 34
kap ê t k ng-khoán
ê 1992 ùi ê
ê t ê
ê lú lú chió ê ùi 11 ê
27% 12 ê 90%
l i-té m
Chit m ˜ ê
beh k ng k ng ê
homophone chit t ch
l i-té m in k ng ê lâi k ng-khoán ê
ê k ng k ng k ng ê
“see” kap “sea” “too” “two” 2 “to”
ê l i-té
lóng ê chit tong-ch n ê hiah
ch à McGraw-Hill 1963 ùi ê
l i-té ê 5% DeFrancis,
1990:187 t ê l i-té lóng
polysyllabic words compound words T chit
beh ê ke kan-tan -sái
34 the phonological effect in the reading of the Chinese characters is real and its nature
seems to be similar to that generated in an alphabetic script Tzeng et al., 1992:128 .
70
ê niâ 35 kap
˜-koh teh sô ê káu-hi ant
súi ê kh ng rainbow chit 5% ê soah
chit ê ˜ DeFrancis
hiah ê -
kap koh khah ê 36
ê ê Gelb 1952
kap Smalley 1963 ê In ê
ê ê chiah -tàng ê
kap ê ê
teh ê phoneme syllable
morpheme kap word ùi k ng ê
T chit-ê -sái - word-
syllabic - morphosyllabic ê 37 ê
ê
kap -sái t chit-ê l i-
té ê
kap lóng ˜-koh in iáu t m-põh-á
ê h m ê kap
ê k ng h m ê kap
35 ê -sái 199836 the inefficiency of the system stems precisely from its clumsy method of sound
representation and the added complication of an even more clumsy system of semantic
determinatives. DeFrancis, 1996:4037 Gelb word-syllabic DeFrancis morphosyllabic
teh ê 71
˜-koh ê
kap
lóng ê ˜-koh kap lóng ê
ê
kap lóng ê ê
-sái ê
Gelb ùi ê ê ê
ùi ê ê chit úi ê
ê ê tng ê
khah ê khah ê
ê
T iáu sa ê chìn-chêng kan-tan
-tàng t ê lìn in beh ê ê Chit-ê
ê ê kui ê ê in t
lìn hit ê lìn ê ê
chit pak ê beh t
sa leh kap hit M
beh t beh
kan-tan chit pak ê ka-t Tng ê chit
pak ê in ài t hia ioh ê
Tng ê ê
ê k hit-ê ê
tãk-pái beh k ng ê
k ng chit ê
ê à
chit-ê Tng ê ê
72
ê k k ng-khoán
ê ê k ng-khoán ê ê
ê k ng ê
t chit - ê chiâ beh
ê ê ê soah
ê ê khah
khah ê
ê In -tàng ê
-sái ê T chit-ê in
50 ê 50 -
sái kap ê ê
koh khah in koh khah ê ê In
ê koh khah ê 28
-sái ê
ê ê kap leh
khah ê ê khah
ê in -sái ê ê ê
ê ê -tàng chit
ê lóng ê vowels kap
consonants ê k ng ê k ng ê
kap -sái k hit-ê ê
Smalley 1963:7 kan-tan ê
26 -sái hit-ê ê
ê ch ê
ài ch ê chiah châi-ti u
ài 2,600
teh ê 73
ê ài ch…t-kóa leh ê
ê ê ài
3,000 chiah ê Hannas 1997 ê
chit-mái ê 7,000 Chit 7,000
ê niâ k khah ê
ê -sái
ê 47,035
ch…t-kóa ê k beh
ê ká-ná ˜-koh
k hiah
ê 1,000 1,000
˜ khah sió-khóa niâ
k ng-khoán ê ê
thán ê
ch a ê ê khàm
khàm ê m teh ê
k ng
Chit ê ˜-tan
ê
4.2. ê
Chit ê ˜ t
l i-té ê ch ê
ê lóng k ng k ng
H -ló ê ê ê T chiah ch
t 1837 ê
74
ê 1873 ê ê
ê kap ê ê
1996 1993 1913 ê t
ê m t hông ê
Chit kúi ê ê -sái ùi 5
5. ê
IPAin in
ien ian oa oa
o.
k ng k ng ê sán k ng ê
kah chit-mái iáu teh ê
-sái 38
ê kap tone ê
38 /ts / kap /ch / ê /ch/
teh ê 75
6. ê
bûn
t /i/, /e/ ê chi
tsa
chha
gí
hi
j…t
ka
kha
lí
m
ni
ng³
pi
phoe
sì
tê
thai
7. ê
ti
ê tê
/n/ /t/ kian
ta
tu
to toh
ê to.
/ / tong kok
76
8. ê
-
-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
44 53 21 3 12 22 5 IPA
˜ -tàng ê hit-ê ê
hit-ê ê ê
ê hit-kóa ê lóng M in
ê -sái ê h m
kap ê ê
H -ló
ê chit
án-chóan ê ê kap ê 39 Chit
ê t 9 kap 10 Ùi 9
kap 10 -sái chit ê ê
m -tàng teh ê 3
ê ê
- ê
39 ê kap ê -sái 1977 1999
teh ê 77
9. ê
bilabial alveolar velar glottal -asp/+asp -asp/+asp -asp/+asp
voiceless stop p / ph t / th k / khvoiced stop b gvoiced flap lvoiceless fricative s hvoiceless affricate ch(ts)/chhvoiced affricate jvoiced nasal m n ng
10. ê
front central back
high i u mid e o ¬
low a
ê ti ê lìn thán
ch a kap ê ch a Ùi 9 kap
10 -sái m chit-ê kap
ê ˜-tan kap
ê IPA 40 voiceless
voiced kap aspiration ê /p t k/ /b g/
/h/ ch…t-kóa
40 International Phonetic Alphabet.
78
thái-- /p t k/ ê / / thái-- ài /b d g/
/p t k/ / / chit ê
ê ê lóng in
ka-t ê beh ê ê
ê l i-té kan-tan kap kap
khi t ê -sái ê
ch lóng kap
beh ê kap ê
ê ê
kap ê m /h/
spelling ê k ng ê
beh ê iah beh
siáng ê hit-ê khah
ê ê ê
- ê ch…t-kóa 41
h m
/p/ / / /ph/ / / Chit
ê m án-ne ê -tàng koh ê
ê
ê t kap ê
- ê ê
lóng 24 ê 23 17 kap 6
chit 24 kan-tan 17 ˜-bián
26 kan-tan 17 châi-ti u H m
41 /ts / kap /ch/ ê
teh ê 79
kúi ê ê ˜ ê
-tàng ê T chit kúi l i-té khah chiãp ê
/ch/ kap /chh/ ê 42
ê teh ê ch…t-kóa
Sòa--lâi ê
k ê ùi pêng pêng sio-sòa sòa--lâi43 chiah t ê “-”
ê ˜
Tâi-oân-lâng ˜-s Tiong-kok-lâng Chit ê ê
koh ch…t-kóa ê
án-chóan án-chóan án-chóan án-chóan
4.3. ê
ê khah koh ê leh Smalley 1963:34-
52 ê 5 siáng -tàng chit 5
siáng khah ê Chit 544
1. -tàng ê kap
2. -tàng ê hit-ê ê
42 chit 2 /c/ kap /ch/ -tàng koh khah43 ê ê
ài ³-kóe-khiau b -sái ò.-koe-khiau44 1 Maximum motivation for the learner, acceptance by its society, and controlling
groups such as the government. 2 Maximum representation of speech. 3 Maximum ease of
learning. 4 Maximum transfer. 5 Maximum ease of reproduction.
80
3.
4. ê
5. phah
chit 5 -sái ke
hit-kóa ê kap ê
khi-m¬ giang chhun-ê ê
pi n hit-kóa khàm-khàm ê
ê kap ê in
ê lóng kan-tan beh in
in moh leh ê
ê hit-kóa ê
-tàng in ê
-tàng ê ˜-koh ê
ê ê ê
ch iáu hit k
ê 45 chit-ê iáu t
l i-té ê ch lóng
khah án-chóan ê
hông hit-kóa ê àu ê
Án-chóan ê kap ián-tó ê
ê sak ài ê
- ê
koh ê
ê chit
45 kap ê -sái Chiung, 1999
teh ê 81
ê chit-kúi-ê -tàng
ê j n-bat sòa--lâi in
kap ê k ng-khoán -tàng
khah ê sòa--lâi khah k hit-ê
-tàng
ch pi n ài hiah in ê
lóng ê -tàng
ê khah ch in khah
Lú ch lú t
b hông beh m khah án-ne
chiah -tàng -tàng ê
t ê T ê lú lú
t ê ti n-ti n ài khah
ê kap ê lóng khah m
ê hiah OCR
-sái ch…t-kóa ê
-sái
5.
ê chit
ch…t-kóa chit ch…t-kóa
˜-koh k hit-kóa hông ê h m ê ê
ká-ná niâ ê
ê -tàng t l i-té
kap lóng ê ê ê k ng Beh
ài khah ê beh ê
82
kap sòa--lâi -sái
ê iah beh ê ài án-ne
t 2001 51 4 , 15-52
“Peh-oe-ji, Childish Writing?” t 6
NATSC 2000 ùi
t ê Dr. Jerry Edmondson
Pete Unseth ê
ê kap t ê tàu ê
ê
kap
t chia k in
teh ê 83
Barclay, Thomas. 1885. Tâi-oân-hú-siân Kàu-h e-pò. No.1. Campbell, William. 1979. -—ng-im Sin J -tián A Dictionary of the Amoy
Vernacular Spoken throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa . originally published in 1913 . Tailam: The Taiwan Church Press.
Campbell, William. 1992. Formosa Under the Dutch. originally published in 1903Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
Campbell, William. 1996. The Gospel of St. Matthew in Formosan SinkangDialect With Corresponding Versions in Dutch and English Edited From Gravius's Edition of 1661. originally published in 1888 Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
Chen, Ping. 1999. Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 1999. Language Attitudes toward Taibun, the Written Taiwanese. MA thesis: The University of Texas at Arlington.
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2000. Language, literacy, and nationalism: a comparative study of Vietnam and Taiwan. Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics: Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, Nov. 16-17,Vietnam National University, HCM, Vietnam.
Dale, Ian R. H. 1980. Digraphia. International Journal of Sociology of Language.Vol.26, p.5-13.
DeFrancis, John. 1950. Nationalism and Language Reform in China. Princeton University Press.
DeFrancis, John. 1977. Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam. The Hague. DeFrancis, John. 1984. Digraphia. Word. Vol.35, No.1, p.59-66. DeFrancis, John. 1990. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Taiwan edition
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. DeFrancis, John. 1996. How efficient is the Chinese writing system? Visible Language.
Vol.30, No.1, p.6-44. Gelb, I. J. 1952. A Study of Writing. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Hannas, William. C. 1997. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. Lee, Sang-Beck. 1957. The Origin of the Korean Alphabet Hangul, According to New
Historical Evidence. Seoul: Tong-Mun Kwan. Naojiro Murakami, B. 1933. Sinkan Manuscripts. Taipei: Taihoku Imperial University. Norman, Jerry. 1991. Chinese. originally published in 1988 Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.Smalley, William. et al.1963. Orthography Studies. London: United Bible Societies.
84
Tiun Hak-khiam. 1998. Writing in two scripts: a case study of digraphia in Taiwanese. Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 1, No. 2, p.225-247.
Tzeng, Ovid. et al. 1992. Auto activation of linguistic information in Chinese character recognition. Advances in Psychology. Vol.94, p.119-130. 1994 http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-
chia/l/lu-heng-chhiong/peh-oe-ji.htm 1992 1978 1993a
4 10-25 1993b
4 1-9 1996
1995
1992 1992
1993 1999 t
1 1997 t 3
1998 ê ê t 4
1925 Chãp-h ng Koán-kiàn 1989 1990
1977 1999t 1 1990
teh ê 85
1897 ê ê
1917 ê
86
ê 43
ê ê
88
1.
1492 Kholanpos Christopher Columbus pái
ê Gama Vasco da Gama t 1498
The Cape of Good Hope phah ê
15 ê tú ê T tòe
táu ê ê kap l³-bóe ê
m t chit tòe ê
h m t t án-ne ê t 17
ê t ˜ ˜-koh
t chiâ -chò in ê
t beh ê ê h m
ê chit 2 ê
ê kh¢g t ê ê
beh khah ch ê
DeFrancis 1977 Hannas 1997 Chiung 2000
2002 beh t ê Chiung 2001
2001
2.
bat 1000 ê 111- 939
ê ˜-koh iáu h m ê
Chit-ê 19 ê chiah
h m ê 89
2.1. ê
ê
Ch Nôm ê ˜-koh lóng kap
ê
t ê ùi ê 204- 111
hit-ch m Nguyen, 1999:2 T ê
chiâ -chò ê T t 10
kap soah
t ê t
kap ê Nguyen, 1999:3-4
t in ê
á ê ê
ê ê m -
sái t 10
chiah DeFrancis, 1977:21 ê
ê kap
Nguyen, 1999:2 T ê t 13 chiah
ê ê 1 ah t 16 18 2 ê
ê kap chió ê
t
kap Nguyen, 1999
ê h m ê nih ê ê
1 ê2 H m Nguyen Thanh Xuan ê
90
ê ê t ê3 ê gín-á t /kon/
/kon/t ê chit ê /kon/ t
koh gín-á ê kap
/kon/
ê ê m ê
kan-tan ê
soah ê Chit-ê t ê
k ng-khoán ê
t t koh ka-t ê ˜-
koh soah ê Che ê
ê t hông ê
koh ê b -sái k
ê lóng k
m k t hit-kóa beh ê
t b -sái Tng chit-kóa in
ka-t ê t ê
ê ê
2 ê chiâ -chò ê
ê m thòan koh khah ch ê
ê t nih t
/tre/ nih ê /le/ ê
ê Ùi chia -tàng
3 H m Nguyen Quang Hong ê
h m ê 91
khah phái beh t ài bat chiah
châi-ti u kap ê
2.2. ê
ê kah 17 phoneme ê
ê chiah ê t ê -sái 4 ê
17 19 ê 19
ê 20 ê
kap 1945 ê
16 17 ê ê t u-t u-á In
khah k thang t in ê k
1 4 ê h m ch
k ng-khoán ˜ t ê
ê ê 5 T b
chió ê phah Dac Lo6 t 1651
3 7 Do, 1972
Dac Lo h m ê t Medherst8 h m t
1837 ê ê k ng-
khoán In lóng ê k kap ê 1
Dac Lo ê t k ng ê sió-khóa chiâ -chò
4 ê Do Quang Chinh 19725 Thompson 1987:54-55) and Ly 1996:56 Dac Lo Alexandre de Rhodes7 Dictionarium Annamaticum, Lusetanum et Latinum Viet Bo La
8 Walter Henry Medherst, 1796-1857 ê
92
ê
T 19 chìn-chêng kan-tan t
niâ 9 chiah sió-khóa
kap t ê Vien Van Hoc, 1961:21-22
sak ê ˜-koh soah
ê k
sòa--lâi t 1865 1 ê Gia Dinh Bao
m ùi hit-ch m ch Quôc ng
Vien Van Hoc, 1961:22 t h m 1885 ê 1
Tâi-oân-hú-siân Kàu-h e-pò k ng-
khoán chh a ê t 1882
1 ê ài ê Vien Van Hoc,
1961:22-23
sak ê
h m
lóng k m
kap t h m
ê h m ê thang
b -sái 10
9 1862 kap 3 1885
10 1866 Paulin Vial t 1 phoe--nih “From the
first days it was recognized that the Chinese language was a barrier between us and the natives…;
it is the only one which can bring close to us the Annamites of the colony by inculcating in them
the principles of European civilization and isolating them from the hostile influence of our
neighbors” quoted in DeFrancis, 1977:77)
h m ê 93
ùi ê
tng in beh t khah
l³-bóe -tàng
ê DeFrancis, 1977:131-134
t chit t i-chì
ê ê beh
˜-koh soah ê
t ê sak t 19
khah ˜-koh ê iáu DeFrancis,
1977:69 ê ài 20 t ê ê
chiah ê DeFrancis, 1977:159 Che t
ê ê t hông oá
ê ‹-koh t
ê in t ê k
chiâ -chò ê
20 ê ê11 t ê t ká-n 20 ê
ê kan-tan
Chit-ê tú t h m k ng ê
ê ch…t-kóa ê In t
1907 t 12 Ha Noi thang
11 H m Nguyen Quang Hong ê m -sái Marr
1971:156-18412 ê
94
kap In beh ê b -
sái ê t beh in beh
thang
1 t ˜-koh in ê soah
t h m T in ê
soah chiâ -chò ê kap m
ch…t-ch n ê Vuong & Vu, 1980:20-32
kah 1930 á 75 ê Hannas,
1997:86
t ê sak ê ˜-koh
che t hit-ch n ê t 1945
chiah ê
t 1945 9 2
t 9 8 t s i ê t hit 10
koh 1 chò-hóe ê phoe i t phoe--nih
Lán ê
Khah lán in in lánin lán bat thang k lán
Lán ê ê 95% -sái lónglán beh án-chóan
Lán chit-má ê êlán ài ê khang-khòe Lán
ài t 1 -hiáu chu Quoc ngu ê Lán
Lán ê
h m ê 95
Lán ài k ê thi u-á chh i ân Lán ài Lánài iá ka-t ê kap êchiah ê ah che m siá -m…h ài
-hiáu ê
Bat --ê ài ˜-bat --ê thang lán ê t m-põh-á
‹-bat --ê m ài kut-lãt phah Ang-sài ài b¯-kián a àisió ˜-bat ê p ài kián --ê ài
--ê ài
Cha-b¯ lóng ài koh khah phah chiah tòe ê
¢g ê chò-hóe phah
Ho, 1994:64-65
1945 bat ê 20% t
1953 70% DeFrancis, 1977:240
-tàng ùi ê ch si ng
ê kap
t kap
chiâ -chò ê thang ê
T 40 soah thçh
ê thang
ê ê ‹-koh hit iáu ê
koh ˜ k koh thçh t g
ê nih ê án-chóan ê thang
ê t i-chì m
soah ê
96
1971:107 ê
1971:228-240 T chit p n-sè chiâ -chò
ê si ng
ê T t
phoe ê án-chóan hiah ch ê
thang chiok ê t i-chì T 19 ê
nih in ê t hit
ê chiâ -chò ˜-koh án-ne -sái ê
koh -tàng ê ‹-koh kah 20
ài ê ˜-tan niâ ài koh sio sòa--lâi ê kap
˜-koh soah siu kap phái
ê t chiâ -chò
ê si ng ê t ê
chhân-chhân T kan-tan
chió bat 13 ê ê sak
t
2.3. ê
t ê -sái 2 ê Chiung,
2001 ê ê
ê 1933 Chit-ê ùi 17
kah 19 ê 19 tan
13 -hiáu ê ê ˜-bat ê
khah Stubbs 1980:72 t
ê ê t beh
h m ê 97
teh ê 2001
1 pái ê
ê t ê t ê
t ê ê t ti m à
kah 19 chiah koh t chhiân-i 1860 ê
sî-ch n h m
hit-ch n ê m
T t chit-ê kap
si ng kut-lãt sak ê t 1865
James L. Maxwell, 1836-1921 chh a t
ê ê 1995:6-8 1990:277-280
T chìn-chêng in t
à in t hia t k 114 John Van Nest Talmage 1819-1892
án-chóan ê 15
1852 t Chit t
k chit
ê t -sái -hiáu ùi in ê
án-ne iáu b ê
si ng-thâu-á ê chiah ê
ê kap lóng h m ê Chit-
kóa ê ê -sái 6
14 -sái 1978:18-25)15 T£g-o hoan-j chh¬ -hãk
98
1.
2.
3. kap
4.
5.
6. ê
19 b chió ê t
ch…t-kóa Medhurst Water H. Medhurst 1796-1857 t 183716 Douglas Carstairs Douglas 1830-
1877 t 1873 17 t si ng ê18 Campbell William Campbell 1871-
1918 t 1913 ê 1990
1993 1996
1 ê 19 t 187320 t 1884 t ê
hông ê 21 t
16 A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language According to the
Reading and Colloquial Idioms Chit t 1932 193717 Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with
the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects18 -m£g-im Sin J -tián A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular
Spoken throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa19 Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-so
.Ki-tok ê Sin-iok
20 K -iok ê Sèng Keng21 kúi-n pái Chit
t 1970 chìn-chêng lóng 1970 chit koh
t 1 ê
h m ê 99
1885 Barclay Thomas Barclay 1849-1935
ê h m m ch…t-kóa kap
khah ê m…h-á 22 1897 Gê Uî Lîm ê23 1917 G. Gushue-Taylor ê
24 1926 T n Khe-phoàn ê 25 1925
Chhòa Pôe-hóe ê ê 26
ê t -hiáu in k chit
t phoe h u-sen cha-b¯-kián
t i-chì ê t 1970 chìn-chêng 27 t
ê iáu hông ê ˜-koh kap
ê soah t u-t u-á chió
ê cha-p¬ cha-b¯ ê
T ê cha-b¯-lâng lóng leh
ê Chit-ê ê
m phái Chit-kóa cha-b¯-
lâng t tú-hó in thang ê
ê In ˜-tan ê m -sái
ê t iáu ch…t-kóa ê
22 -sái 199423 Pit Soàn ê Chh¬ Hãk24 L i G a Kho Khan-h³-hãk The Principles and Practice of Nursing25 Chhut Sí-Sòan k -sái t
26 Chãp-h ng Koán-kiàn27 hit
100
˜-bat kan-tan -hiáu 28
si ng-thâu-á ê tan
t ê T 1980 29 ê
ê m chhùi30 T khah ê 3
kap ê ch
t ê 31 Tâi-
oân-j kap 5% 32
t ê lóng ê
ê ê ê
3. ê
h m t ê lóng
lán t chit beh ê
ê ê
nih ê
h m ê lóng h m in ê
28 t 1955 ê t H -ló ê
lóng 115,500 -hiáu 32,000
1992:7029 1980 ê -sái Chiung 1999:33-4930 t chia ê ê H -ló31 ê -sái & 199932 T 1996 1 ê 1 ê 5% chit-ê t
beh k ch…t-kóa khah ê 1996
10 ê
h m ê 101
lán t t chia ch…t- -á kap ê
h m k ng-khoán lóng
isolating languages t in ê siá ê
‹-tan án-ne chit 2 ê lóng koân ê
monosyllabic ê t in ê ch lóng ê
ê h m ê
ê koân ˜-koh ch ê
soah hit ê
kap ê h m lóng
hông ê 7 ê
6 ê T koh ê tone
sandhi ˜-koh t nih chió ê -sái
ê
h m chit 2 lóng
ch…t-kóa phonetics ê ˜-koh
lóng -sái phonemic writing h m
ê in lóng ê ˜-koh
b chió ê -kha lán t k h m
sio-siâng h m siâng ê
Sio-siâng ê
1. Pê -pê lóng ê
2. Lóng ê
3. Lóng diacritics “^” t
ê téng-koân thang
4. Lóng ê ch
102
ê
5. lóng ê ˜-koh
lóng -sái ê
6. chit 2 ê lóng a lóng
ch…t-kóa h m siâng ê
siâng ê
1. ê t ˜-koh ê t
kap chit-ê 2 ê
3 ê
2. h m ê “-“
làng space
3. h m ê ê
˜-koh b chió ê
3.1.
ê lóng t hit-ê ê k ng ê
k ng ê ê
zero consonant kap nâ-âu glottal
stop 17 ê consonants 6 ê simple vowels kap
7 ê 33 In t 1 2 kap 3
33 ê kap -sái 2001
1977
h m ê 103
1. ê IPA
(bi-labial) (alveolar) khok (velar) Nâ-âu (glottal)
- / + - / + - / +
(voiceless stop)
(voiced stop) g (voiceless C. fricative) (voiceless G. fricative)
(voiceless affricate)
(voiced Affricate)
(voiced lateral) *34(voiced nasal)
2. ê IPA
front central back
high
mid
low
3. ê kap i ê
-
*35 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ê 44 53 21 3 12 22 5
IPA ê
34 ê /l/ ch sî-ch n [d] [ ê 2001:31-32
˜-koh t chia ê35 4 8 ê p t k h ê 1 p t k h
4 h m 1
104
ê -sái t 1 2
kap 3 ê ê Lán t k nih kap
h m ê t 4 kap 5
4. ê h m ê
/b/ b bûnch t /i/, /e/ ê chi/ts/ts tsa
/tsh/ chh chha/g/ g gí/h/ h hi/dz/ j j…t/k/ k ka/kh/ kh kha/l/ l lí
/m/ m m/n/ n ni
ng³
/p/ p pi/ph/ ph phoe/s/ s sì/t/ t tê/th/ th thai
5. ê h m ê
/i/ i tie ê tê/e/ia piah /n/ /t/ kian
/a/ a ta/u/ u tu
to toh
o. ê to./o/o piah / / tong kok
h m ê 105
Ùi 4 kap 5 -sái chió ê
lóng /b/ t b /kh/ t kh
ê -sái ê
Chai-ián h m ê lán t ê
k word sòa--
lâi ùi tò-pêng pêng k ê 4 kap 5 ê
k koh k 3 ê t
nucleus 36 l³-bóe chiah koh k “-” t
h m chhit-thô han-chî ám-bõk-kóe chhài-thâu-kóe
ê ê
base tone of a syllable ê
ê chhái-th u-kóe ˜-koh ê ài ê
chhài-thâu-kóe Chit -sái ê
˜-koh chit tiõh
ê t ê k
ê t nih chiah
kap “-” t Chit m bái Bái t
ê Chit t koh
khah ê k motorbike ¬-t¯-bái
t ¬-tó-bái ˜ 3 ê “¬” “tó” kap “bái” tàu
ê ê 3 ³t¬bái ¬t¬bái ho n-sè
khah
36 t 1 ê ê niâ m ch…t-kóa ˜ t
ê “p e” kap “o ” ê t
106
ªt¬bái chit kap
ê ˜ ê sòa--lâi k
ê “-” thçh ¥t¬bái ê kap ³t¬bái ê ê
kan-tan ê lóng
homophone ê t nih
t leh -sái m -tàng kah
kah “-” chit-ê -sái k
ê ˜ ê
-sái k “-”
han-chî i ê /n/ h m /ch/ tàu-t n chò-hóe
ê -sái hanchî kokong kok-ong
m ko-kong t t ê
khah leh kokong chit chió
lóng t ê chió
chit-ê k thçh ê
he khi t ê ê
hàn t hanchî án-ne hanchî t -tàng
ê ê
ê glides /w/ t nih o góa koe
thái ài w u /w/ ê Che
ê /w/ gâu piah ê ê /w/ piah
koân ê [-high] /a/ /e/ t [+high] ê /w/ [-high]
ê Chit ch…t t /w/ ê [o] [ /w/
khah sêng [o] [ t k góa koe Chit /w/
piah ê t m m t in ê
h m ê 107
nih 1
b chió ê T nih k
“ n ” t ê pêng koân tin chiún koain
iáu nâ-âu glottal stop ê IPA
[ ] chit-ê nâ-âu t nih h IPA
ah IPA tih
3.2.
ê in ê ê
koh khah k ng ê k ng ê
Ngueyn Dinh Hoa 1997:10 ê -sái
3
ê ê t ê Doan
Thien Thuat 1999 ê 19 ê 13 ê 3
ê diphthongs 37 ê ê
6 ê 38 Lán k chit-kóa kap t
6 7 8 9 kap 10
37 /p/ t Doan Thien Thuat k ê
ê iáu /t 3 ê38 k ng ê -tàng 2 ê 4 ê 6 ê 8 ê
108
6. ê IPA
khok khok Nâ-âu
- / +
(voiceless stop)
(voiced stop) d (voiceless fricative)
(voiced fricative)
(voiced lateral) l (voiced nasal)
7. ê IPA
(- ) (+ )
upper high i u
upper mid e o
lower lower mid
low a
8. ê ê
(- ) (+ )
upper high
upper mid
lower lower mid
low
9. ê
(- ) (+ )
upper i ulower
h m ê 109
10. ê
ngang s c huy n h i ngã n ng?
ê 33 35 21 313 435 3
IPA ê
ê h m ê kap
khah sió-khóa beh k kh¢g t nih lán
t k in ê t 11 kap 12 thang ê -
kap
11. ê h m ê
t t«i
th thu
ch cho
/t tr trång
k i, y, e, ê, kªq /w/ qu¶ c c¸ b ba
® ®i
ph ph¸p
s xa
x so
kh khi
h hái
¨n
v vÒ
d da gi t giag i g× r ra
110
gh i, e, ê ghi g gμ l lμ
m mÑ
n nam
nh nhí
ngh i, e, ê nghØng ngäc
* ---
12. ê h m ê
i khi iy t ®ång ý
e ê ghÕe em
a thanh
u cò
tõ
« c«
¬ th¬
© thÊy
o co
o cong
a ta
¨ ¨na y, u tay
ê h m ê kap
khah sió-khóa Che ê ê
1 ê t khah ê
ê - ê ài t ê
ch…t-kóa t “o” chiân ô
h m ê 111
thang o
2 ê k ng ê ê
gi [z] ê Italy ê Thompson 1987:62 nh [ ]
ê Jerold Edmondson;David Silva c, k, q [k]
Doan Thien Thuat ph [f]
DeFrancis, 1977:58
3 ê /t ˜-
koh ch lóng lóng t ê
nih ê “ch” /c/ “tr” / t
ê /c/ h m / t ê ti n b ài “ch”
iah “tr” tr ng ˜-tiõh ch ng
4 ê tan m
400 ê t chit 400
ê chit-má à “d” h m “gi” chit 2
t 17 ê [d] h m [kj] ê ˜-koh chit
2 ê lóng [z] ê ê iáu “d” h m “gi” ê
t Doan, 1999:163-164 hit-ch n
k “d” thçh [d] ê /d/ i
ê pre-nâ-âu pre-glottalized ê [ ] t ài “ ”
5 ê ê
“k” kap “q” k ng /k/ t
kioh [w] ê “q” qu ê h m ê “k”
kê k ng in t chit 2 Koh
â h m / ê ˜-koh soah h m /a/
a ê ê ê chiah á
112
ê hit ê ˜ ˜-koh ê
à
khah ê lán sòa--lâi
kap ê
ê ê kap
ê h m k ng-khoán p t k b d g
h
ê nâ-âu [ ] ˜ ê ê
k ng ê T ê nih k nâ-âu [ ]
ê chit-ê n [ n]
ài nâ-âu t ˜-koh t nih
k [ ] che b án-ne t
hoe
double closure ê t m
T nih kap /k/ t u, o, ô piah t
kap ông
ê final consonants [c] kap t nih
2 ê ê “ch” h m “nh” ‹-koh [c] h m [ ]
m -sái /k/ h m / ê allophonemes
“k” h m “ng” t -tàng chit-ê ê t
piah ê /k/ h m / [c] kap
sinh súi; [si ] [si ]
ê h m khah ˜-koh ch…t-kóa
-sái thang ê Chit-ê ê k
vs. piah vs. vs. chhùi vs. chhùi 7
8 9 Lán /k/ piah
h m ê 113
t ài “k” ê t ài “q” “c” kê cá
11 /w/ piah t ài “u”
t ài “o” nguy hoa 1
coda [ j ] t ê piah t ài “y” ê t
ài “ i ” ây tai 1 T ê á
“ ’ ” t u [u] [ ]
ê ê che t ài ê siá
ê sió-khóa k ng ch lóng
6 ê che ê
kan-tan 6 t kioh kan-tan 6
kan-tan 6 in ê
/p/ p /t/ t /k/ c
ch ê soah k in s c n ng ê
8 13 ê t
nih hông lòe 39
t nih ê ê
s c h m n ng lóng -sái koh 2
“sáng” h m “sáp” lóng pê -pê s c ˜-koh in ê k ng
“sáng” ê duration khah sêng ê 2
c.k. 40 “sáp” ê khah sêng ê 8
“ ng” h m “ c” lóng pê -pê n ng ˜-koh “ ng” ê
huy n huy n “ c”
39 H m Nguyen Quang Hong ê40 ê 2 212 h m ê 2 35 k ng--
ê
114
“ c” ê “ ng” khah sêng ê 4
ch…t-kóa ê ngã in hia ê
k ngã h i hia ê teh ê khah
k ngã phiãt h i
chió ê án-chóan t án-
chóan ê m i 10 ê
m i i hai m i 20 ê ê
m i ê t m i ê
k ng ê k ng ê ê
-sái cám n c m n ê
hit-kóa à ê sî-ch n hit
ê hông ˜-tiõh à ê chit ê
t m t kap
13. ê
41
ngang huy n h i ngã s c n ng s c n ngê 33 21 313 435 35 3 5 3
IPA ê
p t c ch p t c ch
ê sî-ch n h m k ng-khoán ˜-
koh t làng 1 space ê
Vi t Nam hi n nay ti n s
41 ê
h m ê 115
ê kap ê ê
koh in ê ê ka-t t sió-
khóa
ê lóng ài ài “.”
ê ài
2 ê chit-kóa
kap ài Loan
Vi t Nam ˜-koh m ê n
Che ê ê b -hiáu b
n ô ê t
Qu c ng Xã h i ch
ngh a C ng hoà xã h i ch ngh a Vi t Nam m -sái
C ng hoà Xã h i Ch ngh a Vi t Nam
ê Chit
Áp-ga-ni-xtan Afghan Ô-xa-ma Bin La- en Osama Bin Laden
ê sî-ch n Vi t Nam
VN Xã h i ch ngh a XHCN
ê 2 ê
ê k
M Pháp v n h c Xã h i ch ngh a
ê t k ê
lóng
ài “-” Ô-xtrây-li-a Australia pa-
l ng palan péc-m ng-ga-nát permanganate ô tô
automobile cà phê coffee Ucraina Ukraine photo copy
m -sái pho to co py photocopy
116
ê ê
ê ˜-koh iáu
4.
400 ê l³-bóe ián-tó
chiâ -chò ê t ê m
ê ê
ê khah ˜-koh ê k
lán beh k ê ê
ê khah koh
chit 1 koh khah châi-ti u chiâ -chò ê
t 2002 1 kap 7 14
h m ê 117
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 1999. Language Attitudes toward Taibun, the Written Taiwanese. MA thesis: The University of Texas at Arlington.
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2000. Language, literacy, and nationalism: a comparative study of Vietnam and Taiwan. Presented at the 5th International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics: Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, Nov. 16-17, Vietnam National University, HCM, Vietnam.
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2001. Romanization and language planning in Taiwan. TheLinguistic Association of Korea Journal 9(1),15-43.
DeFrancis, John. 1977. Colonialism and Language Policy in Vietnam. The Hague. , Quang Chính. 1972. L ch S Ch Qu c Ng 1620-1659 [ 1620-
1659]. TPHCM: T Sách Ra Kh i.oàn, Thi n Thu t. 1999. Ng Âm Ti ng Vi t [ ]. Hà N i: NXB ài
H c Qu c Gia. Hannas, William. 1997. Asia’s Orthographic Dilemma. Hawaii: University of Hawaii
Press.Lý, Toàn Th ng. 1996. V vai trò c a Alexandre de Rhodes i v i s ch tác và
hoàn ch nh ch Qu c ng [ Alexandre de Rhodes ê ]. Ngôn Ng 27(1), 1-7.
Marr, David G. 1971. Vietnamese Anticolonialism: 1885-1925. California: Univ. of California Press.
Nguyen, Dinh Hoa. 1997. Vietnamese. John Benjamins. Nguy n, Quang H ng. 1999. Ch Hán và ch Nôm v i v n hi n c i n Vi t
Nam [ h m ]. Ngôn Ng & i S ng 6(5), 2-7.
Thompson, Laurence. 1987. A Vietnamese Reference Grammar. Hawaii: University of Hawaii.
Vi n V n H c. 1961. V n C i Ti n Ch Qu c Ng [ ê ]. HàN i: NXB V n Hoá. 1994
1933 1978 1978 19934 1-9
118
1996 1995
2001 &
19922002 tú ê t
4 4 27-28
1999 t1
19712001 teh ê ê
51 4 15-522002 4
4 26-27 1977
1990
h m ê 119
Ch÷ Quèc Ng÷ ê - kapVietnamese Phonemes and Their Corresponding ch÷ Quèc ng÷
V.1.2 Designed by Taiffalo Oct. 13, 2002 CQN kap êPhonemes IPAOnset Glide Nucleus Coda
Conditions Examples Remarks
p For loanwords pin 'battery' /p/ [p] p t¹p 'complex' t t«i 'I' /t/ [t] t tèt 'good'
/th/ [th] th thu 'autumn' /c/ [c] ch cho 'give'
/t / [t ] tr trång 'grow' dialects k Followed by
front vowels /i e(i, y, ª, e)
kia 'there' ký 'sign' kª 'chicken' ke 'tartar'
q Followed by the glide/w/ (u)
qu¶ 'fruit' quy 'tortoise' que 'stick'
c Elsewhere cò 'old' cø 'continue' c« 'aunt' c¬ 'muscle' con 'child' c¸ 'fish'
[k]
c Elsewhere kh¸c 'other' c Preceded by
/u / (u, o, «)ôc 'punch' häc 'to learn' èc 'snail'
/k/
[c] ch Preceded by front vowels /i e /
thÝch 'like' Õch 'frog' s¸ch 'book'
Frenchinfluence
/b/ [b] b ba 'three' /d/ [d] ® ®i 'go to' /f/ [f] ph ph¶i 'must' ancient
Greek/s/ [s] x must be
learnedxa 'far'
/ / [ ] s must be learned
sa 'land in' dialects
120
/x/ [x] kh khi 'when' /h/ [h] h hái 'ask' /v/ [v] v vÒ 'go home'
d must be learned
di 'move' d× 'aunt' da'skin' dÎ 'chestnut'
gi must be learned(used for Sino-Vietnamese in many cases)
gia 'family'giò 'shake' gi Î 'cloth'
Italianinfluence
/z/ [z]
g Followed by/i/ ( i )
g× 'what' giÕng 'well'
/ / [ ] r must be learned
ra 'go out' dialects
g Elsewhere gμ 'chicken' / / [ ]gh Followed by
front vowels /i e (i, ª, e)
ghi 'record' ghª 'terribly' ghe 'boat'
French & Italianinfluence
/ l / [l] l lμ 'is' m mÑ 'mother' /m/ [m] m nam 'south'
n nam 'south' /n/ [n] n ®en 'black'
/ / [ ] nh nhí 'recall' Portugu-eseInfluence
ng Elsewhere ngäc 'jade' ngh Followed by
front vowels /i e (i, ª, e)
nghØ 'rest' nghÒ'business'nghe 'listen'
coincidewith g and gh
[ ]
ng hμng 'goods' ng Preceded by
/u / (u, o, «)ung 'addle' cong 'bent' c«ng 'public'
Doubleclosure
/ /
[ ] nh Preceded by front vowels /i e /
tinh 'clever' Ònh 'swell' nhanh** 'fast'
samecondit-ions as final ch
h m ê 121
u Followed by upper vowels / i e(y, ª, ¬, ©) or preceded by/k/ ( q )
nguy 'danger' HuÕthuë 'time' xu©n 'spring' que 'stick' qu¶ 'fruit' quèc* 'state'
/w/ [w]
o Followed by lower vowels / ¨(e, a, ¨)
khoÎ 'heathy' hoa 'flower' xo¨n 'curly'
i Elsewhere*** khi 'when' /i/ [i] y Usually Sino-
Vietnamese words***
®ång ý 'agree'
/e/ [e] ª ghÕ 'seat'
/ / [ ] e em 'younger'
/ / [ ] a only -anh, -ach thanh 'sound' s¸ch 'book'
/u/ [u] u cò 'old' / / [ ] tõ 'word'
« Elsewhere c« 'aunt' /o/ [o] «« Followed by
the phonemes / (ng, c)
c««ngc«èc
Only a few cases
/ / [ ] ¬ th¬ 'poem'
/ / [ ] © thÊy 'see'
o Elsewhere co 'bend' / / [ ]oo Followed by
the phonemes / (ng, c)
coongxoong 'pot' moãc
Only a few cases
/ / [ ] o Followed by the phonemes / (ng, c)
cong 'bent' cãc 'toad'
/a/ [a] a vμ 'and' an 'safety'
¨ Elsewhere ¨n 'eat' /¨/ [¨] a Followed by
the coda y, u tay 'hand' sau 'later'
122
iª Elsewhere tiªn 'fairy' [ ] yª Preceded by
glottal stop / /or glide /w/
yªu 'love' truyÖn 'story'
ia Without glide /w/ and coda
bia 'beer' Øa 'shit'
/ /
[ ]
ya Preceded by glide /w/, and without coda
khuya'midnight'
[u o] u« Elsewhere chu«ng 'bell' uèng 'drink' quèc* 'state'
/u o/
[ ] ua Without coda vua 'king' cña 'of' ïa 'rush'
[ ] ¬ Elsewhere ® îc 'able' / /[ ] a Without coda m a 'rain' [w] o Elsewhere vμo 'enter'
sao 'star' keo 'gum'
/w/
[w:] u Preceded by upper vowels /i e
( i, ª, , ©, ¬,iª, yª ) or short vowels/¨ ( a, © )
chÞu 'endure' kªu 'call' cøu 'save' ¢u 'Europe' r îu 'wine' kiªu 'proud' yªu 'love' sau 'later' ®©u 'where'
[ j ] i Elsewhere tai 'ear' /j / [ j:] y Preceded by
short vowels /¨(a, ©)
tay 'hand' Êy 'that'
* The word 'quèc' was pronounced as kw (as in quÊc) in the past, but nowadays
it is pronounced as ku ok (as written in cuèc), in which 'u' represents a part of the
diphthong /u o/ instead of the glide /w/.
** In fact, a is a short front vowel [ ] in the spelling of this case. *** The letter y is usually used for Sino-Vietnamese words; however, in the cases such as tói (i is coda) and tuý (y is necleus), y functions as the distinction between a necleus and a coda; and y functions as the distinction between short and long [j] in the cases such as tai and tay.
124
1.
1492 Columbus
Vasco da Gama
15
17
17
Siraya
19 1933 19
125
2001 2002 Chiung 2000 2001
2.
isolating
languages
2
7 6
phonetics
phonemic writing
126
1.
2.
3. diacritics ^
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
space
3.
3.
1913
127
zero consonant
17 consonants 6 simple
vowels 7 tones 1 2 3 1
1 / l / [ d ] [ ]
2001: 31-32
1. IPA
2. IPA
(front) (central) (back)
(high)
(mid)
(low)
1 1977
2001
128
3.
-
-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
44 53 21 3 12 22 5
IPA
4 5.
4.
/b/ b bûnch /i/, /e/ chi/ts/ts tsa
/tsh/ chh chha/g/ g gí/h/ h hi/dz/ j j…t/k/ k ka/kh/ kh kha/l/ l lí
/m/ m m/n/ n ni
ng ng³/p/ p pi/ph/ ph phoe/s/ s sì/t/ t tê/th/ th thai
129
5.
i tie têia /n/ /t/ kiana tau tuo to
toho. to.
o (/ / ) tongkok
4 5
phonemes
/b/ b /kh/
kh
2 nucleus
- chhit-thô han-chî ám-bõk-koé chhài-thâu-koé
chhái-th u-koé chhài-thâu-
koé
2
p e po
130
motorbike ¬-t¯-bái
¬-t¯-bái ¬ tó bái
³t¬bái
homophone
³t¬bái
¬t¬bái
-
han-chî /n/ /ch/
hanchî kokong kok-ong
ko-kong
kokong
hanchî
hanchî
131
glides /w/ o góa koe
w u /w/
/w/ -
[-high] /a/ /e/ [+high] /w/ [-high]
/w/ [o] [ ] /w/
o
n
tin chiún koain
glottal stop IPA
[ ] h IPA
ah IPA tih
4.
Nguyen Dinh Hoa 1997:10
Doan Thien Thuat 1999
19 13 3
6 7 8 9
132
6. IPA
- / +
7. IPA
(- ) (+ )upper high i u
upper mid e olower lower mid
low a
8. IPA
(- ) (+ )upper high
upper mid
lower lower mid
low
9. IPA
(- ) (+ )upper i ulower
2 4 6 8
Doan Thien Thuat Ch Quôc
133
Ng 6 10
10.
ngang s¾c huyÒn hái ng· nÆng
?ê 33 35 21 313 435 3
IPA ê
-
11 12
11.
t tôith thuch chotr Tr ngk i, y, e, ê, kêq /w/ quc cá b ba
iph phápx xas so
kh khi h h i
nv vd da gi gia g i gì r ra
134
gh i, e, ê ghi g gà l là
m mn nam
nh nhngh i, e, ê nghng ng c
12.
i khi y ông ý ê ghe ema thanhu c
tô cô
thâ th yo coo conga ta
na tayiê tiênyê / / /w/ yêu
truyênia biaya khuya
uô chuôngua vua
ca m a
135
-
-
o
^ ô [o] o [ ]
gi [z] Italy Thompson, 1987:62 nh [ ]
Jerold Edmondson; David Silva c, k, q [k]
Doan Thien Thuat ph [f]
DeFrancis, 1977: 58
/t
ch /c/ tr
/t /c/ /t
ch tr tr ng ch ng
d gi 17 [d] [kj]
[z]
Doan, 1999: 163-164 d [d]
/d/ [ d]
k q /k/
136
/w/ /k/ k
q
p t k b d g h
[ ]
[ ]
n [ n]
double closure
/k/ u o ô