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2011 GUIDE TO ENTERPRISE MOBILITY TRENDS 

AND INNOVATIONS 

Contents

Introduction…………….……………………………………............................2

The Device Makers.....................................................................................3

Changing Workforce Dynamics............................................. .....................4

Innovative Technology................................................... .............................6

Changing IT Infrastructure................................................................... .......8

Things to Keep You Up at Night.................................................................11

Conclusion..................................................................... .......................…13

Sponsored by:

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Introduction

Want a quick summary of what 2011 will be like in the mobile space? Here it is in three

words: too much information. The mobile space is heating up to a level that may even

exceed the excitement of the dot-com boom, and we all know how that turned out. A lot

is going to happen in 2011, and no matter what we predict now, new factors will change

everything as the year progresses. This is an insanely fast-moving segment. While the

rest of the computing industry is moribund, everyone can see the splash mobile is

making. Now they’re all jumping into the pool.

That means separating the wheat from the chaff will remain challenging throughout the

year. We caution enterprises to do their homework carefully and not get caught up in

the excitement. A lot of money can be spent (and wasted) in this space based solely on

the promise of a glorious new future, but mobile in 2011 will be much less a bed of

flowers and much more a battlefield.

We do not expect mobile to be a cost-saving opportunity as much as a way to increase

flexibility, and help your business respond to opportunities and challenges in a more

agile way. Mobile will allow you to change up how you use and deploy your workforce

based on changing business dynamics, but at the price of some loss of control.

Like legs on a stool, we’ve identified three pillars of mobile infrastructure (connectivity,

security, and productivity) that support mobility by providing a strong, balanced

foundation. It’s important to consider all three pillars of mobile infrastructure for every

aspect of your IT implementation. For example, when buying a smartphone, it’s

important to evaluate the device in terms of the connectivity, security and theproductivity it offers.

In this guide, you’ll learn about the trends and innovations we expect to see in 2011 for

mobile enterprise implementations. You’ll also learn how mobile is changing workforce

dynamics, how the IT infrastructure must change to take into account mobile ad-hoc

networking, and the trend toward managing mobility at the corporate level. Finally, you’ll

learn that this is still a wildly changing business, and there are troubling factors that’ll

keep you up at night.

Before we begin looking at individual mobile trends and innovations, let’s make one

thing perfectly clear: mobile is not merely a trend. It is nothing less than a seismic

paradigm shift in how workers, companies, and consumers interact with information,

infrastructure, and each other. Mobile is not only here to stay, it’s moving at warp

speed.

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The Device Makers

Despite entering the mobile game with the ill-fated Newton back in the dark ages of the

1990s, Apple has taken the mobile world by storm. There are, however, credible

challengers and alternatives. Look for 2011 as the year one or two old-school leaders

lose their groove and a few challengers grab a foothold.

The Apple juggernautNo matter where you turn, it’s Apple, Apple, and more Apple. Hundreds of thousands of

iPhone Apps have been written, millions of iPhones have been sold, and the iPad is

becoming the must-have device for almost everyone.

But Apple is a problem for the enterprise. First, they have an “our way or the highway”

mentality that makes it difficult to customize their devices to meet special-purpose

enterprise needs. Then, they have an “our way or the highway” mentality that makes it

difficult to put deals together to meet provisioning and management needs. And then,

they have an “our way or the highway” mentality when it comes to the tools used to

build custom solutions on their platforms.

Did we mention their “our way or the highway” mentality? It’s a problem for manycompanies that don’t want to see Steve Jobs in everything they do. Even so, all youremployees will want to use Apple products, so you’d better find credible alternatives thatwork as smoothly or just join the cult.

Android everywhere

Let’s say you’re a mobile device manufacturer and you’re not Apple. You could buildyour own operating system or buy one, but what if there’s a perfectly good, almost greatOS just out there, free for the taking? That's right. You use it.

Android is Google’s open source, free-to-use mobile device operating system. It’s open,it’s free, and it’s good. Expect to see Android running on pretty much everything. Theonly gotcha: each implementation is likely to be a little different and the quality isprobably going to be inconsistent.

iPad challengersThe iPad has become a genuine computing industry phenom. Sales are through the

roof and consumer satisfaction is extremely high. Just like in the movie business, if onevampire movie is hot then all the other studios will jump on the bandwagon to maketheir own vampire movies, the iPad has shown that tablets can be hot and so everyoneis going to make one. Of course, not all will be good. Many will underperform in termsof screen quality or tactile response. Many others will try to differentiate based onadded features and wind up priced too high. The big question is if anyone can matchthe quality and price/performance of the iPad. Stay tuned to this one.

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Decline of BlackBerryBack in the olden days, when it came to mobile enterprise computing, there was justone word: BlackBerry. But the times, they are a changin’. BlackBerry has lost its topsmartphone slot to Apple, more and more people are moving to full-screensmartphones, and even BlackBerry is moving away from its universally-loved keyboard.

With the decline of email and the rise of social networking and plain ol’ texting as themobile communication mediums of choice, will the BlackBerry remain relevant in aTwitter and Facebook world? We have our doubts.

Who knew? Mobile Microsoft and Palm are still alive and kickingIf you’d told us at the beginning of 2010 that Microsoft and Palm would have credibleofferings going into 2011, we’d have doubted you. But going into 2011, Microsoft haschanged the game with its Windows Phone 7 offering, which is quite good and useswell-known and well-practiced Windows programming tools for development.

With HP’s acquisition of Palm, we thought Palm’s awesome webOS was going to live

out its golden years in printers. But HP’s back with a Palm Pre 2 running webOS. Thehardware seems a little underpowered, but webOS is a truly fine operating system.

2011 will be the year that determines if Windows Phone 7 and webOS get a place inyour plans, but to the shock of almost all the pundits, it’s too early to count out Microsoftand Palm.

Changing Workforce Dynamics

Welcome to the new world. In this world, the Internet rules the workplace, collapsingdistances, absorbing value, disintermediating, and breaking down walls.

In this world, China and India are powerful economic forces on the world stage, withbillions of workers available for a fraction of what we need to earn here in the UnitedStates. In this world, we’re feeling the effects of a game-changing recession, learninghow to do more and more with less and less. In this world, email and landlinetelephones are so old school as to be almost irrelevant to a new breed of digital nativesfor whom Facebook, texting, and mobile phones are the only real communicationtechnologies that matter. In this world, the workers are different, the work is different,and the workplace must be different as well.

In fact, in this world, the workplace is everyplace. Welcome to the new world.

Working from… whereverNow that it’s possible to be connected to the office from anywhere, many workers areno longer coming into the office, or coming in only infrequently. To workers, thecommute is expensive and time-consuming, and to employers, office space, heatingand cooling, and desktop computers can be expensive.

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Expect to see more and more workers doing their work away from the office, and moreand more workers working exclusively from home. The big gotcha is that this practicemakes managing harder. It requires management to develop better methods of trackingwork on the job, and scheduling deliverables. Even so, the increase in workersatisfaction and reduced cost makes this a trend to watch.

The decline of mobile email and the rise of social communicationKids these days! Email is so  their parents’ technology. To younger digital natives,texting is the way they roll. If the youngsters want to send a longer message, they’ll usea mobile Facebook application to update their status. Sure, young workers who mustuse corporate email will, but the gravitational pull of all their friends and associates is toother forms of communication.

Email will remain a force in the corporate world, especially when it comes to sendingdocuments for review, but in the hearts and minds of younger employees, it’ll definitelybe of secondary or lower interest, looked down upon, and shunned whenever possible.

To many younger workers, it’s a 140 character world.

Mobile inside the moatMost mobile technology has traditionally been oriented towards individuals andemployees communicating while away from work and away from home. These peopleare, effectively, outside the safety of their home or office firewalls and are oftenaccessing resources from hotels, cars, and restaurants. But at the office, workers havegenerally accessed network and communications resources from their desks, whetherfrom their desktop PCs or laptops, or from their desktop phones. This has beenchanging over the last few years, as more and more employees spend less and lesstime at their physical desks.

In 2011, expect to see more focus on inside-the-firewall mobility. More and moreworkers give out their mobile numbers rather than their desk numbers, and expect totake calls on their smartphones, rather than on their desktop phones. As a result,expect to see a rather precipitous decline for the desktop phone, and a change wherethe PBX is no longer focused on directing calls to phone extensions. Instead, serviceslike Google Voice and cloud-based Asterisk service providers offer integrated PBX,voicemail, voice recognition, and messaging services for mobile users.

Carbon footprint reduction and other green benefitsHere’s an unexpected surprise. Workers who use smartphones, netbooks, and tabletsoften don’t use their desktop computers. Consider pulling the plug on some of thosedesktops and you’re likely find yourself saving big bucks on the energy those old-schoolbehemoths used to draw. Here’s a benefit inside the benefit: your employees will oftenpay the energy bills on their phones, plugging them in at home to charge. So eventhough you may decide to foot the bill for their mobile plans in order to better managemobility, in 2011, you might find your company saving some bucks on power.

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Innovative Technology

Whether it’s the Internet itself, or Facebook, smartphones or 4G networks, the

widespread availability of innovative technology is driving change throughout theenterprise. Mobile has been on a rocket’s trajectory, blasting through old ways ofgetting the job done, and transforming not only what we do, but how we do it. It isvirtually impossible to predict even six months ahead, but there are some innovationsthat we feel will begin to have a substantial impact in 2011 and are worth a look.

The rise of (really good) vertical mobile solutionsPrior to 2011, we’ve seen the rise of the App Store model for software distribution onmobile devices. This model allows for quick and easy deployment of pre-built softwareapplications to consumers.

Specialty solutions for fields like finance, health care, manufacturing, retail, field forceautomation, and public welfare have always existed for mobile devices. Now, expect tosee these solutions written specifically with mobile devices in mind, and with much moresophisticated and, yet, simple user interfaces.

In 2011, expect to see vertical vendors flex their interface design muscles, and learn todesign native interfaces tailored to the strengths and limitations of both smallsmartphone screens and tablets.

Facial recognition and biometricsOne of the biggest security challenges is the problem of passwords. Users need more

and more complex passwords to prevent them from being hacked, but the human mindstill pretty much remembers seven items, plus or minus two. This natural conflict meansthat users often use passwords that are far too simple, passwords that are easy toremember (and crack).

One way to augment password access is through the use of facial recognition andbiometrics (like fingerprint readers). Some portable devices now ship with one or bothfeatures. In 2011, expect these features to become slightly more reliable. However,they’re still disappointingly unreliable in consumer-grade devices, so don’t count onthem as your primary security approach.

Voice and natural language recognitionResearchers have promised production-level voice and natural language recognitionproducts for decades now. The reality has always fallen short of the promise. Sowhere are we with this? The key promise, the one where you can dictate your entirebook and have it magically appear, is probably not going to ever happen. It’s not asmuch because the tech can’t handle it as it is that we can’t discipline our speaking styleto be quite as structured as a document needs.

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But voice recognition used for access control and for hands-free commands is workingand working well. Ford’s Sync system, which provides hands-free voice-based callingand control of the in-car media experience, is now mature. Google provides voice-based search for smartphones.

The real promise for voice is increased operator safety. Ford’s Sync, for example, willnot only read incoming text messages, but send out replies, all without the driver havingto take his or her hands off the wheel.

Google Goggles-like augmented realityThe idea behind augmented reality is “what you see is not  what you get”. You usuallyget more. Google’s been playing around with this concept with their Google Gogglesproject, which runs on Android phones. If you take a picture of an object, GoogleGoggles performs an image search, and then provides additional information. Forexample, a picture of a landmark might yield a description; a picture of a barcode mightyield product data.

Today, this technology is far more a promise than a reality. Imagine a future where asurgeon could point a camera at a patient’s organ and immediately get a full history ofthat organ. A mechanic could point his phone at a part in a drive train and immediatelyget information on how many units are in stock, and even a video on how to replace thepart. Expect some interesting novelty prototypes in 2011, but don’t expect thistechnology integrated into enterprise solutions for at least a few years.

Location and check-insIt used to be that when employees snuck out for an extra-long lunch, they would go outof their way to hide where they were going. That was then, this is now. These days,between services like Foursquare and Facebook, your employees are more likely to tryto become the “mayor” of their local Eat & Run than hide that they’re there.

Updated positioning data on employees, vehicles, and other assets can be useful forcorporate managers, whether or not they’re part of some relatively silly socialnetworking activity. In 2011, look for messaging, presence-aware software, andspecialty programs to tap into APIs provided by social networking services to provide anenterprise meta-layer. An interesting trend to watch is what happens when positiondata is recorded over a longer period of time and a history of movement is available foranalysis.

Pocket-sized telecommunications infrastructureThere’s nothing new about VOIP (voice over IP), Skype, instant messaging, or evenface-to-face teleconferencing. These technologies have been around for years. Whatis new is that these systems are finding their way into smartphones and set-top boxes.

Whether it’s video conferencing using Kinect for the Xbox gaming platform, Skyperunning on almost every smartphone, the shared desktop provided by GoToMeetingrunning on an iPad, or Apple’s FaceTime face-to-face teleconferencing,

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communications infrastructure that was previously managed solely by thecommunications staff has now broken free, and is both easily and cheaply available tovirtually anyone.

While this means companies may lose some degree of control over how virtual

meetings and conferences are conducted, the mobilization of these technologies in2011 means more ad-hoc discussions can take place anywhere, anytime. The goodnews is increased productivity. The bad news is that it might be harder for you tocontrol the security and, even, who can overhear the discussions.

Changing IT Infrastructure

Talking to a network of desktops is one thing, but setting up an IT infrastructure that caninteract with occasionally-connected devices that show up at different places at differenttimes can be a network management challenge. This increased mobility and flexibilitybrings many other new challenges to IT managers. Where IT managers could once

limit their deployment to secure machines in secure facilities and build software that hadonly one, pre-determined interface, today’s IT managers are faced with a range ofchallenges that sometimes seem straight out of Star Trek.

To most users, it seems like they’re able to hold the veritable knowledge of the universein their hands. But IT managers know better. Behind every svelte and stylish mobiledevice is an entire IT infrastructure, straining to keep up with changing times. We seesome very interesting trends in IT infrastructure for 2011, including some technologiesthat are maturing enough to be viable and reliable enough to count on.

VPN to the pocket

With everyone on the go, employees will need access to secure corporate informationno matter where they are physically. In practice, this often means workers will beoutside the corporate firewall when the data they need is inside the protective barrier.Even more challenging, workers will be attempting to access this information through avariety of completely unpredictable networks, whether the Internet access provided froma hotel, wireless service at a coffee shop, a connection from inside the skin of anaircraft, or the 3G or 4G wireless service provided by their carrier.

None of these access methods are secure. Some mobile devices have securetunneling implemented on them, but it’s relatively rare. In 2011, expect to see secureVirtual Private Network (VPN) access implemented directly or provisioned through add-

on software in more and more smartphones (as well as in individual smartphoneapplications). By using VPN and SSH (secure shell) features on pocket-size devices,the corporate network can be effectively and securely extend to anywhere in the world.

One sign-on to rule them allMobile devices aren’t just used on the road by mobile office workers. Often, mobiledevices are used on-site, bringing computing to the work location. One clear exampleof this use of mobility is in the hospital. As more and more patient charting goes

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electronic, computer screens find themselves in patients’ rooms, on mobile carts, incentral resource areas, and even in the pockets of nurses and doctors.

Unfortunately, since many of these devices use different operating systems, users areoften required to sign on with different credentials to each device. Because a hospital is

a very fast moving environment, the behavior of the harried medical staff is often toleave one user (or an anonymous user) signed in, and each staffer just pops on and offthe machine to do his or her work, often in increments of time less than a minute.

By employing a single sign-on, once an employee signs on to one system, that samesign-on is valid on all the systems. This allows smart cards and fingerprint scanners tobe deployed, making it possible for an employee to log in to any system with a singleidentifying swipe. Now, it’s possible to track employee behavior and, in the case of abreach, shut out an employee by making a single entry in a profile, rather than having torun from system to system in a mad rush to change passwords.

Desktop sessions in the cloudIf you’re a Netflix user, you know you can pause watching that movie streaming to yourXbox in your den, continue watching it on your iPad in your bedroom, pause it, and pickup exactly where you left off on your iPhone the very next day. Netflix retains the stateof your movies, so no matter where you watch, everything’s perfectly set up to go.

Expect this dynamic session management concept to find its way into enterpriseapplications in 2011.

Given that workers and professionals often move from location to location, expect tosee applications where a doctor, for example, could pause his work session on hisoffice desktop, move to the operating theatre, and instantly resume his session on ascreen there, all without any performance interruption.

To accomplish this, some implementations will move the entire desktop environmentinto cloud-based virtual machines, and other implementations will build specialized,vertical applications with dynamic session management and instant-login capabilities.As always, security will be a concern.

Proximity printingPrinting is another of those nagging requirements that can impede mobile productivity.For those who work in large facilities, having to either run all the way back to thedepartment printer, or somehow reconfigure their printer settings to the nearest printer,can take a lot of time, introduce errors into the computer’s configuration, and maketempers short.

Proximity printing is a technology that allows laptops to detect location and print to themost convenient printer, based on permissions and a network-wide map of locationdata. The printing dialog box now becomes a map, and the user can easily click apicture of the printer nearest the “you are here” icon on the map.

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Managed mobilityComputing technology has always been something of a challenge to manage in theenterprise. But mobile technology is even a bigger challenge, especially since all thosegadgets and gizmos are so small and portable.

Like it or not, mobile devices are here to stayPortable technology (smartphones, netbooks, tablets, etc) have generally entered theenterprise through the back door. But now they’re everywhere. To get the phone theywant, different employees have chosen different carriers, with different plans, and theexpense reports they turn in are rats’ nests of chaos and inconsistency.

IT operations are dealing with different platforms, different user interfaces, and differentcommunications protocols, and all of that adds cost and increases workload. Thechallenge for the enterprise is how to take advantage of the mobile opportunity, ratherthan just have it add items to the to-do list.

Who pays? The answer isn’t as obvious as it seemsEmployees love their smartphones and other smart devices. They love them so much,they’re often willing to buy the phones and even pay for the mobile plans out of theirown pockets. To budget-conscious companies, offloading the phone expense to theemployee seems like an obvious win. But it’s not.

As it turns out, employees tend to choose whatever strikes their fancy, and doing thiscauses all sorts of problems for interoperability. Other employees pass their phoneexpenses back to the company in the form of expense reports. Instead of paying lowerrates negotiated company-wide, organizations are incurring the cost of processing theexpense reports themselves and paying higher, individual plan rates, losing anyeconomy of scale.

When it comes to smart phones and other mobile devices, it’s often cheaper in the longrun and better for the organization to manage mobility. Expect adoption of managedmobility and centralized wireless expense management solutions to increasesubstantially in 2011 and beyond.

Unified mobile standards and policiesTo counter this trend, enterprises are starting to manage mobility. Rather than lettingeach employee choose his or her own phone, companies are beginning to setstandards, purchase devices and plans centrally, gaining the benefits of large-scalepurchasing. By choosing a specific set of device platforms, IT teams and developerscan code for one set of devices and support them well.

There is some push-back from employees, but by involving key employees in the choiceof platform and plan, you’ll help to increase buy-in. No matter what, if you don’t startmanaging mobility in your organization, it’ll cost you big in the long run.

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Device management, central provisioning, and kittingEven though smartphones seem simple, they can often take a while to set up.Applications have to be loaded, network and VPN settings have to be configured, andthe various carrier configuration options have to be setup and tested.

Look for centralized mobile device provisioning in 2011 from both vendors andspecialized mobile-as-a-service providers. These partners can create system imagesfully configured for your network, and can deliver devices to your door that are instantlyready to be unboxed and handed out to your users.

Whether you’re delivering a netbook, a tablet, or a smartphone, by using centralizedprovisioning and kitting, you can save time, reduce costs, and get secure solutions intothe hands of your users.

Things to Keep You Up at Night

We end with some of the mobile trends that should keep you awake at night, becausethey certainly worry us.

Device theft or lossMobile devices are capable of storing an insane amount of data. A typical 16 gigabytesmartphone can hold approximately seven million printed pages of information, or 1,750full sets of all seven Harry Potter novels. Loss of a device containing that much data,especially if it’s confidential business data, could be catastrophic.

We’ve seen this sort of loss in smartphones used by high government officials and itstands to reason that overworked, busy employees will occasionally lose their devices.

Some devices have a remote wipe capability, but whether the devices are lost or stolen,it’s important to have a rapid response strategy in place to destroy or recover lostdevices.

When purchasing new devices, be sure you have a remote wipe system in place, andbe sure to train your employees that it’s more important to report the loss of suchdevices than it is to hide from any expected punishment or criticism.

Users are the weakest linkAs discussed above, users have a hard time remembering complex passwords.

Unfortunately, even if your users use best practices and employ complex, difficult tocrack passwords, their password reset information may be too easy to guess.

There are at least two famous cases where information was accessed even though apassword was secure. Former Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin’s personalYahoo! email account was cracked, because a hacker was able to guess her personalinformation from press accounts about all aspects of her life.

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In the other case, vast amounts of internal, confidential information and strategies werestolen from the Twitter company and made public, because a hacker was able to guessthe answers to password reset questions from one employee, and then progressivelyused information found to dig his way into the company’s most confidential assets.

Expect your users to be your weakest link in the security chain, especially when itcomes to personal account information. Your only real defense is strong user training,although deploying additional biometric access tests like fingerprint or face recognitionmay increase security.

More mobile payment systems means more chances for hacking and lossAs payment devices cut the cord, expect to see scams involving wireless payment andmobile credit card terminals increase exponentially. Managing the transaction data willbecome more challenging, because many of these devices store up transactions forlater synchronization, rather than updating their home databases after each transaction.

In 2011, expect to see more customer credit cards and personal identifying informationleaked to hackers. Make sure you take all precautions possible if you’re using mobileand wireless monetary transactions in your business.

Attacks on industry standardsWhether it’s an open source project like Open Office or MySQL, an open sourceprogramming language like Java, or a de facto industry standard like Adobe’s Flash,foundational industry standards are coming under attack.

When Oracle acquired Sun, the future of commonly used (and extensively relied upon)systems like Open Office and MySQL came into question. Oracle sued Google overJava use in Android, putting key elements of that operating system into question. Applehas been conducting a ground war against Flash ever since the introduction of the iPad,and is showing some signs of going after Java as well.

Other than the law firms engaged to front the battles, there will be no winners here.Trained professionals may find their skills no longer applicable. Products based onthese technologies may need to find new solutions. And users, accustomed to one setof features, may find themselves unable to do basic things, like access certain Webpages. Expect this all to get worse in 2011, with at least one major platform losing itslease on life.

A buyout of ARMAnother possible attack on mobile industry stability may come from a buyout of chipdesigner ARM Holdings. ARM designs and licenses the chips used in virtually all mobilephones and many other mobile devices.

The company itself is relatively small and is already partially owned by Apple. Whilethere are license agreements in place with most mobile device manufacturers, a fullbuyout by any single company could wreak havoc among phone providers, especially if

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it’s by Apple. A change in licensing policy could cause many of the phone vendors tolose access to future chip technology, effectively knocking their development cycles offtheir game for at least a few years.

Epic security failure

2010 was the year millions of credit card numbers found their way online throughsecurity failures, but we predict this is just the tip of the iceberg.

Between the risks associated with programming flaws and user error, combined with theorganized hacking activities of both organized crime and nation states, we expect to seeat least one breathtakingly epic security failure in 2011.

If you take all the precautions described in this report, as well as the other reportsavailable from TechRepublic and ZDNet, hopefully that epic failure won’t be at yourcompany.

Conclusion

Without a doubt, mobile technology is changing how we communicate. What used toseem like science fiction is now merely yet another tech support call. As you evaluatenew mobile initiatives, keep in mind that the senior executives who approve mobileinitiatives are likely to have a completely different communication worldview than theiryounger employees. To older executives, email and landlines are practical, sensiblesolutions, but to younger employees, they’re merely baffling anachronisms.

Don’t let yourself be distracted by ill-advised, impulsive forays into the world of shinytoys. Choose wisely. Instead, as you move into 2011 and beyond, you can increase

your chances of success by adopting a strong mobile management policy that optimizesagility and responsiveness to market opportunities, while still putting amazing flexibilityand power into the hands of your workforce.

This report is a result of primary research performed by CBS Interactive (“CBSi”). Unless otherwise

noted, the entire contents of this report are copyrighted by CBSi. As such, any information made

available in this report may not be copied, reproduced, duplicated, published, displayed, transmitted,distributed, given, sold, traded, resold, marketed, offered for sale, modified to create derivative works or

otherwise exploited for valuable consideration without prior written consent by CBSi. Although the

information in this report may have been obtained from and/or based on information from sources that

CBSi believes to be reliable, CBSi does not guarantee the accuracy, and any such information might be

incomplete or condensed. This report is for information purposes only and all responsibility for any

interpretations or actions based on the information or commentary contained within this report lie solely

with the recipient. 

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