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PLP2000
PLP 2000 Lecture 20: The Columbian Exchange
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Separate Worlds ~10-15,000 years
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Exploration
Requirements Technology Motivation
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China
Fall of Mongolian Empire Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Hongwu Emperor
Rebuilds agricultural base, leads to surpluses Yongle Emperor
Builds foreign trade & tribute
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Zheng He
Admiral under Yongle Emperor Tasked with voyages to Establish Chinese influence Control trade Expand tributary territories
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Zheng Hes Fleets
48-347 ships per voyage Treasure ships Equine ships Supply ships Troop transports War ships Patrol boats Water tankers
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Voyages of Zheng He
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Technological Edge
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Regime Change
1424 Death of Yongle Emperor Succeeding Emperors halt exploration Fiscal responsibility Barbarian nations have little to offer Conservative ideals
Improper to travel abroad while parents are alive
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European Trade
Imports from China Spices Silk Tea Porcelain
Exports to China Gold, Silver
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The Silk Road
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European Competition
Portugal Spain France England Netherlands
Europe in 1500, from euratlas.net
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Colonialism
Find a place with rich resources and weak defenses
Conquer Colonize Collect
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Columbus
Goal: Reach resource-rich location in Asia Subdue the residents Establish governorship Get rich
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Columbuss Voyage
A slight error in calculation, Circumference of earth Eratosthenes (200s BC) 250,000 stadia (~correct)
Al-Farghn (Alfraganus) (800s CE) 1 = 56 2/3 miles (~correct) Arabic mile = 1830 m
Columbus: Earth = 30,200 km at equator Used Roman mile, not Arabic
Actual value: 40,000 km
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Columbuss Voyage
A slight error in calculation, Size of Eurasia Various estimates, 180-225 Columbus believed 225 estimate
Eurasia would cover almost 2/3 of planet!
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Search for a Sponsor
1485, John II of Portugal: Rejected. Kings experts advised that Columbuss
estimates were too short
1488, John II of Portugal: Rejected. Dias had just successfully rounded
southern tip of Africa
Genoa, Venice, England
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Isabella & Ferdinand
Marriage united Spanish kingdoms Fervent Christian Battling the Moors
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A Deal is Reached
Columbuss Demands 10% of all profits Title of Chief Admiral of the Ocean Sea Hereditary power: Viceroy & Governor
over all lands claimed
Item, that of all and every kind of merchandise, whether pearls, precious tones, gold, silver, spices, and other objects and merchandise whatsoever, of whatever kind, name and sort, which may be bought, bartered, discovered, acquired and obtained within the limits of the said Admiralty, Hour Highnesses grant from now henceforth to the said Don Cristbal, and will that he may have and take for himself, the tenth part of the whole
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Hunting Treasures
Goals: Spices (Pepper, Ginger, Cloves) Gold, precious metals, gems Silk, ivory, luxuries
Discoveries: No spices, except unknown chili (pepper) Little gold No silk or luxury items Slaves (but most did not survive)
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Columbian Exchange
Europe/Asia/Africa Wheat, Rice, Barley, Millet,
Oat, Rye Banana Sugar Cane Apple, Pear, Peach, Fig Almond, Pistachio, Walnut Carrot, Okra, Onion, Pea,
Radish, Turnip Coffee, Tea Citrus Hemp Wine Grape
Americas Potato Maize (Corn) Peanut Tomato Beans, Squash Avocado, Guava,
Papaya Cashew Peppers Cacao (Chocolate) Cotton (long staple) Rubber Vanilla
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Potato
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Tomato
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Maize
Moisture requirement between rice & wheat
7.3M calories/ha (vs. wheat 4.2M)
Human & Livestock
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Colonization & Exchange
From Old World to New World Horses, cattle, sheep
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Quiz #1 Before the Columbian Exchange,
which of the following foods was impossible to make anywhere in the world? A. Peanut butter sandwich on wheat bread B. Pork with apple sauce C. Rice cakes with banana D. Salsa (tomato & chili peppers)
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Unintentional Exchanges Human Pathogens
Old World to New Smallpox Measles Whooping cough Malaria Chicken pox Yellow fever Bubonic plague Typhus Influenza
New World to Old Syphilis
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Disease & Conquest
Hernn Corts 1519, Sent in to mainland to find
riches 16 horsemen, 400 soldiers Arrived, announced change of
plans Established town, self as leader Dismantled fleet Set out to conquer Aztecs
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Corts, ctd. 3-Month journey Warm welcome turned sour. Took Moctezuma captive, demanded
ransom Left to fight Velasquezs troops
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Corts, ctd.
Returned to mayhem. Troops massacred unarmed crowd Massive uprising Moctezuma killed Corts forced to retreat
2 Years later Corts stages successful siege
What was different? Smallpox.
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Clearing the Way
Disease spread faster than colonists ~90% Mortality of native populations
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Malice Aforethought Smallpox as a Biological Weapon
1763 Pontiacs Rebellion Chief Pontiac (Ottowa) Jeffry Amherst (British General)
- Col. Henry Bouquet, 13 July 1763
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Hitchhiking on Dinner
Plant diseases on the move
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Plant Pathogens
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Late Blight of Potato and the Irish Potato Famine
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The Late Blight Years
1845, 1846, 1848 Wet years Near total crop loss
1845-1860 More than 1,000,000 died 1,500,000 emigrated
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Phytophthora infestans the most famous fungus in the history of the world
Stramenopile (Oomycete, water mold) Fungus-like Related to algae Produce swimming spores
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Late Blight
Pathogen Center of Origin in Andes High diversity of potatoes High diversity of pathogen Disease is present, but not disastrous
Moved to Europe on Potatoes Low diversity of potatoes Epidemic
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Food Production & Demographics
Both land masses get more domesticated crops More resources Increased carrying capacity
But New World populations decimated by Old World Diseases Long-term increase in population, not the
same people!
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Quiz #2
Most exchanges of pathogens were entirely unintentional. However, in at least one documented case, it appears that British officers deliberately attempted to spread _____ among Native Americans by giving them contaminated blankets. A. Malaria B. Syphilis C. Measles D. Smallpox