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Please… Sit in groups of 3 Take out paper to take
notes. Have your laptop available.
Good Morning!Today’s Agenda
• Note taking strategies
• SOAPPS activity• Gold-Salt Trade
activity
HMWK: Study for Period 3 part I test. Don’t forget to review Periods 1 & 2!
AFRICA: Large area with many different environmental zones & many geographical obstacles to movement
Sahara Desert—North Africa World's largest desert
Maghreb—northwest Africa Coastlands and Atlas
Mountains of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia
Sahel—belt of grasslands • south of Sahara
Sudan—just below the Sahel
Guinea—rainforests Along Atlantic coast from
Guinea to Nigeria
Congo—rainforest region of Congo River Basin
Southern Africa
Africa’s Geography
The most arable land in Africa is in the region of the tropics.
Africa’s Geograph
y
Forms of Government Various : Chiefdoms, Kingdoms, Empires, Kinship based tribesReligion Various: Animism, Ethical Codes, Shamanism, ChristianitySociety: - Bantu Migration over 600 years (West-East)Largest in human historyCommon language baseNo written languageThe Bantu-speaking groups are still found in many areas including Uganda, Kenya and in Tanzania.
Africa
THE BANTUThe Bantu peoples
Originated in the region around modern Nigeria/Cameroon Influenced by Nok iron making, herding, agriculturePopulation pressure drove migrations, 2000 BCE – 700 BCE Two major movements: to south and to east and then south Languages split into about 500 distinct but related tongues
Bantu agriculture and herdingEarly Bantu relied on agriculture – slash-burn, shiftingPastoralists, semi-nomadic due to agriculture, cattle
Iron metallurgy Iron appeared during the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. Iron made agriculture more productiveExpanded divisions of labor, specialization in Bantu societies
Population Pressures Iron technologies produced population upsurgeLarge populations forced migration of Bantu
Stateless societiesEarly Bantu societies did not depend on elaborate bureaucracy Societies governed through family and kinship groups Village council, consisted of male family heads Chief of a village was from the most prominent family heads A group of villages constituted a district Villages chiefs negotiated intervillage affairs
Chiefdoms Population growth strained resources, increased conflict Some communities began to organize military forces, 1000 C.E. Powerful chiefs overrode kinship networks and imposed authority Some chiefs conquered their neighbors
Kingdom of Kongo Villages formed small states along the Congo River, 1000 C.E. Small states formed several larger principalities, 1200 C.E. One of the principalities conquered neighbors, built kingdom of Kongo Maintained a centralized government with a royal currency system Provided effective organization until the mid-17th century
BANTU POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Diversity of African societies in Sub-Saharan AfricaComplex societies developed into kingdoms, empires, and city-states Coexisted with small states and stateless societiesLineages consisted of all members descended from a common ancestor
Kinship groups of stateless societies Extended families and clans as social and economic organizations Communities claimed rights to land, no private property Village council allocated land to clan members
Sex and gender relations Men undertook heavy labor, herding, Women were responsible for child rearing, domestic chores, farming Men monopolized public authority but women could be leadersWomen enjoyed high honor as the source of lifeMany societies were matrilineal; aristocratic women influenced public affairs Women merchants commonly traded at markets Sometimes women organized all-female military units Islam did little to curtail women's opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa
Age grades Publicly recognized "age grades" or "age sets" Assumed responsibilities and tasks appropriate to their age grades Coming of age ceremonies and secret societies restricted by age, gender
Creator god Recognized by almost all African peoples Created the earth and humankind, source of world order
Lesser gods and spirits Often associated with natural features, forces in world Participated actively in the workings of the world Believed in ancestors' souls influencing material world
Diviners Mediated between humanity and supernatural beingsCalled shamans and inappropriately “witch doctors” Interpreted the cause of the people's misfortune Used medicine or rituals to eliminate problems
African religion was not theological, but practicalReligion to placate the gods, ask for assistance, cures, fertilityPublic celebrations inc. dancing, singing formed communityGenders honored different deities, had separate ceremonies
EARLY AFRICAN RELIGION
The Bantu Migration
This largest among known migrations in African and human history, began in 100 B.C. and progressed until the third or fourth century A.D. In its early stages this expansion was slow and thorough. It is estimated that the Bantus took about 600 years to cover 1000 km, at an overall rate of no more than 22 km each decade. The migration to S.A. occurs at about the same time as the Dutch arrive.
The term Bantu refers to group of people who speak the same or similar language with common word “NTU” which means a person.
Advent of Iron and Bantu Migrations
• Bantu migrations• Linguistic evidence• Spread of iron and other technology in
sub-Saharan Africa• Original homeland of Bantu was area on
the border of modern Nigeria and Cameroon
• Spread out toward east and south through series of migrations in first millennium CE
• Introduce cattle, iron, slash-burn agriculture
• By 8th century BCE, Bantu-speaking people reached East Africa
THE BANTU MIGRATIONThe Bantu Migration
Population pressure led to migration, c. 2000 B.C.E.Movement to South, along Southeast and Southwest coasts Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct but related tongues Occupied most of sub-Saharan (except West) Africa by 1000 C.E.Split into groups as they migrated: Eastern, Central, Southern
Bantu spread iron, herding technologies as they moved
Bananas Between 300/500 C.E., Malay seafarers reached Africa
Settled in Madagascar, visited East African coastBrought with them pigs, taro, and banana cultivation Bananas became well-established in Africa by 500 C.E.
Bantu learned to cultivate bananas from MalagasyBananas caused second population spurt, migration surgeReached South Africa in 16th century CE
Population growth 3.5 million people by 400 B.C.E. 11 million by the beginning of the millennium 17 million by 800 C.E. 22 million by 1000 C.E.
MAP OF THE BANTU
MIGRATIONS
BANTU LANGUAGES
Early Christianity in North Africa Christianity reached Africa during 1st century C.E.
St. Mark converted Egypt, spread up NileRomans introduced faith to North Africa
North Africa was home to many heresiesArianism = Jesus was humanMonophysites = Jesus had one natureDonatists = Apostate Christians could not returnVandal German settlers were Arian ChristiansByzantine conquest returned north to Catholics
Region had no influence on sub-Saharan African
Monophysite Christianity along the NileBelieved Christ had one nature, largely divinePersecuted; declared heresy by Chalcedon
The Christian kingdoms of Nubia and Axum 1st Christian kingdom, 4th century C.E., Nubians of Kush also became ChristianBoth adopted Monophysite form of Christianity
Ethiopian and Nubian Christianity Had little contact with Christians of other lands Shared basic Christian theology/rituals, developed own featuresIsolated, attacked by Islam
CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA
ARRIVAL OF ISLAM IN AFRICA
Islam in Africa North Africa
Arab armies conquered region by early 8th Century; pushed up NileMass conversions of local inhabitants due to tax incentives
West AfricaIntroduced by Trans-Saharan Trade routeMerchants were greatest contact with Islam Local rulers, elites converted by 10th centuryGave elites control of trade, many benefits Allowed people to observe traditional beliefs
Nomadic Berbers in North Africa Berbers and Arabs were bitter rivalsArabs settled coastlands, citiesBerbers lived in deserts, mountainsBerbers became puritanical Muslim, ShiaBerber fanatics invaded Ghana, MoroccoGhana weakened, fell 10th century CE
Elite religion vs. common practicesMost people remained polytheists especially outside of cities, townsProduced syncretic blend such as accommodation of African gender normsAfter conversion by elites, old beliefs remained; part of inherited traditionsReligion introduced writing, literary traditions
Dar al Islam in North Africa• 1st introduced along the Mediterranean coast
• 711AD - Arrival of Islam in Spain & Western Sahara
• The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and EthiopiaCopts (Coptic Christianity): Egyptian Christians
welcomed Muslims
• Dar al Islam in Africa:• Implements Trans-Saharan Slave Trade in Africa• Introduces theocracy• Social standards, ethics & new norms• Extracts gold, silver, and ivory from Timbuktu (Ghana, Mali, &
Songhai)
Why Salt for Gold?
• Ghana and Mali• People needed to replenish it after excessive perspiration (Gatorade)• Preserved Food• Gave it to their cattle• Used it to flavor food• Most people had gold, but not salt• They had no other goods to trade
Salt
GHANA: 1ST SUB-SAHARAN CIVILIZATION
Camels Camels came to Egypt from Arabia, 7th century B.C.E.Romans introduced them to North Africa, patrolled desert After 500 C.E. camels replaced horses, donkeys as transport animals Camels' arrival quickened pace of communication across the Sahara Islamic merchants crossed the desert to trade in West AfricaEstablished relations with sub-Saharan West Africa by 8th century
The Kingdom of Ghana Kings maintained a large army of two hundred thousand warriorsA principal state of west Africa, not related to modern state of Ghana Became the most important commercial site in west Africa Controlled gold mines, exchanged it with nomads for saltProvided gold, ivory, and slavesWanted horses, cloth, manufactured goods
Koumbi-Saleh Capital cityThriving commercial center
KINGDOM OF MALIMandike Peoples
Ghana was established by MandikaAfter fall of Ghana, Mandika established many small statesMost people were not Muslims but merchants were
Sundiata After Ghana dissolved, political leadership shifted to Mali empire, a Mandika state The lion prince Sundiata (reigned 1230-55) built the Mali empireRuling elites, families converted to Islam after his death
The Mali empire and trade Controlled gold, salt; taxed almost all trade passing through west Africa Enormous caravans linked Mali to north Africa Besides Niani, many prosperous cities on caravan routes
Mansa Musa Sundiata's grand nephew, reigned from 1312 to 1337 Made his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325
Gargantuan caravan of thousand soldiers and attendants Gold devalued 25% in Cairo during his visit
Mansa Musa and Islam Upon return to Mali, built mosques Sent students to study with Islamic scholars in North Arica Established Islamic schools in Mali
The decline of Mali Factions crippled the central government Rise of province of Gao as rival to Mali Military pressures from neighboring kingdoms,
desert nomads
SLAVERYSlavery in Africa
Most slaves were captives of war, debtors, criminals Kept for local use or sold in slave marketsOften used as domestic laborers especially agricultural workersGenerally not a social stigma attachedSlaves could receive freedom, become part of family, tribeChildren born to slaves were not slaves
Slave trading Slave trade increased after the 11th century CEPrimary markets
Across Sahara to North Africa and Egypt and ultimately ArabiaOut of East Africa to Arabia and Middle EastIn some years, 10 to 12 thousand slaves shipped out of AfricaMales preferred, could also act as carriers of trade goods 10 million slaves transported by Islamic trade between 750/1500
Demand for slaves outstripped supply from eastern EuropeOriginal slaves preferred in Muslim world were Caucasian SlavsWord “slave” comes from Slav
Slave raids against smaller states, stateless societiesMuslims could not be used as slaves (Quran) yet often ignored
SOAPPS- Al-Umari’s visit to Cairo, 1324
What incentive was there for people to become involved in
this trade?
Because of the trading expeditions, rock salt was for sale both in
North Africa & in West Africa. Do you think the price of rock salt was the same in both locations? Why or why
not?
If you were a trader, what things would you consider in choosing how to transport your
goods?
Multiply this number by By this
number
To calculate
this answer
10,000
19,000
2,000
1,200
4,000
12,000
Why do you think canoes were not
used in any stage of the trade journey?
Why were ox carts not used for any
stage of the journey from North Africa
through the savanna & rain forest?
Calculate this
using the
figures we
came up with
in the previous
slide
the previous activity to
AnswersCamel Caravan
Requires 20 camels, each carrying 400 lbs.
It will take 20 days traveling 25 miles/day. 20 camels will cost $100 at the rate of $5/camel.
Requires 5 drivers, each in charge of 4 camels.Wages for each driver is $0.07. For 20 days total wages are $7.
Total cost is $107
Donkey CaravanRequires 80 donkeys, each carrying 100 lbs.
It will take 25 days traveling 20 miles/day80 donkeys will cost $80 at the rate of $1/donkey
Requires 16 drivers, each in charge of 5 donkeysWages for each driver is $0.07. For 25 days total wages are $28
Total cost is $108
If a human caravan was
used, it would cost $232.75 for
a trip that lasted 25 days,
paying each worker $0.07
per day.
Camels- the ships of the Sahara
Camels have a very slow rate of water loss, and they can go for much longer periods of time without consuming water—longer than any other domestic animal. In the Sahara, camels do not usually drink at all during the cool season, when plant life is abundant and they can absorb water from the vegetation they eat. Only in the hot summer months do camels need to drink water. When the temperature is between 90° and 100° Fahrenheit, they can go 10–20 days without needing to drink. Only when the temperature rises above 100° do camels need to take regular drinks of water. Five days is the longest they can go without water in extreme temperatures.
When they do drink, camels can ingest large quantities of water—as much as 2½–5½ gallons per minute. In very high temperatures, a camel needs to drink between 5½–8 gallons of water to sustain itself for a full day without needing to drink again.
How many days
can a camel go
without drinking
water when the
temperature is
between 90 &
100F?
How may days can
a camel go without
drinking water
when the
temperature is over
100F?
How many gallons of
water can a camel drink
in one minute?
Gold Bug Trading Company
You and your group are a team in the Gold Bug Trading Company. Your task is to make a plan to take salt from Fez, Morocco to Timbuktu, Mali using a caravan.
Your plan must include:A map of how you plan to get thereYour means of transportationYour trip supply listYour trip costs
Remember you must return home!
Gold Bug Trading Company
On the back of your SOAPPS activity answer:What were three challenges encountered by those who participated in the gold-salt trade?
Each group member should
complete their own.
Turn it in
before you
leave!
KANEM-BORNUOrigins
Situated north east of Lake Chad. In 11th century, Sefawa dynasty was establishedShift in lifestyle
From entirely nomadic to pastoralist way of life with agricultureState became more centralized with capital at Njimi; maintained large cavalry
Islam and TradeKanem converted to Islam under Hu or Hawwa (1067-71).
Faith was not widely embraced until the 13th century. Muslim traders played a role in bringing Islam to Kanem
Wealth of Kanem derived from ability of rulers to control tradeMain exports were ostrich feathers, slaves and ivory; imported horses, luxuries Exports were crucial to their power, ability to dominate neighbors
A ChangeCombination of overgrazing, dynastic uncertainties, attacks from neighbors
Rulers of Kanem to move to Borno, state now referred to as Kanem-BornoNew contacts with Hausa of Nigeria; capital becomes center of knowledge, trade
Army modernized by trade with Muslim, Turks: acquired firearms
Decline was long, gradual and peaceful: fell in the 19th century
SONGHAI EMPIRE
Origins Sorko fishermen of Niger became merchantsJoined Gao state (part of Malian Empire)Mali could never collect taxes from Gao
RiseSonni Ali the Great build cavalry, war fleetDisputed Mali, conquer TimbuktuAnti-Muslim: saw them as a threat
ZenithAskia Muhammad seized power after Sonni’s death
Devout Muslim, promoted Islam; launched jihads Visited Cairo, Mecca; promoted Songhai to MuslimsDeclared Caliph of the SudanBuilt centralized state using Muslim jurists as advisors
Tradition and TradeMaintained tribal rituals of sacred drum, sacred fire, dressPrivileged caste craftsmen; slaves important in agricultureTraded kola nuts, gold, slaves for horses, salt, luxuries, finished goods
• Fall• Civil war erupted in 16th
century• Demographic Changes
• Drought, desertification hurt economy
• Diseases spread• Moroccan Empire invades
and destroys state in order to control gold trade
EARLY EAST AFRICAN HISTORY
Early visitors to east Africa Egyptians visited, traded with area
Famous expedition of Hatshepshut to PuntIndian, Persian visited after 500 B.C.E. Greeks, Romans called area Azania Malays established colonies on Madagascar
Kingdom of Axum (Aksum)Sabeans of Yemen created AxumArose in highlands of Ethiopia
Trading state across Bab el Mandeb straitsTribute empire on land; trade gold, frankincense, myrrh, food, ivoryBuilt stone structures, issued own coins
Eventually became Monophysite ChristianKing Ezana converted and court followed in early 4th centuryDeveloped Ge’ez language, writing in association with ChristianityMaintained strong contacts with Egypt
Traded with Romans, Byzantines, Persians, Indians, Arabs
By 2nd century: Bantus populated much of East AfricaBy 7th century: Arab merchants begin to visitBy 8th century: Muslim armies, merchants push up Nile
Trade Winds
Monsoon winds dictate all movementNovember to February: Indians can arriveApril to September: Swahili go to India
Swahili Coastal Trade
• 30-40 separate city-states along East African coast
• "Swahili" used by early Arabs, means "coast“ • By 1st century BCE Arab and Indian traders
• Brought bananas, cloves, cinnamon and pepper• Left with gold, ivory and slaves
• Spoke African language enriched with Arabic and Persian vocabulary
• 8th Century CE• Settlement Arabs from Persian Gulf• Small settlements of Indians
El Zanj: The Swahili
THE SWAHILI CITY-STATESIntermarriage of the Bantu and the Arab produced Swahili
An Arabic term, meaning "coasters" Dominated east African coast from Mogadishu to Sofala Swahili is a Bantu language mixed with Arabic
The Swahili city-states Chiefs gained power through taxing trade on ports Developed into city-states ruled by kings, 11th-12th centuriesControlled trade from interior: slaves, gold, ivory, spicesExchanged goods for finished goods, cloths, dyes, luxuriesCraftsmen, artisans, clerks were MuslimsSlaves used for domestic, agricultureZanzibar clove plantations needed slaves
Kilwa One of the busiest city-states Multistory stone buildings, mosques, schoolsIssued copper coins from the 13th centuryBy 15th century, exported ton of gold per yearMerchants from India, China, Arabia visited
Islam in East Africa Ruling elite and wealthy merchants converted to Islamic faith Conversion promoted close cooperation with Muslim merchantsConversion also opened door to political alliances with Muslim rulers
Ethiopia & SomaliaEthiopia
The people who stay in the mountains are able to remain undisturbedSomaliaThe King was enslaved, walks back and convinces his people to convert so they will not be enslaved
Upper classes generally convert as a way to consolidate power and avoid slaverySlavery develops rapidly as a business in Africa.
Other Areas
•200 Square Miles
•Built consistently from 11th century to 15th century
•Estimates are that Great Zimbabwe had as many as 18,000 inhabitants at its peak
GREAT ZIMBABWE
•Ruins at Great Zimbabwe are some of the oldest and largest structures located in Sub-Saharan Africa
GREAT ZIMBABW
E
ZIMBABWESouth Central Africa
Wooded and grass savannahsRich in minerals especially copper, goldBantu herders, ironsmiths found it wonderful
Zimbabwe A powerful kingdom of Central Africa arose in 13th century
From 5th centuries C.E. built wooden residences known as zimbabwe By the 9th century began to build stone zimbabwe Magnificent stone complex known as Great Zimbabwe, the 12th century 18,000 people lived in Great Zimbabwe in the late 15th century
Kings and wealthOrganized flow of gold, ivoryTrade include slavesCounted wealth in cattle, tooTraded with Swahili city-states
MOVEMENT IN AFRICAN HISTORY
ECONOMIC REGIONS OF AFRICA
HISTORIC AFRICA IN REVIEW
Elizabeth I Christopher Haigh
Funny in Farsi Firoozeh Dumas
Sophie’s World Jostein Gaarder
Here I Stand, A Life of Martin Luther Ronald Bainton
The Conference of the Birds
Farid –Ud-Din Attar
1453 Roger Crowley
The Power of Myth Joseph Campbell
The World That Trade Created Kenneth Pomeranz
Ishmael Daniel Quinn
The Prince Nicolo Machiavelli
The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx
Under the Feet of Jesus Helena Maria Viramontes
Irrational Man Willaim Barrett
Seven Years in Tibet Heinrich Harrer
The Lost Boys of Sudan Mark Bixler
