Please…. …quiet. Lectio Precursoria Electronic warfare self- protection of battlefield helicopters: a holistic view Johnny Heikell 24.3.2005

Please….

…quiet

Lectio Precursoria

Electronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters: a holistic view

Johnny Heikell 24.3.2005

Present deficiencies

Lack of understanding of EWSP in the set of helicopter survivability tools

Lack of tools for communicating on EWSP with stakeholders

Disconnected information on factors contributing to the effectiveness of EWSP

Consequence of the present study: Definition of the term “holistic view”


LECTIO PRECURSORIAElectronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters: a holistic view

Approach to the soft problem

Synthesizeholistic

EWSP view

Warfarecomponents

Stakeholdercomponents

PoliticiansDefense industryCoalition partnersMilitary decision-

makersMilitary planners

CommandersEW officers

Ground troopsAircrew

StrategyOperations

TacticsDoctrine

Helicopter operationsEW tactics

Behavioralcomponents

Decision-makingTraining levelCombat stress

Fitness

Sciencecomponents

Technologycomponents

ElectronicsSoftware technology

EW technology

PhysicsChemistry

MathematicsEnvironmental physics

TopographyOperational research

Systems engineeringAircraft technology

Verification & ValidationLogistics

C3Situational awareness

Holistic view ofEWSP of battlefield

helicopters

Threat systemsThreat technologies

Threat tacticsEW operations

Potentialinfluence

Potentialinfluence

Potentialinfluence

IntelligenceEW support centerMission data files

EW test rangeMission planning &

debriefing Potentialinfluence

Supportcomponents

Potentialinfluence

Potentialinfluence

Helicopter performanceHelicopter signatures

Helicopter vulnerability

Potentialinfluence

Potentialinfluence Holistic view

Collected and analyzedinformation

Potentialstakeholder

EW support

Warfare

Science

Technology

Stakeholders

Humanbehavior



The choice of system dynamics

Which methodology to chose?- Textual information- Tabulated information- Graphical information- Flow and block diagrams- Word-and-arrow diagrams, e.g. CLDs - Checkland’s soft system methodology (SSM)- (Forrester) system dynamics- Mathematical tools for computation



Analysis: Summary



Threatelimination

On-boardweapons

Fire support

DEAD

Supportjamming

Signaturereduction

On-boardsensors

EWSP* suite

CNI system

other sensors

topography

atmosphere

situationreports

C3 network

Task order

Validatedp’formance

EW fieldofficer

HWILcapability

Scenarios

Intelligence

SU

SC

EP

TIB

ILIT

YR

ED

UC

TIO

N

Enemysignatures

Battlefieldconditions

FCS

Geolocationcapability

Obstacleavoidance

Missionplanning

Situationalawareness

Platformagility

Aircrewskill

EWSP *effecti’ness

Enemyactions

T&Ecapability

Threatavoidance

Threatevasion

Friendly/neutralsignatures

Counter-measures

Maneuvers

Flight route

V&V

M&Scapability

Req'mentsdocumentsEWSC

Threat/missiondata files

Real-timeintelligence

Missionreplanning

Mutual influences

Mutual influences

THREATS

Analysis 2: Role of the EW support center



Debriefcrew

Crewobservations

Helicopter combat unit

Analyzeintercepted

data Recordeddata

MDF

CompileMDF

Analyzedata

Debriefinformation

Preanalyzeddata

CollectHUMINT

data

CollectSIGINT

dataHUMINTdata

SIGINTdata

INTELLIGENCE

D

Analysis delay

Intelligence

Intelligence oncomparableequipmentD

D

Collectiondelay

Assessperformancein relevantscenario

Generatethreat data

files

Intelligence

Threatdata files

Verifythreat &CM files

HWIL lab

Resources

Verified threat& CM files

Analysis ofequipment

Acquiredequipment

Verified threat& CM files

Equipment

DevelopCMs

Data

CM files

EW fieldofficer

Resources

MISSION SUPPORT

Intelligence

Feedback

MeasurementdataAssessment

EWSCDAnalysis delay

Debriefintelligence

Tactical intelli-gence data

base

Intelligenceupdate

D Verificationdelay

D

Developmentdelay

National intelligence database

Firewall

Intelligence

OAR

Resources

Synthesis 1: Interactions



Level 7:Strategic

Level 6:Operational

Level 5:Tactical

Level 4:Entity

Level 3:Technical

Level 2:Logical

Level 1:Physical

HIERARCHYLEVELS

TIME

SIGINTIntercepts

MDFs

MDFs

Intercepts

MDFs

EW support center (EWSC)

EW

SP

mod

ific

atio

ns

Bounded time/hierarchy domainof EWSP

Region of interestto EW community

Synthesis 2: M&S



Campaign

Engineering

Engagement

Mission

Campaign

Engineering

Engagement

Mission

Capability

(a) (b)

Higher resolution

Higher aggregation

Traditional Present work

Synthesis 3a: Capability M&S



Unidentifiedthreats

Identifiedthreats

Threats withCMs

threatdevelopment rate

intelligence rate CM developmentrate

obsolescencerate

THREATINCENTIVE

EWSPOBSOLESCENCE

EWSCcapacity

INTELLIGENCEEFFICIENCY

INITIALUNIDENTIFIED

INITIALIDENTIFIED

INITIALEVADABLE

CM effect on threatdevelopment

THREATDEVELOPMENT

DELAY

CM IMPORTANCE TOTHREAT

DEVELOPMENT

requiredEWSPbudget

INITIAL EWSPFUNDING

TIME TO BUILDCAPABILITY

REALLOCATIONDELAY

<INITIALIDENTIFIED>

EXPECTED EWSPEFFECTIVENESS

operationaldemand on

EWSP budget

-

EWSCdiminishing return

INITIALPRODUCTIVITY

EWSp influence onbudget changes

TIME TODEVELOP CM

INTELLIGENCEDELAY

Synthesis 3b: Capability M&S



Required EWSP budget

1 M

500,000

0

0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360Time (Month)

required EWSP budget : Threat to 13 at 120 Euro/Monthrequired EWSP budget : Effectiveness to 0.9 at 120 Euro/Monthrequired EWSP budget : Budget to 1.5 at 120 Euro/Monthrequired EWSP budget : Basic Run Euro/Month

required EWSP budget: Threat to 13 at 120 €/Monthrequired EWSP budget: Effectiveness to 0.9 at 120 €/Monthrequired EWSP budget: Budget to 1.5 at 120 €/Monthrequired EWSP budget: Basic Run €/Month



Threats with CMs6,000

3,000

0

0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360Time (Month)

Identified threats2,000

1,000

0

0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360Time (Month)

Sensitivity50% 75% 95% 100%

Threats with CMs6,000

4,879

3,759

2,638

1,5180 90 180 270 360

Time (Month)

Monte Carlo simulation

Synthesis 4: Campaign & Mission M&S



Campaign Model (Lanchester equations): Too much details in a model easily clutters the main problem under study

Mission Model (the mission process): Surprise and terrain masking really important to survivability; when they are feasible EWSP is therefore of less importance

Further work is required on applying FSD

Synthesis 5: The holistic view



MDFs

BDR

SA

EWSP

Platform

EWSC

Support assets

Humanfactors

Intelli-gence

Scenarios

Tactics & operations

Installation

Installation

V&V

V&VVulnerability

reduction

Missionplanning

Engineering &scientific skills

Crewskills

Topography&

atmosphere

Routeselection& tactics

Soft killassets

Hard killassets

Stealth

Stealth

On-boardsensors, displays

& controls Battlefield C3

Technology

SUBJECTS OF THE SURVIVABILITY PARADIGM

Threats

Acquisition

Maneuverability

Valu

es

The

orie

s

Rul

es

Met

hodo

logi

es

Time

NVIS Logistics

Contributions to scientific thinking

Lack of understanding Improved under-standing of EWSP in the set of helicopter survivability tools

Lack of tools for communicating on EWSP with stakeholders Novel use of system dynamics to problems of EWSP, although further investigation is needed

Disconnected information on United factors contributing to the effectiveness of EWSP

Definition of the term “holistic view” The global survivability paradigm



Future research: Top-Down


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Please…. …quiet. Lectio Precursoria Electronic warfare self- protection of battlefield helicopters: a holistic view Johnny Heikell 24.3.2005