Please provide an opinion/thought on photograph above.

Section 4Struggle for Civil Rights• Advances after Civil War were made, however,

African Americans and others had to struggle against discrimination• (unfair treatment based on prejudice

against a certain group)

Segregation (is the social separation of races.)

Southern states passed “Jim Crow” laws requiring African Americans and whites to be separated in most public places

I.E. : schools, restrooms, buses

Section 4Struggle for Rights • NAACP: National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People• Founded 1909 by African Americans AND

whites• Worked through court system to challenged

laws and customs that denied African Americans constitutional rights

• National Urban League• Founded 1910 by concerned citizens• Aided African Americans in getting jobs and

tried to improve their opportunities

Section 4• Gradually these organization built a civil rights

movement that would be supported by millions• Two important events paved the way:

• President Truman ordered the end to segregation in armed forces (1948)

• Supreme Court Case: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)• NAACP lawyers successfully argued racial

segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

• Violated 14th Amendment• Principle of equal protection under the

law

Struggle for Rights

Section 4The Struggle Continues

• Martin Luther King• Became one of the main leaders of civil rights movement• A Baptist minister and stirring speaker• Believed in non-violent resistance(peaceful protest of unfair laws)• Organized marches, • boycotts and demonstrationsThese all helped openpeople’s eyes to change

Section 4The Struggle Continues

• Civil Rights laws of 1960’s opened more doors for minorities, however whites still tended to get more opportunities

• 1970’s Federal Government began affirmative action programs• Encouraged the hiring and promoting of

minorities and women in fields that were traditionally closed to them

• Colleges began practicing this as well• Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)

Section 4The Struggle Continues Today

Even today struggle for equal rights continues

•Federal government receives 75,000 complaints per year complaining of workplace discrimination•Racial profiling: (being singled out as suspects because of the way they look)•Hate Crimes: (acts of violence based on a person’s race, color, national origin, gender, or disability)

Freedom Riders

Freedom Riders

• May 4, 1961:seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses headed towards the South

• test the Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional.

• riders were severely beaten. Outside Anniston, Alabama, one of their buses was burned

• Freedom Riders were evacuated from Birmingham, Alabama to New Orleans.

• violence ending the trip would send the wrong signal to the country.

• Added volunteers, and the trip continued. • savagely attacked by a mob of more than 1000

whites in Montgomery, AL• Continued to Mississippi, where they endured

further brutality and jail terms

• generated more publicity and inspired dozens more Freedom Rides.

• By the end of the summer, the protests had spread to train stations and airports across the South

• November, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued rules prohibiting segregated transportation facilities