Platon, Parmenides (IN) BB (v. Maguire) Griego. Inglés

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DAATON02 IIAPMENIAH2.


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DUBLIN UNIVERSITY PRESS SERIES.

IIAPMENIAH2.

THE

PARMENIDES OF PLATO,INTRODUCTION, ANALYSIS, AND NOTES,

BY

THOMAS MAGTJIRE,LL.D., D.Lix.,

FELLOW AND TUTOR, TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

DUBLIN : HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., GRAFTON-STREET.LONDON : LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1882.


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DUBLIN :PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.


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THE following edition is intended chiefly for theMetaphysician. That reading, accordingly, hasalways been preferred which makes the argumentmore plain.

I am indebted to PKOFESSOR DAVIES, of theQueen's College, Galway, for his careful revisionof the proofs.

TB.LNITY COLLEGE,January, 1882.


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INTRODUCTION,

TjmSTENCE is an aspect of thought. All exist-^ ence is thought thought either actual orpossible. That is to say, every mode of existence,when grasped by cognition, would be found to bea mode of thought. Such is the position of theIdealist.

2. The Idealist thinks his case made out, be-cause all such notions as Matter and Things inthemselves, when examined, prove to be figmentsfigments made up of elements so incompatible, thatto affirm the one is to deny the other. So Berkeleydisposes of Matter, by the bare statement that whatis inactive is not causal, and vice versa. The Ideal-ist rejects a monster whose sole function is to fill agap, where there is no gap.

3. The rejection of a zero, made up of incom-patibilities which cancel one another, has nothingto do with the position of Plato and Hegel, thatExistence, when analysed, yields opposite mo-ments. This brings us to the question What isPhilosophy ?


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viii INTRODUCTION.4. Philosophy-makes explicit to thought what is

implicitlycontained in thought. Berkeley

showedthat Sensible Qualities are modes of consciousness.Kant showed that consciousness contained a Neces-sary and Universal element, meaning by necessarywhat is construed to thought as not possibly other-wise than it is ; and by universal what is thoughtas exceptionless. These characteristics, Necessityand Universality, Hegel extended to the object,and so to the universe. Philosophy is thus theexplicitness of universal thought.

5. The other day, G. H. Lewes, while showingthat Physiology could not supersede Psychology,pointed out that while Force could be translatedinto Feeling, Feeling could not be expressed inForce. Thus the most advanced Empiricism isidealistic.

6. It may be said that Science will in timeexpress Feeling in terms of Force that it willtranslate Psychosis into Neurosis. Granted : it isnothing to the point : Neurosis is the antecedent,and so can never be the consequent. Psychosisthought will keep its coin of vantage.

7. According to the Idealist, thought is theonly object of thought thought is the sole instru-ment of thought ; and the product of thought isthought.

8. The instrument of thought is thought only ;


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INTRODUCTION. ixthat is to say, we analyse a synthesis and recon-struct a synthesis out of our analysis. We donothing more ; yet this process condemns as im-possible the prevalent opinion that Psychology isPhilosophy.

9. In the Timaeus, the Demiurge mixes variousingredients in a bowl. Everyone sees that this isAllegory. But when a Psychologist talks of theinteraction of Subject and Object of the actionof the Object on the Subject, he is unconsciouslyallegorical.

10. The older hypothesis was that of Impulse,e.g. Locke's. Yet impulse implies weight, andweight, or gravity, is the result of the whole uni-verse, and, so, cannot account for it. A billiardplayer may assume that the weight is in the ball;but a thinker ought to see that weight, or anyproperty of a part, must be the result of the whole,and, so, cannot be prior to it. So of Force : it isanother word for Movement, and cannot, therefore,originate.

11. So of Chemical Action : chemical action isonly possible, because it is the result of certainconditions, and, therefore, cannot cause them. Itis easy to say, let Oxygen represent the Subject,Hydrogen the Object, and Water the resultConsciousness. But the chemist can retranslate :and the weight of the new product is that of the


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x INTRODUCTION.old elements. Dewar has shown that old elementswill form that new substance which is attended bythe greatest evolution of heat. On the other hand,in the mental product the old constituents sur-vive, and so the analogy breaks down on everypoint.

12. So, Psychology starts with a Subject andan Object; and by bringing the two into combina-tion, and by feigning some reciprocal action eithermechanical or chemical generates the Universe ofConsciousness. As before, Subject and Object areresults of consciousness at a certain stage, and,therefore, cannot generate it.

13. Des Cartes assumes an Ego, isolated fromthe rest of the Universe. It is obvious that theEgo is in contrast to the non-Ego ; to evolve thenon-Ego from the Ego is to offer a proof of thatwhich the proof pre-supposes, and without whichthe proof would be unmeaning.

14. Locke's Essay is of value as a reply to thePsychology of Des Cartes. As a piece of philo-sophy, it assumes that there is a Mind on oneside, and a set of Things on the other. It ismere Psychology.

15. Natural Realism is not Philosophy. NaturalRealism tells us ' ' that along with the presentationof the Object there is always a simultaneous pre-sentation of the Subject, the two being mutually


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INTRODUCTION. xirelated to each other." * True ; but this postu-lates Subject and Object : that is, a Universe,and that Universe cut in two. It is mere Psy-chology.

16. Atomic theories cannot be Philosophy: theyassume Space and Quantity ; that is, from an aspectof the Universe they explain the whole.

17. Molecular theories cannot be Philosophy.To the assumptions of Atomism they add the as-sumption of Quality, and of Difference of Quality.Quality, like quantity and space, must be a resultof the Universe. Clerk Maxwell considers that thefamily likeness of the molecules is an argumentthat they are not original.

18. Sir John Lubbock has calculated, on theauthority of Loschmidt, Stoney, and Sir W. Thom-son, that the molecules of gases are not more thanthe fifty-millionth part of an inch in diameter. Itis obvious that any one of these molecules involvesthe whole problem of Natural Realism, aud of therelation of Psychology to Philosophy. Sorby is ofopinion that in a length of 1-80,000 of an inch therewould probably be from 500 to 2000 molecules500, for instance, in albumen, and 2000 in water.The nameless fraction of an inch presents us withspace and its contents as surely as the field of the

* Honck's Hamilton, p. 83, n.


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xii INTRODUCTION.seventy-five millions of worlds, of one of which ourearth is but a fraction.

19. Movement in the line of Least Resistanceassumes Space, and a System of Pressures.Granting that Space and Motion are MetaphysicalUltima, Philosophy asks why Space and Motionare found in combination. How did the Atomacquire its tenure of Space, and why did Spacetolerate the intrusion ?

20. Evolution is not Philosophy. If a thing isevolved from within, the process is more than themere accretion with which the doctrine starts. Ifthe thing gathers material from without, like arolling snowball, then the process belongs to Me-chanics or to Chemistry.

21. " Life," as Virchow expresses it, "is thesum of the joint action of all parts, of the higheror vital ones as of the lower or inferior. There isno one seat of life, but every truly elementary part,especially every cell, is a seat of life." Grantingthat this statement gives us the results of Physio-logy, the philosopher must ask, " What brings ' theparts ' into juxtaposition ? Is it merely a case ofjuxtaposition, or how otherwise? What is apart*?What is higher ? What is lower ? What is jointaction ?" Socrates would not have had much troublewith a man who described Life as the action ofvital parts.


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INTRODUCTION. xiii22. Huxley enunciates the hypothesis of Evolu-

tion thus : " The successivespecies

of animals andplants have arisen, the later by the gradual modifi-cation of the earlier." As before, if the modifica-tion be from within, the fact explodes the theory :if from without, modification is accretion.

23. Sir John Lubbock tells us that " an aston-ishing variety of most beautiful contrivances havebeen observed and described by many botanists,especially Hooker, Axel, Delpino, Hildebrand, Ben-nett, Fritz Miiller, and above all Herman Miillerand Darwin himself. The general result is, that toinsects, and especially to bees, we owe the beauty ofour gardens, the sweetness of our fields. To theirbeneficent, though unconscious action, flowers owetheir scent and colour, their honey nay, in manycases, their form. Their present shape and variedarrangements, their brilliant colours, their honey,and their sweet scent are all due to the selectionexercised by insects. In these cases the relationbetween plants and insects is one of mutual advan-tage." A Platonist might put it thus: " Insectsselect flowers by selection." "That is, the idea domi-nates the process, not vice versa. At all events, theprocess implies prior capacity, and therefore reservesfor discussion What is Capacity, What is Relation.That is, Physical Science, as always, owes its exis-tence to notions which its professors discard.


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xiv INTRODUCTION.24. Professor Huxley, in referring to the nervous

system as "that which co-ordinates and regulatesPhysiological units into an organic whole," usesmore metaphysical terms than Virchow. That is,both use terms borrowed from thought to explainthat which, according to them, is the explanation ofthought. Neurosis is explained by Psychosis, whileNeurosis is the only scientific explanation of Psy-chosis.

25. Spontaneous generation throws no light onPhilosophy. Waiving the decisive objection that itwould describe a process which takes place in Time,what does the doctrine amount to, if established ?That a mixture of turnip-juice and cheese is, undercertain conditions, an antecedent to life. The doc-trine is invested with importance by the ignorant,who persist in obtruding on Science the notionCause, which Science affects to discard.

26. The Scientist, to set aside Metaphysics,reduces Causation to Sequence. If Causation beSequence only, Thought is not caused by Neurosis.But, in order to degrade Thought, he investsNeurosis with causal power, so that the destructionof Neurosis involves the destruction of Thought.Thought is the Whole of which Causation and Se-quence in time are parts very small parts, indeed.

27. Professor Williamson, in his opening address,gives a sketch of the theories which guided Chemis-


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INTRODUCTION. xvtry fifty years ago, and of the changes wrought inthem by fifty years'

work. Chemical explanationhas got rid of predisposing affinities. " Our presentexplanation" (of a certain phenomenon) " is a sim-ple statement of the fact that under the conditionsdescribed, zinc displaces hydrogen from its sul-phate." The statement is anything but simple, asit amounts to this : zinc one set of relations dis-places hydrogen a second set of relations from itssulphate a third set of relations. A Hegelian wouldnot ask for a more idealistic position than ProfessorWilliamson's simple statement of the fact.

28. Physical Science is not Philosophy, for itrequires antecedence and consequence only as anexplicit basis. As an explicit basis, for the analysisof antecedence and consequence may lead to a greatdeal more. In fact, it led to the Idealism of Kant.

29. That Science is apparently content withantecedence and consequence is seen in ProfessorBurdon-Sanderson's address: " Science can hardlybe said to begin until we have by experimentacquired such a knowledge of the relation betweenevents and their antecedents, between processesand their products, that in our own sphere weare able to forecast the operations of Nature, evenwhen they lie beyond the reach of desired obser-vation." That is, we predict consequents, becausethey are caused.


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xvi INTRODUCTION.30. Clifford and Lewes hold that the Uni-

formity of Nature ought to be expressed as theLaw of the Collocations of Changes. That is,they merely postulate Simultaneity, Succession,and Fixed Order. What more could an Idealistrequire ?

31. Herbert Spencer's Heredity may accountfor Necessity as a fact. It does not explain whatthe Idealist contends for not merely that a notionis what it is, but that it is explicitly thought asnot possibly otherwise the Necessity of Leibnitz,Kant, and Hegel.

32. Mr. Whittaker, in the interest of Empiri-cism, reconciles Empiricism with Idealism : " in thefinal statement of Empiricism, 'relations' are justas fundamental as ' feelings.' All that afterwardsbecomes thought is implicit not in mere feeling,but in the primitive relations between ' feelings.'"*Feelings are capable of primitive relations, simplybecause both presuppose one intelligible wholethe position of the Idealist.

33. Taking a portion of the Universe, in orderto account for the Universe, is as idle as to supposethat a square on a chess-board is the cause of theboard. There can be no fraction outside the whole,and the business of Philosophy must be analysis.

* Mind, No. 24, p. 507.


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INTBODUCTION. xvii34. Taking analysis as the instrument of

thought, Plato, in the Parmenides, analyses theUniverse into TO ev and raXXa TOV >os; the posi-tion of TO ev explaining everything, and its nega-tion nullifying everything.

35. Positing TO ev, the Universe, as conceivedby Plato, may be best described in the words ofHegel:* " Free and infinite Form, as a Totality,involves the principle of Matter in itself" takingForm in his sense of Complete Whole of Charac-teristics. Without TO ev, we may have provi-sionally an Empiricism like that of Hume and Mill,Farm. 164 b ; but this, when examined, will end inNihilism, Parm. 165e.

36. The intelligible element, vindicated byKant and elaborated by Hegel, is variously termedIdeas and Numbers. The Ideas and Numbers aresubstantially identical, but Idea denotes the in-telligible in relation to the sensibility, while theNumbers are the movements of the pure, intelli-gible process.

37. To ev brings the Parmenides into close re-lation with the notices of Platonic doctrine pre-served in Aristotle and his Scholiasts, as TO ev isthe formative element in the Idea, and the springfrom which the Numbers flow.

Logic, p. 204, Wallace's translation.b


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xviii INTRODUCTION.38. Xenocrates has given a hypothetic genesis

of the Ideas. It is only to assist apprehension, asyeVecris implies evolution in time, which of coursedoes not apply to the Ideas, e/c TOV peyaXov /catfjiLKpov VTTO ToG *Ei>6s io'ao'BevTtov eyevovTo av, elSVVO.TOV avras fy yevea-Oau. Schol. 828 a, 1, 2.

39. To ev is neither Number nor Idea, althoughwithout it we should have neither Number norIdea. Number a/H0/x6s is, according to Greekarithmeticians, o-vcmj/za ju,oi>a8a>z>. Theon Smyrn.23. To ev is the dpx*l of Numerables.

40. As TO ev has for its contre-coup TO oLTreipovindefinite plasticity the first Number is the Dyad,avroSvas. That is, The One and TO a-rrapov, as twoitems, constitute the System of Two Monads 17auToSva? the Prime Dyad. Arist. Met. B. iii.The Dyad has for its Material TO oiTreipov, and forits Form TO ev : at irpa)Tov yeyovmai 8vo /zoi/aSe?a>9 e^ vXrjs fMv TVJS 'AopicrTOv AvaSo?, etSov? Se TOU

'Evo? TOV AVTOCÔ? SÂoi'OTt auTat TreTrot^-Trjv TTpoiTrjv AvaSa. Syrianus ap. Schol. 818 J,

46-9.41. As the Indefinite Dyad is Majus and Minus

TO /u,eya and TO piKpov each moiety is a monad.These two monads, with TO ev as unifier and equa-tor, constitute the System of Three Monads thePrime Triad 17 avTOT/oias: at Se TTO.\IVyeyovmai T/aet? /aoâSe?, w? e uX^s fj.ev /cat


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XIXNTBODUCTION.rrjs 'Ao^ourrou AvaSos, etSous Se TOV Avroevds,/cacrt

r>}i> AuTOT/HaSa. $yr. ib. 819 #.42. Lastly, the Indefinite Dyad as plastic,taking on itself the Prime Dyad as formal, con-stitutes the System of Four Monads the PrimeTetrad 77 avrorerpa,^: IK rfjs AuroSuctSos /cat TT^S

v AuctSos ^v 'Ao/oio~roi> /caXet AvaSa, ctTrereXoui'TerpaSa' ov crwrt^eVre? avra? (^c. ra? SvaSa?)

ov8e Kara Trp6 Swa/xew9 /cat Trpodyew ets aTroyeW^-


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xx INTEODUCTION.and TO aireipoV) are thus Metaphysical Ultima dis-covered by analysis, and not agents in the me-chanical, chemical, or so-called psychological sense.

46. Why did Plato use such barren terms asTO ev The One, and ra\\a All the rest of it?To ev is the geometrical unit, and Geometry is themedium between Sense and Intellect. Aristotle'susual term for Mathematics, as Plato viewed them,is TO, fJLTav.

47. Previous to Plato, the notion The One hadbeen so far developed :

a. Xenophanes deduced Unity from the theolo-gical notion Moral Perfection, making Unity a pre-dicate of Essence :

b. Parmenides, by identifying subject and ob-ject, made Unity both the logical and substantiveessence of all real existence :

c. Melissus made Unity a predicate, but deducedit from infinity :

d. Zeno defended Unity by proving pluralityimpossible.

48. In Aristotle's hands the notion Unity becameSubstance, and in that shape was transmitted by theschoolmen to modern thought. It is obvious thatthe modern atom is a Lilliputian substance.

49. The One being positive, TaXXa TOV ho


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INTKODUCTION. XXI50. Anti-Platonists, from Aristotle to Jowett,

ask Where are the Ideas ? "Would a Kantianentertain the question Where are the Categories,and Ideas, and Forms ?

51. According to Hegel, evolution is Specifica-tion : according to Haeckel, specification is Evolu-tion. That the road up is the road down must beseen in time.


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THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO,


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THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO.

philosophical portion of the Dialogue is-L divided into two parts : the first extends from127d to 135; and the second from 135 to the end,166. The first part deals with the question of therelation of the Ideas to sensible things ; the secondwith the relation of the head-Idea The One toeverything else. The first part discusses generallythe relation between the supersensible and the sen-sible ; the second elaborates the relations of theparamount metaphysical entity The One to allits subordinates, including sensible things. Thesecond part is thus a particular application of thefirst; but, as The One is the paramount entity, itsrelations are all-pervading.With regard to the first portion, we are told byMr. Jowett that Plato has anticipated the criticismof all future ages on his Ideas. Mr. Grote declaresthat there are no dialogues in which the Parme-nidean objections to the doctrine of Ideas areelucidated or even recited. But surely all theobjections which are urged in the Parmenides are


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xxvi THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO.based on an assumption with which the sounddoctrine of Ideas has nothing to do.

(1). The Idea is spaceless and timeless. Thisdisposes of the objections illustrated by the dayand by the sail: 130eb le, par. 6.

(2). The Idea rtmst either admit of finiteness orproceed to infinity. This disposes of the objectionsurged in 132 a b, and in 132 d 133 a, pars. 7 and 9.

(3). The Idea cannot depend for its cognitionand existence on man. Its essence cannot beconcipi: B. 2, b d, par. 8. This to Plato wouldbe a truism.

(4). The Idea cannot exist in total aloofness fromman ; for this would deprive man on the one handof all objective knowledge, and God on the other ofall knowledge of human knowledge. The obviousconclusions are, that we have a knowledge of theIdea, and that God has so too. These conclusionsare quite in accordance with the other Dialogues.It is curious that what Mr. Jowett regards as thetrue theory of Ideas that they exist only in themind is deliberately rejected by Plato in thisDialogue. If the paramount One does not exist,the result is Phenomenalism and Nihilism. In thesame way, Mr. Green, in his introduction to Hume,shows that without Identity and Causation thesensualism of Hume and the phenomenalism ofJ. S. Mill are impossible, and with them untrue.To moderns, the difficulty is to conceive thatthe Idea, while timeless and spaceless, is likewiseobjectively existing. That Plato held the Idea to


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THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO. xxviibe timeless is evident from numberless passages,from the authoritative passage in the Timaeus,and the express statement of Aristotle that Platowas the only philosopher who held Time to be theresult of what we may call creation. The Idea islikewise a fortiori spaceless. Space, according toPlato, is the creature of an illicit process of reason-ing, and it is not an object of the senses nor ofnatural belief. Its double function is to expressthe apparent but unreal identity of phenomena ina state of flux, and their dependence on the higheressence of the Idea. Aristotle's testimony is con-clusive on the point. He asks why Plato does notlocate the Idea in space. Phys. iv. ii. 5.

If the Idea be not in time or in space, howdoes it exist ? In the mind, says Mr. Jowett. Inwhat mind ? If mind means the human mind, quahuman, then we are reduced to individualism. Imay infer, or I may not, that there may be someother being with a mind like mine, more or less.If we say in the Divine mind, or in the Universalmind, then the Idea will only be an accident ofthe higher consciousness. But if we mean by Idea,as Plato did the Form which perfectly and com-pletely dominates pure thought, and which domi-nates ours to a smaller extent then it is trueto say that the Idea is not only logically butsubstantially prior to thought and volition, Divineas well as human, and is therefore independent ofboth. Surely in a narrower sphere, where a manhas consciously grasped the Law of Identity or the


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xxviii THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.Law of Contradiction, he sees at once that theseLaws are something more than the facts of hisown brain something more than actual clearnessor passing confusion. But, first, as human thoughtis dominated consciously or unconsciously by theLaws of thinking, so the Divine Thinking is domi-nated by the Ideas. To say that Ideas exist in themind is much the same as saying that the Law ofGravity exists in a man's watch.The relation of the Idea to sensible things, andof God to both, is somewhat as follows : The Ideaconsists of two elements, the One and the Indefinite.The Indefinite is pure Passivity. Neither of theseelements is created. They are co-eternal with God.God is good. As Aristotle explains it, Goodness isthe matter, and One, the form, of the highest Ens.God is also Cause, the notion which brings the Oneand Goodness into communion. Goodness worksthrough Causality, according to the type set bythe Idea of Good. Consequently, the Law whichdominates Goodness in its Causal Energy is logi-cally prior to that Energy. On what does theSummum Ens work ? On the Indefinite, or thepassive element in the Idea, the space, or ratherplace, of the Timaeus. The first causal act ofSummum Ens imposes the Law of mere sequenceon Passivity. The result is, a chaos of unpredictablesequences, a notion grasped by Milton. The secondcausal act of Summum Ens is to impose on Chaoticsequence predictable sequence or physical Law, andthe result is, the Sensible World. The God of


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THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO. xxixPlato thus creates nothing, he organises Passivity.Aristotle's question, Why the Idea is not in space,if pressed home, comes to this : Why is the wholeIdea, with all its Form and Matter, not in a smallfractional result of its Matter misconceived, namely,Place ? That Space is not an independent Entitycan be proved by other considerations. The non-existence of a Vacuum inside the world is statedpositively in the Timaeus, where its existence wouldseem necessary, in the case of one moving bodydisplacing another. This phenomenon Plato explainsby the hypothesis of circular motion, a motionwhich may be exemplified by moving a set of ballsround the edge of a "solitaire" board. He hasbeen charged with inconsistency in allowing thestructural solids, the Tetrahedron, the Octahedron,and the Icosahedron, to combine in different pro-portions, all the while he denies the existence ofVacuum. He may easily be defended by the con-sideration that the complement of the interstices isfurnished by TO aneLpov the element of Passivityor Receptivity in the Idea.What then is the Sensible Thing, the SensibleIdea of Locke and Berkeley ? Relatively to us, itis strictly TO ^aivo^vov, TO yiyvopevov, that which isin course of presentation, and which, therefore, exvi termini, is passing away. Objectively, it is thecausal action of God, working through the Idea, onthe senses. Logically, and chronologically, it isdistinct from the Idea. In essence, it is the con-trary of the Idea, as the one is ever abiding and


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xxx THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.the other is momentary ; and finally, with regardto theories of perception, the sensible thing bears toits Idea or rather congeries of Ideas the relationonly of a sign to the thing signified." Mind," says Shelley, " cannot create, it canonly perceive." This is the popular view. It isthe usual confounding of Brain and Thought. Inthe individual, Sensation precedes Thought; Neu-rosis precedes Psychosis; but Neurosis Brainpresupposes Space, Time, and all the constituentsof Intelligibility.

Everybody agrees that what is in consciousnessmay be safely dealt with. But the question arises :Is there anything outside consciousness ? In thelanguage of the Dialogue, if TO ev is the formativeelement, what is raXXa rov evos? In other words,What is TO oLTreipovj which Aristotle represents asthe second element in the Idea ? It is food forForm TO Trepa


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THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO. xxxiof consciousness, we almost eo ipso assert that it isnot to be found in the mature consciousness, exceptin a totally different shape. But, in Plato, theoriginal aspect of the element reappears in thecompound : TO aireipov is TO aTreipov, and will notbe anything else. Plato is thus a thorough-goingIdealist : TO aireipov is part of the domain ofthought.

In applying the terms of modern speculationto Plato, it is not meant that he had before himmodern problems in their present shape. But thebest teaching of our time is the importance ofhistory as a basis of criticism, and this teachingshatters the doctrine that we must read a philo-sopher by what went before and not by what comesafter him.

Hegel allows Richtigkeit, but not Wahrheit, tothe sensible element. Plato is more idealistic ; forwhile in the Phaedo he combats the notion thatthe sensible element is delusive, in the Republic heargues that the same volume of raw material mayand does admit of opposite relations.The most striking passage in the Dialogue iswhere Parmenides rebukes Socrates for withholdingideas from mean objects. This is not really atvariance with the passage in the Timaeus, 66 d-67 a.There he states that Smells are the result of air andwater affecting the organs, and that they are dis-tinguished merely as pleasant or the reverse. Inthe Philebus, Smells are not preceded by anycraving, and so far are higher than the plea-


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xxxii THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.sures of repletion. In our day a great poet haswritten :

Flower in the crannied wall,I pluck you out of the crannies ;Hold you here, root and all, in my hand,Little flower but if I could understandWhat you are, root and all, and all in all,I should know what God and man is.

This is genuine Idealism. What we call a singlething is the concourse of all relations the corn-plexus of all Ideas all in all.


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nAPMENIAHS.


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TA TOY AIAAOrOT ITPOSnilA

KE$AAO2, "IAAEIMANT02,

J> Characters in the Introduction.ANTI2N.

'

TAAYKON, J

Characters in the Main Dis-cussion.

1IAPMENIAH2,API2TOTEAH2.


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IIAPMENIAH2.

St. III. 'ETretSir) 'AOrfvaê oiKoOev e'/c KXao/z,eva>i> d(/>t/co- introduc-p. 126. /) \ > / A ' v tion.juec/a, /car ayopav evervôfjLev Aoet/Aavra) re /cat,

' \ O' ~- ' < >* ' L CePha-t' /cat /xov Aapo/xeô? TT;? êt/aos o Aoet- lus relates-L ? -ir ' \ ^ * ^ > ~ his intro-atP ' e97?' w KecpaAe, /cat et rou oeet TOJI/ auction to

e ^ ^ ' j / j* * \ \ ^ vC1 / 1? Antiplio.7)/x,et? OVVOLTOI, (ppaê. a\\a p.ev 017, enrov

ya>, 7rdp6Lfj.i, ye eV avro rovro, SeiycrojLtevos v^wv.Xeyots av, e^/, r^v Se^cri^. /cat ey

vp,a>v TO) ofjLOfjLrfrpia) rt ^v ovo/xa ; ov yapTrats Se TTOV lyi' ore TO irporepov

Sev/Do e/c KXaô/Aevw^' TroXu? SeeKeivov. TO) pev yap iTdrpi, 8o/cw,

Trcivv ye, e^>iy' avrw Se ye 'Avrtâiz/. dXXart /xdXtcrra irvvOdvei ; otS', etTrov eyw, TroXtrat jaotetcrt, jaaXa


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4 I7AATONO2yap evOcvfte ot/ca8e otêrou, ot/cct Se eyyus > Mc-XtVfl. raura etTroWes ey8aStoftei>, /cat KareXaySo/xev p. 127.TOZ> 'A.VTLo)VTa ot/cot, yaXivov TWO. âX/cct e/cSt8dvTa(r/cevdVat' IVetSr) Se e/ceu>ov aTnjXXdyr) ot re dSeX-\ />/ ^ j/^tionbe- oir^v ev ftaXa or) TT/aecrpvTTp etvat, (r\ \ ^ / \ ^Socrates, KCL\OV O KayOLUOV TrjV O\\IIV, TTtpl TV)Zeno, and / \>-/ ry/ o\>\Panue- TTC^TC /cat egrjKovTo, /tf)va)va oe eyyvs erw^ rerra-nides : the ' ' T >/o\\ / >oparticulars PaK VTa TOT eiVdL, VjJir)K7) O /Cat yapieVTOi tOtVmeetfng- 'CCt ' e

" at aTOI/ TTtttt/ca TOVviva.1. /caraXvetv Se avrous e,,(, > V / T7- ^ TON \>| //Itreatise on KTOS ''"CtÔV? CV KepCLfJLeLKO)' Ot Ol) /Cttt a(pt/C TlaJievi,$rv xer' avrou Kat 'Attr-TOV Tov rpiaKovra yevopevov, /cat

ctTTa ert e7ra/covo-ai TWV yyoa/x,/u,aTOJV ovye, dXXct /cat irporepov d/oy/coeVat TOI)


41/144

FIAPMENIAHS. 5rov ovv 2co/cpari7 d/covcravra TrdXtv re /ceXevcrat Firstpart

x / ( //) ~ / x / > ~ of theTi]v irptoTiqv VTrouea'Lv rov Trpcorov Aoyov avayvcovat, dialogue:\ > Q / / f / prelimi-/cat avayvcoo-f/eto-rjs, TTCOS, cpavat, co Ziyvcov, TOVTO nary dis-\ t > \ \ ' \ * y ~ > \ cussion,e Aeyets; et TroAAa ecrrt ra ovra, cos apa oet aura the relation

r ? \/ o\o\>o/ o/ To E?Sjjre eti/at /cat avo^oia, TOVTO oe or) aovvaTOV to sensibleovre ya/) ra avojAoia o/xota oure ret o//,otaolov re etvat ; ovv oura> Xeyet? ; ovrw, 0/ 5^ ^\\^ wislieS tetz>at /cat ra o/xota at'o/xota, aowarov 017 /cat TroAAa know if he^ >\ \\v* / * \o/ is ng11* inetvat' et ya^ TroAAa 177, 7rao"^ot at' ra aowara; the view heapa rovro eo-Tiv 6 /8ouAoi>rat


42/144

6 DAATONO2plural than elpr)o~0ai. vat, dvai TOV Zrjvuva, a*from sup- \ 5> * \ > x / /) ~ / >posing (TV o ovi> Tijv a\r)tfLav TOV ypa/xttaros ov trav-Existence /i / . c 4 /one. raôv Tjcrtfycraf /catrot a)(nrep ye ai Aa/cati>at c

cr/cvXa/ce? ev /xeraêts re /cat têvets retdXXd trparrov êv s rt /xeya StaTrpaTrd/xevoV dXXaa>v crv/u,y86/877KOTa>z> Tt ^"Tt ^^ Tdyc dXr)0e

u Xdyw 777)69 rou? eTTiêt/aovvras avrbva>s et eV e. dvrt-Xeyet ST) ovv rovro TO y/od/M/xa Trpos TOWS rotTToXXd Xeyovrag, /cat dvraTroStScocrt ravra /catTrXeteo, rovro @ov\6jjievov SrjXovv, a>5 ert yeXotd-re/9a Trdfrôt ai^ avraiv T) vir60eo~L VTTo veov OVTOS e/otoveypdîr), /cat rts avro e/cXei//e ypaN \xMords may fJiOLOV' TOVTOIV Oe OVOtV OVTOtl' Kttt fJL /Cttt CTCparticipate v . . *S N \\ v V "in opposite /cat raAAa a or) TroAAa /caAov/xei'


43/144

I1APMENIAH2. 7it ra pev rrj i / , o N > / of incom-ra oe aôrepcov apyorepa ; et oe /cat rravra patible

/ * >/' \ n ' > * affections :evavri(t)V OVTOJV ap,(porep(i)i> jiteraXa/Apavet, /cat eo~rt e.^. a man, / i~/ \is one, andb TO) jaereêtv a/A\ \ \\/ / *\/ he may berts aTrefyaivev avoôia yiyvoêva i] ra avoôia aiso one Ofv / y-j> -yjovv/ / many, ino/Aota, repas ai>, ot/Aat, i)V et oe ra rovruv /Acre- wiuch case

dfJLorepa)v dfjL6repa d-noâivei irerrovdora, pê/totye, o> ZTyvwi/, droirov 8o/cet etVat, ovSe

ye et e^ aVavra a7ro(âtvet rt? rw jaereêtv rov cai^never 7'Ews /cat ravra ravra TroXXd ra> nXTyôvs av/Aereêtv dXX' et o ecrrw *Ev avro rovro TroXXa

c d-TToSetêt, /cat av ra IloXXd S?) eV, rovro 17817âv/Acto"o/Aat. /cat Tre/st raiv ctXXcov artdvrtov acrav-ra>s' et /ACI' avra ra yeVi7 re /cat etS^ eV av-rols aTTOâtôt rdvavria ravra rfdOrf Trdcrôvra,dîov Bavfjidêw et 8' e/Ae eV rts a-TroSetêt ovra/cat TroXXd, rt davpavrov, Xeywv, orav /ACV p*ov-XrjraL TroXXd diroâiveiv, as erepa tiev ra evrtSe^td ttov eVrtv, erepa Se rd CTT' dpicrrepd, /caterepa ttei/ rd rrpotrOev, erepa 8e rd oina-Oev, /catdVtw Kat Karat a>o"avrws' IlXi7ôvs ydyo, ot/Aat,

d p/try&' orav Se eV, epet ws eTrrd rjp,a)v ovrwv et?eyai,veL dpfyorepa. edv ovv rts rotavraeTfiêip^ TroXXd /cat ev ravra dno$aivew, Xt#ovs/cat |"vXa /cat rd rotavra, (^yjcrofjiev avrov TroXXd/cat IV aTroSet/cvwat, ov ro *Ev TroXXd ovSe rdIToXXd ev, ovSe' rt Oavpacrrov \eyeiv, dXX' a7re/o


44/144

8 HAATQN02av iravres 6/xoXoyot/Aep" eap 8e Tt?, 6 PUP Sr)eya> eXeyop, rrpvrov JJLCV Statp^Tat X^P^ avra/ca#' avra ra 1817, otbp 'O/uoum/Ta re /cat 'Apo-p.Oi6rr)ra /cat ITX-jô? /cat TO *Ep /cat Sracrtv e/cat KtPTio-iP /cat irdvra ra rotavra, elra eVeavrot? ravra Svpa/xepa crvy/cepappvcr#at /cat Sta-KpivecrOai a7ro(f>aivrj, dyat/xTip ap eywy', ^77,

crTctis, a) Zijvuv. ravra Se avSpetw? /ACI//l \ N / * *7)yovfiat Treirpayiiarev&uai' TTO\V JJLEVT avSe /aaXXot', &s Xeyw, dyacrêt^v, et rts

avrr^v aTropiav ev avrots rot? etSecrtToSarr&is 7rXe/co/xeV>;v, axnrep iv rots o/aw/AeVots 130on^Xêre, OVTOJ /cat cv rots Xoytcr/xo> \afjij3avo-/xeVot?

5. Socrates XeyovTO? 877, eii'n 6 IIu#oSa>pos, roudeniesthe ^ ' , , , % , , , , ,umver- Tttvra avTos /A^ otecTC/at e

S&>/cpaT5, \ ^\' ' >/\rexistence T7)? op/ir;? TTjs CTTt Tou? Xoyovs' /cat /u,ot etTre, ai>ros bof etS-n for vvo/ e\/suchthings crv o^Tw OLTflprjcraL a>? Xeyct?,as Man,Fire and aTTCt > X^P19 " Ta rovT(av avWater : o ^ ? \and he is crot

" oftotoY^To? exofjitv, /cat *Ep Sr) /cat IloXXa /cat Traprao/(7a v^v ^^ Zrypwpos T^/cove? ; e/AOtye, ^>apat TOP

suchthings ^w/cpaTT;. r^ /cat TO, TotaSe, etTretp TOP^.u^ ,, otop At/catov Tt eTSos auTo /ca#* avTo /cat KaXouFilth. Par-menides Kal *Ayaôt) /cat TTttPTtop av TWP roLOvraiv ; pat,replies that /,his is a


45/144

IIAPMENIAH2. 9OtOt 77jltetS eCTjUei> TToivTUV, CLVTO Tl cTSo? 'AvOpWTTOV human* TT > * * "nnS A ' \77 Hvpos 77 /cat Toaros ; ev airopia, \vapiav eSI/) /^/r O^ >_i' JA /ÔNta^y -p .-. / \ the ratio-131 eTrtoi'v/uas avrwv tcrêtv, otov OfJLOioTirjTos peis /xera- naleofXafiovra o/xota, Meye'ôvs Se /xeydXa, KaXXovs re/cat At/catoo-w775 St/catd re /cat /caXd yiyvecrdaL.irdVu ye, ^ctj'at ro^ âiKparr). OVKOVV T^rot oXov Srou etSovs 77 pepovs e/cao-rov ro fteraXa/x/3dVov/aeraXa/>t/3dêt ; 7^ dXXT? rt? av peraX^LS x^P^rovrwi/ yeVotro; /cat TTWS aV; etTrei'. Trorepoi/ ov^


46/144

10 OAATONO2whole orby way ofpart,

eithersimul-taneouslyOr 8UCC68-sively, *'..the elSosis bothamUime-

So/cet O~Ot oXov TO CtSos CV e/cdoTO) etVttl TWV\ \ "** / N \ / i / vTTOAAwv ev OV, T) 7T6D?; Tt yap /CtoXvet, (pavat TOV


47/144

DAPMENIAH2. 11trpLv. OVK av yeVotTO, V et8wv crot raaXXa /xeraXî/ferat, jjLijre Kara pepy /x^re KaraoXa jucTaXa/xySdvetv Suvd/xeva ; ov ttd TOV Ata,dvaL, ov /xot So/cet ev/coXov etVat TO TOLOVTOV

TI Se 817; 7rpo9 ToSe 7ra>9 eêts; TO irdlov ; ot/u,at 7. The> o A v TS * /i f origin of

132 o~e e/c TOU Totovoe ev eKacrrov etoo? oteo~t7at ewcu thetheoiyTrdXX' aTTa /xeyaXa o~ot 80^17 etvat, /xta TI? unique? ^>o/ e >\^> >\ / >^/ elSos : ifoo/cet toea T) avTT) etvat CTTI Travra LOOVTI, thee?8osbe

v/i * * IT ' t n f >\ /] \ ' j ' absolutelyot/ev ev TO Meya i^yet etz/at. aA.fjtfr) Aeyet?, (pavai. distinct/$NJ \ ^TIT' x v\\ v x \ 5N from theTt o avTo TO Meya /cat TaAAa Ta /xeyaAa, eav sumofpar-ticulars,Tt, avauantitv is*7TOU jaeya ravra

fyaivea-Oai; eoiKev. aXXo apa eTSo? /xeyeôv? dva-I ' ss/ v-m/r'/l v N it. is flip miTirlTrao-ôt a vw 017 eXeyeTo. Tt ovj;; avai, ev Of the con-

e/cacrToV ecrTt TWV vo^/aaTwv, vorjâ Se ouSeiôs; ûtthVdXX' dSwaTov, etTreti'. dXXd Ttvo?; vat. WTOS TJ Hypothesis' eventuates

c ov/c OVTO?; wTO?, ovv evo9 Ttiô?, o eTTt Trcrtv l}1 adilemma,e/cetvo TO voTQ/xa eTrov voet, /xtav Ttvd ovcrav ioeav ; and eitheralternativevat. etTa ov/c eI8o? eo~Tat TOUTO TO voovuevov ev is an. at -

surdity.etvat, del ov TO avTO eVt Trdcrtv / dvdy/c^ av


48/144

12 HAATONO2aiveTat. Tt Se 877; etTreti/ rov Ilap/xevtS^v, OVKdvdyKr), el raXXa V etS /xereêtv, 17 So/cetz/crot e/c vor)fjidT(t)v e/cao-TOz> eo'at /cat vravra ôetv,^ votjpaTa 6Wa dvorjTa eli/at; dXX' ouSe rovro,/as Types to eOTClt'CU / T7/ v\\ *>but this aXAots ytyvecTcât TCDV tiouv OVK a\\7j rts r\ et/ca-hypothesis /) > >? vjv vo r/woiild crVrjvai avroi?. et ow Tt, 917, eot/ce rw etoet, otovinvolve an > \ -yo \ v *? > /i 'infinite Te e/CetVO TO CtOO? /Ltl) OfJiOLOV .Wai TO> IKO. v->j //i * * ^mediating Ka" O


49/144

FIAPMENIAHS. 13877; et7reti>. TroXXd jjiev /cat dXXa, \ / \ / an absoluteoe Tooe. et Tts v o a/xcptcrp^roji' /cat /LIT) a.vr)at. TT^ 817, a) HapiAevtSr) ; ^ ^sgso _-* / V"?^*/ ^ * liitp Trnmv,o)KpaTr). ort, a> 2w/c/3are?, ot/xat av ^ e ^\\ ^"\\ v s/ Zl'' x ii! pniilH/cat o-e /cat aXXov, ocrrtg avrirjv TWO, KO.U avr^v > c ma

e/cdcrrov ovcriav riOerai elvai, ouoXoyncrai av irpot- owkncnr-' ' ledge, androv /xev jjLTjSeiJLLav avrcof etvat ev 77/^1^. 770)9 ya/o av thereforeaur?) /ca^' avrrjv ert 6177 ;


50/144

*

14 nAATONOSrrpo? 17/40.9, dXX', 6 Xe'y&>, avrd avroiv /cat 77/36?aura e/cetvd TC e'crrt, /cat TO. Trap' i7/ouv tueravrw? 134Trpos eavTci' ^ ov /xav^dvets 6 Xe'ycu ; Haw y',eiTretv TOV 2a>/cpdr7, |u,av#dva>. ov/covv /cat eVto--TTjfJiT), dvai, avrr) jotev o ecrrtv 'ETrtcrT^/A'*; rJ? oecmv 'AXryêta avr^? cu> e/cetviy? 117 irL(TTtjfJir} ;Trdvv ye. e/cacrr>; 8e av r&iv eTTttrTiy/xwv, -^ ecrnv,e/ca(TTOv rail/ OVTy ou> eTrttrr^Ty* ôv ; vat. T) Se Tra/)' 17û> 7TL(TT'ijfJL'rj ov rrjs Trap'

\ /) / * \t/ e >eaA^c/eta? etiy, /cat au e/cacrrT; 17 7ra/o i^^tvTUV Trap* r^fjilv OVTMV e/cacrrov av 7rt(7- b

etvat ; dvay/oy. dXXa /a?)v avraye ra etSry, a>s 6/xoXoyets, ovre eô/xev ovre Trap*i7/uv oTov re etvat. ov yap ovv. ytyvaJ9 tSe'a? avras ovcra? V7roXa/>t)Sa- cvo/otev. /ctvSvvevet. opa S^ ert TOVTOV SetvoTepovToSe. TO Trotov; 7/u,^v ; dvay/oy.

ap' ovv otos TC av ecrTat 6 #e6g m Trap* ^/>ttvytyvcio^/cetv avT>)v 'ETTtcrTif/x^v e^wv; Tt yap ov;oTt, e^ 6 ITap/x,evtSi75, oj/AoXoyr^Tat ^/xtv, a> Sw-


51/144

IIAPMENIAH2. 15/c/oares, /^V e/cetW rd 1817 TT/OO? rd iraprrjv ovvapiv eêti/ j)v eêi, wre rd Tra/o*77/009 e/ceti'a, dXX' aura TT/OOS aura e/cdrepa. o)fio-XdyTirat ydyo. OVKOVV el irapa rw $e&>17 d/c/3t/3eorrari7 Aeo-Troreta /cal avr^ 17 a'EiriO-TijiJLr), OUT' av 17 AecTTroreta 17

e TTOTC a^ 8eo~7rocretev, ovr' av 17yvolri ovSe rt aXXo rw^ Trap' r){jJZv, dXXa17/xets r' KLVQ)V OVK apÔfjiev ry Trap* rjfjiovSe yiyvaxTKOfjiev TOV Oeiov ovSev rrjeVtcrT77ju,T7, eAcetvot re au Kara rot' avrov \6yovovre Sea"7roTcu ypttov elcrlv ovre yiyvoMTKovcri raav6paireia TrpdyjjiaTa Oeol ovres. dXXa /AT) Xtav,6(^77, âv/xacrro? 6 Xoyos 17, et rt? TOJ/ êov diro-crre/)i7crete rov etSeVcu.

ravra /aeWot, a) Sw/c/oares, e^ 6 Hapjjivi8r) *> out eWn,135 /cat ert aAAa TT/OOS rourot? TTCLVV TToAAa avayKaiov there canv \ vo >\ ?> >?>./ v be no phi-eêtv ra 1017, et eicrtv avrat ai toeat TO>Z/ OVTCOV losophy.

/cat 6/otetrat tt? auro rt e/cacrrov eTSo?" aJo-re d,7ro-/oetv re TOZ^ d/covot'Ta /cat a^KT^reiv as oureecrrt raura, etre o rt /AaXtcrra 117, TroXX^ az/dy/oyavTa etvat 777 avOpwirLvr)


52/144

16 nAATONOSrts 817, o) Sci/c/aares, av p,r) ecttret etS?7 rat, eis TrdWa rd vvv ST) /cat dXXa rotavra aTro-^8Xe'i/as> ft^Se rt optetrat eTSos evos e/cdcrrov, ovSe6Vot Toeifet rv StaVotav eet, AT ea>v tSe'ai>OVTCJV e/cacrrov TTJV avrrjv e eu/at, /cat ovrajg rr)^ crot) StaXeyecr#ai Svvap.w TravTaTracrt Sta^^epet.TOV TOIOVTOV /xei/ ovv />tot 8o/ct9 /cat /xaXXov |)cr-0f)(r6aL a\7)6fj Xeyet?, dva,i.

12. Par- Tt OW TTOtT^CTetS ^expounds ayvoovfjievcov TOVTOJV ; ov Travv /x,ot oo/cw Kauopavthe Method v / \/>\f phUoso- e*' ye T&> Trapovn. Trpa* yap, enreiv, irpw yv/u>acr-ever^hy- Ofyai, O) Scu/Cy3aT5, Opitf.\/ v\true and 6U t ""t' ^ O/3/11?' ^^ O/3ftCtS CTTt TOVS XoyOU?* eX/CVCTOVnegatively, ^ cravTov /cat yv/xvacrat /LtaXXov Sta 777? So/cover^?Ft^benot ^XPyla"rOV ^VOLL Ka^ la&OVfvfylfi VTTO TO)V TTO\\O>Vtrue, and dSoXeCTYta?, US CTt VCOS t' Ct 8e LfW, (T Sta-tue conse-quences


53/144

11APMENIAH2. 17dXXd /cat el p,r) earn TO auro rouro VTrorldecrOai, sensibleel /3ouXet /zdXXov yujuvacr^vat. TTCOS Xe'yets; c/>dvat. Pai-me-olov, e \\' '\ * rb ev andra noAAa /cai av et ^ ecrrt TroAAa, ira\iv a-Kotrew to rif f o ' \ ty-, \ \ ^ ..-.- \ \ ^ \ 7ro\\c{, and

Tt gVfJLprjO-eTai /cat TO) E^t /cat TOtS IlOAAOtS /cat the counter\ \ v v "\\\ N/?/5 \ thesis ei uîb 7T/30S avra /cat TT/)O? aAA7;Aa /cat awts ave /i > v e>-v / *> \v />/> nrmlwotty, et ecrrtv O/aotor^? ^ et /XT) ecrrt, rt ec/> ^*e/care/ja? r^s V7ro$e'crecos ^:v//-/37^crerat /cat avrotsrots V7rore#etcrt /cat rots aXXots /cat Trpos aura /cat themselves' anamcom -TTyoos aXX^Xa. /cat vreyot 'Aô/xotov 6 avros Xoyos, h/cat Treyot Ktîfcrecos /cat Sracrews, /cat Trept reveVews/cat avXovC


54/144

18 DAATON02y o Xeyet. ^ ov^ 6paTo/v /i/tively: he TOt OO/CCU //.Ot TO TOV I/3V/CtOV tTTTTOV TTeTTOVUevai, 137takes Aris- t> > > /i\ \ o * j >totle, after- ^ e/cctvo? auA.TjTr) ovTi /cat TTpecrpvTepo), v

^ /of the /xeXXovrt aytovieio~uai /cat ot epTreipiav rpeôvnThirty. as\ /\\ e \> /v * i \ \his assist- ro fteXXov, eavTov a7ret/cao)i> a/ccuv e

; /cat avro

OVTO> Trpecr/3vTr) /jte/Avi^/xeVo? /actXa ^>oy8et-o~Qai, TTCOS ^T) TT^Xt/covSe ovTa Stavevcrat TOIOVTOVre /cat TOCTOVTOV TrXTjô? XoywV o/iws 8e Set yd/3Xa/3teo~0at, eTreiorj /cat, 6 ZTJVOJV Xeyet, avroi eo~êv.rroOev ovv 877 dpôfJieOa /cat Tt TT/OWTOV virodrjo-o- b

a; f) /8ovXecr#e, eTretS^Tre^ So/cet TrpayiMareLatSrjdv rca.itf.iv, arc e/xavTou dya^w/xat /cat TTJS

efjiavrov V7ro0eo-ea)


55/144

IIAPMENIAHS. 19c /cptcrts. erot/xo9 o~ot, o apfjLevi'r), vai, rovro,rov 'Apto~rore'X77' e/xe ydp Xe'yets rov vewrarovXe'ywv' dXX' epoura o>? dTro/cpivov/xe'vov.

Etev 877, \/ \\ w< ATO JU,/3O9 7TOV OAOU jJLpOiB. The177, oAoi> re o^ /cat pep?) ^Xov ~ ctvay/c^. a/^cpo- negative, ifd/ * v \\> > the One doTepais av apa OVTOJS lo Ev TroXXa 6177, aXX ou^ not exist.

eV. aXyBf). Set 8ex ye /XT) TroXXa aXX' ev avrb (A). Theo^ vsv v\v v / - affirmativeoet. ovr a/3a 0X01^ ecrrat ovre /xep^ eget, arggument:> A v m^ ^T< ' / o \ > ^ > o\ (I.) The

et > eorat To EJ/. ov yap. (3Jov/cout' et ôev first Hy-/ v*5\ v ^\v pothesis :pepos, OVT av ap^T/jv ovre reAevr^v ovre e j Tj, "Ej,V / \*VCN >\ep(ot jê/or; yap av 77077 avrov ra rotavrav >/i^ /J^^ v \ ' \\ One uncon-

etTy. op0a>s. (4)rat î/ reXevr77 ye /cat apxn daitmevv *m x "TI ^/ifi OweTrepa? e/cacrrov. TTW? 6 ov; aTretpov apa To Ev, admitsofnoet ufa apxfr M reXevr^v eXet. aTretpov. (V / V V \ * /\ pit

e avev o^Tijuaros apa' ovre yap av o~rpoyyvXov ^ c,ovre evê'os /xereôt. TTOJ? ; o~rpoyyvXov ye' TTOV J^y êo~rt rovro, ov av ra ecryara TravrayTi 0,776 rov 3) Whole;/Vt/ (4) Begm-ptecrov tcrov aireyn. vat. /cat /XTIV ev^v ye, ov nin?>' ^ Middle,av ro aeVov da(iotv rotv ecrydrotv CTrtTrpocrêv 77. End; and

, , * v , , ; isthereforoovrw?. ov/covv we'pT? av eyot To Ev /cat TroXX av fafipov;v > ,

fl/ V \ . (5)tasno177, etr evaeo? o-^/xaros etre 7rept(pepovs /xereôt. Figure,/ XT v v ,/jv v / , either cur-TTOVV /xev ovv. ovre apa evc/v ovre 7rept/ >e>v/ v >/i /\v> "> rectilineal ;138 CTretTrep ovoe /xep77 eêt. opc/cus. (6j/cat /XT)V rotov- (6) is not/ * o* v v '^'''xx localizedrov ye ov ovoa/xov av 177* ovre yap ev aAAw ovre either rela-

< ^v ~5 /5 "\\ \* /\ tively toev eavrw etT;. TTOJS 077 ; ev aXXa> /xev ov /cv/cXw itself or to* / e>j/ >T/ \ anythingTTOV av Trepteôtro VTT e/cetvov ev w evetTy, /cat eise ;

C 2


56/144

20 nAATONOS

(7) has nostationarystate, hasno motion-ary stateeither byway of (a)modifica-tion, or (#)rb aTrrecrBcLL. dovvarov. dXXa fj.r)vavTO ye eV eavrw ov /cai> eavro etry irepieôv OVKaXXo T) avrd, euirep /cat ev eavr&I t7?* ev TW yap brt u>at /a^ TrepieôvTi dSwarov. dSwarov yap.ov/covt' erepov jj,ev aV rt et>; avro TO Trepteôv,crepov 8e TO Trepteô/xevov ou yap oXov ye aô)ravTov a/Aa 7reto~eTat /cat TrotTycret' /cat OVTCU To*T1 * * * >\\ x ?' V *Jbv ov/c av etry eTt ev aA.A.a ouo. ou y*/3 ou^'ov/c apa eo~Tt TTOV To "Ei^, /xifre ei/ eauTw /^^TC eVaXX jaev Treptêpo/xevov CTTI jneVov

/cat TO, Trept TO /xeVovectvTov' w Se jLt^Te jaeVou /xifre dTt5 fJir)ÔLl>r) TOVTO KVK\(O TTOTC^rat; ovSe//,ta. dXXa Sr) ^wpav

dXXoT* dXXo^t ytyêTat /cat OVTW /ctvetTat;etTrep ye 817. ov/cow etvat /xeV TTOV eV Ttvt avTO

vaL ap' ovv ylyvecrOai ert dSu-et ev T ei' e/cetvw eTvat ert eyytyvo-pevov, P.TJT eri e^w e/cetvov TTo.vra.Trao'LV, etTrep S->)

dXXa

evrt To ju,eo~ov

varatTepov ; OVK eWow 07717


57/144

HAPMENIAH2. 21eyyiyverai ; avdyKrj. et apa n dXXo Tretcrerat

e TOVTO, eKelvo av JJLOVOV TrdcrÔL ov lêpr) 117' TOfj.ev yap oV Tt avTOv 17817 eV e/cetz>ta' TO Se /AI) eôp pêprj ov^ olov re TTOV eo~rai

ovSevt oXop a/Aa /Ai^Ve CVTO? etj/at> \ /! 'fv C> ^ ' / > > '/I* "\aA.rfur). ov oe /oii^Te />tepi7 etcrt ^,17 1/ o

ov, ov troXv ert aSvvaTMTepov eTTOV, fJLTJre Kara ^6/317 /XT^TC KOTO, 6'Xov e

139 fyawerai. OVT' apa Trot top /cat ep TW yiyvopevovdXXaTTet, OVT' ep TW

OVTC aotovjaeôv. ovic eoLKtv. Kara Tracrav apaK.ivr)(TLV To *Ev aLKivr)Toi>. aKivrjTov. dXXa jaip /catea/at ye (f)aêv eV TtPt avTo warpv. .JO'V \ J^> / '^' V VO.*ovo apa 77OTC ev T&> afTw eo~Ttz>. Tt 017 ; oTt 17017 a.viv e/cetvoj 117 eV w TW avTe / v */)>ep TO> avTw ov ovc/ rf]O~vâv ayet ovc/

^ * / m v *TTI v e vov yap otoi/ TC. lo EP apa, &>s eot/cev,ecrTi7/cep OUTC /cwetTat. OVKOVV or) (âtveTat ye. (8) has no/ \>o,\ \ / v/)> c / ^ ^ Identity,(ojovoe jJirjv ravrov ye ov# eTepw OVTC eavTO) thereforev >>?


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22 OAATONO2ttdvto erepa>, aXXo> Se ovSevt. opOax;. raJ /xev

dpa ev eTvat ov/c ecrrat erepov fj otet; ov Srjra. ddXXa /xr)v et /XT) rovrw, ov^ eavrw ecrrat' et 8e/XT) avroj, ovSe avrd' avro 8e fjifjâfjif) ov erepov

ecrrat ertpov. 6p0a> ; Tots IloXXots ravrov yevo//,ei>oj> TroXXadvay/c^ ytyvecrât, dXX' ov^ v. a\r)0rj. clXX* etTo *Ev /cat To Taurot' /x^Sa/x^ Stacieyaet, OTrore rtravrov eytyvero, clet av ev eytyvero, /cat OTrore eV,ravrov. rrdw ye. et apa To *Eecrrat, ov^ tV eavrw ecrrat' /cat ovr ^ "/!> e/ / / v \ >/

over eavrw ov# erepa>. rt 017; ort ro ravrov TTOVTreirovOos o/xotov. vat. Tov 8e' ye 'Evo? ^(oplvo~tv To Tavrov. dvr) yap. dXXa HO

/XT)V et rt TreVovê X00/3^ Tov *v etvat To ""Ev, 7rXeta>av etvat rrtTrovOoi f) eV rovro 8e dSvvarov. vat.ovSa/xws ecrrtv cipa ravrov TTCTTOVÔS etvat To *Evovre ctXXw ov#* eavra>. ov âtverat. ovSe o/xotovdpa Svvarov avro elvat ovre d'XXw ov^' eavrw. ov/ceot/cev. ovSe tt^v erepov ye rferrovOev etvat To "Ev*/cat yap ovra) TrXettu av rrerrovBoi etvat ^ ev. TrXetwyd/3. rd ye tuyv erepov rrerfovBos r) eavrov r} dXXovdvd/xotov av etry ^7 eavrw ^ dXXo>, et7re/3 ro ravrov b


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IIAPMENIAH2. 231TTTOv9o


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24 IIAATONO2t, ovB' 6/xotor^T09 oure tcrdr^ros. eXeyopev yap

ovv. /cat fjirjv /cat on dô/xotor^To? re /cat dvio~6rq-TO? ou ^tere'êt, /cat rouro eXeyopev. irdvv /xeV ouV.ouV oloV re ecrrat ru>os 17 TrpecrfivTepov 77 vewTe- HIelvat, 17 rî/ avrrjv i^Xt/ctav eêtv rw, rotourov ov ;

ov/c ctp' av et7^ veurepov ovSe 7T/oecry8vre-ovSe r^v avTrjv i^Xt/ctav eôv To rtEv ovre avrw

ovre aXXa>. ov , del avrb avrovTrpecr/BvTtpov yiyvtaOai ; dvdyKr). OVKOVV TO yeirpeorfivTepov del veuTepov TrpecrftvTepov ; rt ^r\v ;TO Trpeo-fivTepov dpa eavTOv yiyvopevov /cat vewre- bpov eaurov a/xa ytyverat, elrrep /xe'XXet eêti' orovTrpecrySurepov ytyverat. TTOJ? Xeyet? ; a)8e' Sta-opov erepov erepov ovSev Set yiyveor6a.i 77817 wro?Oia6pov, dXXa rov /otet' -^817 ovro? 17877 etvat, rou8e yeyovoro? yeyoêVat, rou 8e jaeXXot'ro? /xe'XXetv,rou Se yiyvojjievov oure yeyovevat oure /Ae'XXetv oureetât TTG> Sid(f>opov, dXXa yiyvecrBai /cat dXXw? ou/cetât. dvdyKT) ydp. dXXa /AT)!/ rd ye irpea-ftvTepov cSia eaurou yiyveo~6cLi xpovovI^T/JT' eXdrraj, dXXa roi' to~ov yjpovov /cat yiyveo~0aieaura) /cat etvat /cat yeyovevai /cat jaeXXetz/ eo~eo~0ai.dvdyKrj yap ovv /cat raura. ai'dy/oy apa eo~Tiv, a>?eot/cev, ocra ye ei^ xpova> eVrt /cat êre'êt rou rotou- drou, eKao~Tov auraiv r?)v avTijv re auro aura)

/cat irpecrfivTepov re aurou a/xa /cat


61/144

IIAPMENIAH2. 25ytyveo~#at. /ctvSvvevet. dXXa fjLrjv Ta> ye 'Evt TOJVTOiovYcyv 7ra$i7ju,aYcov ov8ev fjLtTTJv. ov yap jaerryv.ovoe dpa ^povov avTw ju,eYeo-Ttv, ovS' eo-Ttv ev TtvtXpdvw. ov/covv 817, a>9 ye 6 Xoyos atpet. (ll)rt(ii)noovv ; TO r)v /cat TO ye'yove /cat TO eyty^eTO ov Xpovov tion, nor*/}> / /' '\\> v m v *n " 5'/i*- >/ p>>> /y Definition ;atcrc/Tio'ts ovoe ooga. ov 0atveTat. ovo ovo//,a4- and nov >o\\/ ?^'- '5' >^^ ' psycho-Tat apa ovoe XeyeTat ovoe ooga4eTat ovoe yiyvw- f gicai>o/ v i t _4 / j correlative,O-/CTat, OVOe Tt TCOV OVTWV aVTOV atO~C7aveTat. OV/C either asv -?? v"? >m v v Notion,eot/cev. r) ovvaTov ovv Trept To Ev Tav# OVTW? perceptioneXetv ; ov/covv e>otye So/eel.

b ygovXet ovv eVt TT)V VTio^eo-tv TraXtv e^ dpX>75eTrave'X^w/xev, eav Tt i7/xtv eVavtovo"tv dXXotov (f>avf} >Travv juev ovv /SovXo/xat. ov/covv ev et eo~Tt,


62/144

26 nAATONOSThe mean- a otov re

Sevro etvat /xe, ovcrta? e /AT /Ltereêtv; ov^ otore. OVKOVV Kal 7) ovo~ta Tov 'Evas 177 d^, ov TavTovovcra T eKew-r) rjv e/cetVov ovcrta,

> ^> * . < rn^ *T^ * ' ^ >\\> vOVO O.V KLVO To Ev KIV7) > > / / Npothesis: O~KO7TL OVV, L OVK CLVdyKr) TaVTTfJV Tr)V$V fl ZtfTl * ^ r-^ rt-i-i / f= ft Tb "E.v TOLOVTOV OV io &V Q-^fJiaiVeLV, OLOViffTIV OV ~. -pcv >\v rri^ CT1 N V \ / \= e*TJ>*Ey TTWS; woe. et TO eo~Tt 1 ov Ez/o? ovTOS XeyeTat /catovffias Uf- rn\ rtn v e/ ^ ^\>\ >\ TTT, TOV auTOu oe e/cetvou, ov Vcow-traru ore- * t \ f >>/ \\v\aPa OVK avay/c77 TO ptv oXov(1) IfThe ^ ov eât avTO TOVTOV Se ytyvecrât /xopta To TeOne exist, -n N tri v TT"* ' ' ' e /thatis.par- ^^ Kat ^ ^ât ; OLVayKTr). 7TOTpOV OVVticipatein'*''' 'existence TWI/ ^plltiV TOVTUV fJLOplOV fJiOVOV TTpOCTepOVfJiev,tpn t}if /\ / r / / mOne is L- TOV X V ftO/3tOf TO ye fJLOpLOV TTpOCTpTfJTGOV ; TOVfinite inquantityfinite in"\ N


63/144

OAPMENIAH2. 27yiyveTdi TO ekdyicrTov IK Bvolv av popioiv TOfiopiov, /cat Kara TOV avTov \6yov OVTOJS det, o Tt* / / / \ / > \ *Trep av popiov yevrjTaL, TOVTW rw [topic) act tercet

' To re ya/>*Ev To *O*> aet tcrXet /cat To *O To *Ev143 WCTTC dvdyKr) Sv del yiyv6p.evov ^SeVore eV

etvat. TrazTaVao-t ftev ov^. OVKOVV aireipov av TOTr\rj6os OVTOO To rtEv 6z/ etTy ; eot/cev. (2) t#t 8^ (2) If the

\ o v s / i \ / ^ VT-, One parti-/cat r^oe ert. 7717; ovo-ta? (pa/xev jaere^etv To Ev, cipatein^\v / ^5'^ ^^m v *TI * \ \ x Existence,oto evTiv ; vai. /cat ota ravra or) lo Ev o^ TroAAa Number

ouo~ta T /cat eV,apa OVK df4


64/144

28 riAATONOS e/cdcrrou a/z, Xe'yw; vat. a> 8' av d

6p0(o T ' *>*/u,ev auraj ewat, ovo oe JUT) ; ov^ otov re. eo o avSuo rjTov, eart Tts i^-rj^avr) pr) ov^ tKarepov avrolvev etvai; ouSe/xta. TOVTOJV apa eTTtiirep crvvSvoe/cacrra v}Jifiaivei etvat, /cat ev av eti^ e/cacrroi'.

et Se li/ tKacrrov avruv ecrrt, crwre-ei'os OTrotouout' IQTWIOVV crvtpyia ov rpLa

yiyverai TO. iravra; vai. rpia Se ou ireptrra, /catSuo apna; TTG>S S' ov; rt Se'; Svotv OVTOW OVK

elvai /cat 8ts, /cat Tpivv OVTOIV ryots, etTre/o eTO) re Suo TO 8t? ej^ /cat r


65/144

DAPMENIAH2. 29row dTTOcrrarot ; ovSa/xa>?. /caTa/ce/cepjaaTto--

rai apa as otoV re cr/zt/cpoTaTa /cat /xeyiara /catTravTa^ws ovra, /cat /Aejaepto~Tat TrdvTdiv juaXtcrra,

c /cat eo~Tt fte'p?; dnepavra Trjs Ovcrta?. eêt ovrws.TrXetcrTa apa ecrrt ra /Ae'pr; avrrjs. TrXetcrra(4) rt ovv ; ecrrt rt avTaiv, o eitrrt />tev /tepos T^g (4) If.-.>/ >o\/ / \* / ExistenceOvcrta?, ovoev pevroi {Jiepos ; /cat TTOJS a^ rotovro ye- be dis-xx>v T v * t \/ tributablevotro ; aAA eLTrep ye, oiâi, ecrrtv, avay/a? avro aet, to Infinity,> *?> ye rt ewat, fj,r)dev oe aovvarov. must be>/ \ rw liy? Ov(rta? table like-

/ / rn x *TI * V ' v wise./xe/aet TrpocrecrTi To Ei^, ov/c aTroKenroêvov ovre cr/xt-Kporepov cure /u,eto*/o5 /xepovs oure aXXov ouovrcu?. apa ovt ez' ot* TroXXaôv ayaa oXov ecrrt;TOVTO a^pet. dXX' aOpa), /cat opw art dSwaroi/. /u,e-

dpa, etTrep JU,T^ oXov' dXXw? yap TTOV ov-ajaa anacrL rot? T^5 Ovcrta? /xepecrt TrapeV-

rat, ^ ^te^Lteptcr/jteVov. vat. /cat /AT)*/ ro ye jueptcrrovvroXX-r) avayKt] etvat rocravra ocrarrep lêpr). avdyKr).OVK ap aXirjOrj aprt eXe'yo/xev, Xe'yovre? a>? TrXetcrra/Aep1? *H Oucrta vevefjirjêvr) etTy. ot8e yap

e Tov 'Evo? vevtjJLrjTai, dXX' tcra, a>s eot/ce, Tw 'oure yap To *Ov Tou 'Evos aTroXetTrerat oure To*Ev Tov vOvro?, dXX' e^to~ovcrôv Sv' wre del Trapairdvra. iravrdTracrw OVTU âtverat. To "Ev d'p'avro /ce/cep^tartcTjLteVov VTTO TrJ? Ovo"ta9 TroXXct re/cat dVetpa TO Tr\.rj66s Icrnv. fyaiverai, ov ^QVQV* \* \\ /J >\\ v N ^m v *T-Iapa TO ov ev TroAAa ecmv, aAAa /cat auTo lo Ez/VTTO Tov vOvTOS Staveve/x/^jaeVov TroXXd dvay/cT; etvat.TravrdiracrL fj,ev ovv. (5) /cat JU,T)V 6Vt ye oXou TO. (5) The* v N v v One mustjaopta /Aopta, 7re7repao~jaevoi/ av et^ /caTa TO OAOV exhibitrnv


66/144

30 OAATONO2dvdy/oy. dXXd firjv TO ye Trepte'ôv Tre'pas av 117. 145- c-5 v m\ Art v * V / / vTTCDS ov; To Ev apa ov tv T ecrTt TTOV /catTToXXd, /cat oXov /cat jaopta, /cat TreTrepacr/xeVov /catdVetpov ir\ij6ei. \ \>o\>\ ir\ vev TGJ oX9.TTOLVTO. 8e TO, /ne'p^ VTTO TOW oXov 7repte)(eTat ; vat./cat /XT)V Tct ye irdvTa pepy TO. avTou To vEv ecrTt, c/cat ovre Tt TrXe'ov OVTC eXaTTOv ^ iroivTa. ov yap.

> \ s vx rri\ Vy, > o> v >OVKOVV /cat TO oAov 1 o Ev ecrTtv ; TTW? o ou ; etdpa TrdvTOi TO, fJLprj iv oXw Tvy^dvet ovTa, ecrTt SeTot TC TrdvTa To *Ev /cat auTo To "OXov, TrepieêTai8e VTTO Tov *OXou Ta TTOLVTO,, virb Tou 'Evo? av

/ mx v-p, \ v * vo f^v Ay-, \TrepteôtTO To Ev, /cat OVTOJ? av 1707; To Ev auToev eavTw etTy. *v & s *TIVI yap vi fir) ov OVK av eTt TTOV ovvaiTO ev yeaTracrtv etvat* et 8e TOVTO /aev TO ev TO>V airavTwvecrTt, TO Se oXov ev TOVTO) evt, TTW? ert ev ye Tots


67/144

IIAPMENIAH2. 31Tracrtv eveo~rai ; ovSa/z,o>9. ovSe /u/^v ev Ticrl TOJV(j,epa>v. el yap ev Tier! TO 6'Xov 117; TO TrXe'ovav ev TO) eXdrrovi elrj, o ecrnv dovvarov. dovva-

/ \ * O > \ / 5 > \ 01 JTOV yap. fJLrj ov o ev TrXetocrt fjirjo ev evi JJLTJO evairacri Tots {j,epeo~L TO 6'Xov ov/c dvay/oy ev erepa)

e Ttvt etvat, f) /A^Sa/iou ert elvai ; avdyKf). OVKOVVV* >O\* V O\ev ov ovoev av enq, okov oe ov, eTreto?)OVK ev avTw eo-Tiv, dvdyKT) Iv d\\a) elvai ; Trdvvf \ v mv -,-, /\ >"\\ >' T5>\ye. T) jue^ ayaa lo k>v okov, ev aAAw eo~TiV i) oeTO, irdvra pepy ovra rvy^dvei, avro ev eavTw* /catOVTCU To *E^ dvdyKrj avro re ev eavT&> elvai Kal eve/ >/ eto~6ai /cat eo~rdvai; TTVJ ;TTOV, eifrep avro ev eavTw eo~Tiv. ev yap evl ov /cat

146 e/c TOVTOV fJir) perafialvov ev TW avTw av etTy, evV / ^O/ > ^5\*o~Tt ya/D. TO oe ye ev T&> avTW act oveo~TO/ > >\* \>/apa To Ev, avTO Te ev eavT&j aet ov /cat ev erepco,del Kivelo-BaL re Kal eo~rdvai. \ \avTO avTov oAov av 117, 77y>o


68/144

32V */ >\\* T f / > N mV "r-iap otov re. aXX apa erepov ecrrtv evos To Ev;

ov S^ra. ov8' apa eavrov ye erepov av 177. ov c/xe'vrot. et ovv /xTfre erepov /XT/^' oXov /xT^re /xe'posavro Trpo? eavro eVrtv, ov/c di/ay/c^ ^17 TCLVTOV

avro eavTO) ; avdyKr). rt 8e ; TO ere/ow^t oVur ov/c

avro eavrov erepov etât, et7re/3 /cat CTepcoOu eo-rat;e/xotye So/cet. ovrw /x^v e(f>dvr) eôv To "Ev, avrore ev eavrw o> a/xa /cat ev ere/aw. e^dVi? yet/3.erepov apa, o9 eoiKev, eurj ravrrj av eavrov To ""Ei/.eot/cev. rt ow; et rov rt erepov ecrrtv, ov^ erepov dwros erepov ecrrat; dây/cry. ov/covv ocra /AT) eVeVrtv, airavd* erepa Tov 'Ei/os, /cat To *Ev raiv /AT)eV ; 7TW5 8' ov ; erepov apa av elr) To *Ei/ Twv *AXXwv.erepov. opa 817' avro re Tavrov /cat To "Ereyoovap' ov/c evavTia dXXi^Xotg; TTW? S' ov; ^ ovv eê-X>ô-et Tavrov ev Tw 'Ere'poj ^ To Êrepov ev TavraJTrore etvat; ov/c eêXiô-et. et apa To ""Erepov evTavrw /x^SeVor' eVrat, ovSev eo~rt rwv OVTCDV eV weo*rt To Êrepov xpoVov ovSeVa. et yap ovrtvovv eetrj eV ra>, e/cetvov av rov ^povov ev Tavrw eoy To""Erepov. ov^ ovra>?; ovreos. eiretS^ 8' ovSeVore>,J^>/ >' * *ev fa> avra> eo~rtv, ovoeTrore ev rtvt rcov ovra>v av* m v *T '\ ^^ v > v > \ *

etry To Erepov. a\r)urj. ovr apa ev rotg pr) ev* * m " C T-I ^ ' * mN *-n J \ T*ovre ev lw Jbvt evetry av lo Erepov. ov yap ovv.> " m ** *TI x ' * * m v *-n ^ * Aov/c apa T7 To Ev rcov /xr) ev> S ^ N VA m^ 'T? N * ' > C> vovoe ra /XT) ev Tov Evo? erepa. ov yap. ovoe

/XT)V eavrot? ye erep' av et^ dXX^Xajv, /AT) /xere-ôvra Tov 'Erepov. TTCO? yap; et Se /xiyre avrots 147erepa eVrt /x-^re Tw 'Erepw, ov iravTir) 77877 ave/c^>evyot ro /XT) erepa etvat dXXT^Xwv; e/c^)evyot.


69/144

OAPMENIAH2. 33>\\v \ C> v m ^ -!-! / / v \ aAAa fj.r)v ovoe lov Evos ye jaere^et ra /XT) ev ov

v * \ A ? 'XX' * A 1> >X ^J^ > S*yap av /XT) ev T]V, aXXa 7717 av ev rjv. aXTicfy. ovo* > /) \ V V \ \ V 9 O V V * Vav aptcfyxos etT7 apa ra /XT) e^ ouoe yap av OVTOJfj,r) ev r)V rravTaTraa-Lv, apiOpov ye e^pvra. ov yapovv. ri Se; ra /XT) ev Tov 'Ew? apa /xo/naf) KOLV OVTCD fJLerel^e Tov 'Evog ra /XT) ev ;b>v / \\ \^\\v v>*et apa TravTrj TO pev ev eo~n, ra oe /XT) ev, OVT av/xoptov TWV /XT) ev To *Ev 117 ou^' oAov a>5 /xoptwv'v TV v m ^ C T-I v / */)> v\ eowe av ra /XT) ev lov Evo? /xopta, ouc/ oAa &j?/xopta> T


70/144

34 I1AATONO2dvdyKrj ere TO avro Kal Xe'yetv act ; Tt fJii/jv ; OVKOVVKal TO erepov oVofta ecrnv eiri nvi ; rfdvv ye. oravdpa avrb 0eyyr), edv re aVa edv re TroXXaKts, OVK eor' aXXw ovSe dXXo n 6Vo/Aaets ^ e/cetvo ovtrep rjvovopa. dvdyKr). orav ST) Xeyupev OTI erepov [icvTaXXa Tov 'Ei^d?, erepov Se To *Ev Taiv vAXXwv, St?TO erepov eltrovre^ ovSeV Tt /xaXXov CTT* aXX^ dXX'evr* eKeivr) rff v(reL avro del Xeyofiev, rjo-irep r\vrovvofjia. Trdvv ^ev ovv. y dpa erepov Ta)v ^AXXawTo *E^ Kal TaXXa Tot) 'Evos, KO,T avrb TO erepov 148TreirovOevai OVK dXXo dXXd TO avTO av 7re7rov6b evavriov. vat.OVKOVV Kal TO erepov TW avT


71/144

IIAPMENIAHS. 35ov avopoiov etvat. aXyOfj Xe'yet?. ravrov re apa ovm^ A-n m " * A \ \ \ V V /> > i /lo Ev lots AAAots /cat ort erepov ecrrt, /car afjifpo-repa /cat /ca#' e/caVepov, o/xotov re av efy /cat

d dvo/Aotov Totg aXXots. TTCIVV ye. ov/covv /cat eavrwa)o~avTCt>9, eVetvrep erepov re eavrov /cat ravrov eavrcae(f>dvr), /car' djji ~ f\ m^ TI J ' " an(l withauro yap TTOV ev eavra> oAa> lo lii/ ecpavvj ov. T&AA.O,>/i^ > ^'rri *A\\ \v -p the Onee pev apa ev Tots AAAots, TW AAAwv aTrrotr av' ^ must heSJ X ' v ' e ** rri ^ X y A\\ ' ' Out of COD1-oe avro ev eavrw, Icuv jutev AAAoov aireipyoiro munionX /I >\O\e^v >* ^v writli itplfanreo-uaL, avro be avrov airroir av ev eavrco ov. T^and TaA.Xa,aiverai. ovra) p.ev or) aTrroir av To *Ev avrov re wer/cat TOJV "A\\a)v. arrroiro. rt Se ryoe ; ap ov iravTO fJLeX\ov a\l/eo-0ai Ttvos eerj


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36 DAATONO2TOIV Svolv opoiv rpirov TrpocryeVTjTat e^rjs, avrd ptv b

/ * ' ^ v i ' ' \ v o \ > /Tpta ecrrat, at oe cu//ets ovo. vat. /cat ovrw 017 aet,eVos Trpocrytyi/ofteVov, /otta /cat d^ts TrpocrytyveTat,/cat (rv/A/Satvet ra? a\/;ei9 TOV TrXTôvs rfjoa eXaTTOvs etvat. w yap ra Trpwra Svo errjcre ro>v ax//e&>v et? TO TrXetcy etvat TOV apidôv 17ras ai//et?, rw tcrw TOVTO) /cat 6 erretTa dTracrwv raiv ar//ewv TrXeove/cret. ^817 yap TOa/xa ev TC TW apid^to 7r/)oo~ytyveTat /cat /u,ta ai/t? cTat? ai//O-tv. op6)v.el Se ye ev p,6vov eo~Tt, Sva? Se ^17 ecrnv,

ax//ts ov/c av 177. TTW? yct/3; OVKOVV, (â/xeV, Ta vAXXaTov 'Evog OVTC ev eo~Tt /cat avi(Tov avro) re /cat lots AAAots; TTOJS;modes of > } * rr^ *TI * m *\ \ * v\ * * rri *\ \quantity, et ptl'&V ir) To Ev 7; TttXXtt 77 tXoiTTOV, 77 ttV TaXAttEqual, m " e -n< x /y*'\ / f>>* 'll> ^/ * * Ne/caTpa to-OTTjTtt eôtev, to~a ai/ 177 Trpos


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IIAPMENIAH2. 37et Se TO, /xev jae'yeô?, TO Se o-fJLiKp6rr)ra, r) /cat/te'ye#os /xev To "Ev, o-//,t/cpoYi7Ta Se TaXXa, OTrorepo)/-tev TO) etSet p,e'ye$os irpocreL^, /xetov av 117, w SecrfjLLKporrjs, eXarrov; dvdyKr). OVKOVV ecrrdv ye TtveTOVTW 1817, To re Me'ye#os /cat 'H X/xt/cpoTTys ; ouyap az/ TTOV, ja^ oVre ye, cvauTUO re a\\r)\oiv eirr^v

150 /cat ev rots OVCTLV eyytyi/otcr^^. Trais y-/3 av; etdpa eV Tw *Ez/t cr/xt/cpor^s eyytyverat, 17x01 ei/ oXw ay^ e^ jj.epei avrov eVetTj. dmy/CTy. rt 8' et eV oXw

' JN^J/-^ *m'% '1-1 N ? ' r'\eyytyvotro; ov^t rj eg to~ov av la> \^vi ot OAOVavrou TeTafJLevr) eltj rj Trepteôvcra aurd ; S^Xoy 817.f ' * > >"- " NT rtvd?,/cat Trpdrreiv ye ra Meye'ôv? re /cat 'IO-QTT^TOS, dXXa

b /A^ ra eavrrjs; dSwarov. eV /xe^ oXw apa Tw 'Ez/tov/c av eti7 S/At/cpdr^?, dXX' elirep, ev /xe'yoet. vat.ovSe ye ev iravrt au rw fJLepec el Se /x^, ravraTroiTJcrei dnep TT/OOS TO oXov' 10-17 eo~Tat ^ /xet^wv TOU/AC/DOvs, eV w av del eVi;. awayKIT). ovSevt TTOTCapa evecrrai TMV OVTMV Sjat/cpoT^?, /AI^T' ev êpei

T/T' ev oXw eyytyvo/xeV^' ovSe Tt ecrTat crîKpovavrfjs ^fjuKpoTyros. OVK eot/cev. ouS' d'paos e've'crTat e'v avTw. /tetôv yap dv Tt 117

c aXXo, /cat TrX^v avTou Meye'ôvs, e/cetvo ev w ToMe'yeô? evetiy, /cat TauTa cr/at/cpov avrov OVK oWos,ou dvdyKr) VTrepe'êtv, eaWep ^ /xeya* TOVTO SedSvvaTov, CTTeiS^ S/at/cpoT^g ovSa/xou evt. aXr)6r}.dXXa, /x^v avro Meyeôg ov/c dXXov peltpv rj avrrjsSjat/cpoT77TO9> ouSe S/xt/cpdTi75 dXXou eXaTTov ^ avTouMeye'ôv?. ov yap. ovre dpa To, "AXXa /Ltet^to Tou


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38 nAATQNOS'Evo9 ovSe eXdrrw, /xifre Me'y0o9 /aifre S/xt/cpdrrjrae\ovTa, ovre avrw TOVTCD TT/OOS To *Ev fytTov rrjv dSvva/xtv Tr)v TOV VTrepexetv /cat vTrepe'êo-ât dXXdTT/OOS dXXrjXcu, ovre av To *Ev rovrotv ovSe Ta>v*AXXa>v /jtetov av ovS' eXarrov en;, /u/rfre Me'yeôs/xT^re ^fjLLKpor^Ta eôv. OVKOVV (jxtiverai ye. ap'ouV et /xT^re /aetôv /xryre eXarrov To "Ei/ TG>V

avrb IKLVO)V pyre imepcêiv nyO*avdyKf). OVKOVV TO ye /A7yTe vTrepeôv

TroXXi) avdyKr) e^ to-ov eu'cu, e^ Tcrovv to"ov evat. TTOJ? yci/9 ov; /cat /x^v /cat avrd e

rr^ *-n x * \V *V /*//)ye lo Ev 77/309 eavro ovrcus ai' e)(of /x^re Meyec/os8e"

e eavra> xire xt/crra eov ovr' a* > * e / t >\\> >,- v * +OVT av vvrepeôt eavrov, aXX eg tcrou ov tcrov av et^

eavr&>. Travv pev ovv. To *Ev a/aa eavra) re /catTot9 *AXXot5 to-ov av etry. âtverat. /cat yx^v avrdye ev eavra) ov /cat Trept eavro av 117 ea>$ev, /catTrepi)(ov /xev /*eiov av eavrov etry, Treyate^d/xevovSe eXarrov, /cat ovrw /xetôv av /cat eXarrov 117 151avro eavrov To "Ev. et>/ yap av. OVKOVV /cat rdSedvay/o?, /x^Sev etvat e/cro? Tov 'Evds re /cat Twv*AXXwv. 7T ov ev/xetôvt eo~rat eXarrov ov; ov y av dXXws erepov>e/ 5 / > ^^ >^^ /ev ere/>w et^. ov yap. eTretOT) oe ovoev erepovecrrt ^(wpls Tcuv ÂXXtuv /cat Tov 'Evdg, Set Se avrctev ra> elvat, ov/c dvdy/cry i^Sry ev dXX^Xot? etvat, Tdre *AXXa ev Ta> *Evt /cat To *Ev ev Tots *AXXot9,r) /ATjSa/xov etvat; (/)aiverat. drt yxev dpa To *Ev bev Tot9 *AXXot9 evecrrt, /xet^co av en? Td *AXXa Tov'Evo9, Trepiexovra avrd, To Se *Ev eXarrov Twv


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IIAPMENIAH2. 39*AX\(ov, Trepieôêvov' ort Se To, vAXXa eV Ts' /cat ofs to~o^,/cara ravra. ovrcos. OVKOVV eavrov fJLelôv /cat,*\ * XV V **/ ^\'eKarrov ov /cat to~ov to~a>v az/ etTy jaer/acov /cat TrXeto-

/cat eXaTTdVojv avrw 1 eTretSi^ Se {Aerpuv, /catTToiis 8' ou; to~&)V /xev ayoa iêpatv ov avrw

' ro ir\f)0ov 8e rr\4ov,e\arrova)v Se eXarrov rot' apiBôv avrov. âtVerat.\ ^m v\\ < ' *^T fn N VTI . ''OVKOVV /cat Trpos laAAa wcrauroj? eget lo liii/ ort/xev jjielôv avr&v fyaiverai, avdyKr) ir\eov elvai /catrov apiOfjibv avrwv' on oc orfJUKporepov, eXarrov'ort Se to~ov /Aeye$et, tcrov /cat ro 77X^09 etvat Tot?v\\ /


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40 DAATQNO2sequent, etvat fJLV 7TOV aVTO) VTrdpî, CtTTCp 1 1' COTtV. Vttl.both with v CN r \ \ ' ' * m f ' *regard to TO OC ClZ'CU ttAAo Tt COTtV 77 /xevegtS OVO"tas /ACTttitself and , , v v NTSAAa, XpOVOV TOV TTttpOVTOS, OJCTTrep TO T)V /XTtt TOV 7Ta/3C- 152everything xx/i/ x^v* s /\else. AÂVt70T09 /Cat ttV TO COTOU /LtTtt TOV /Xe

OVCTLCLS CCTTt KOLVUVLCL ; (7TL yap. fJ.T)(i fJiV apayj>6vov, etTrep /cat TOV ea>at. Travu ye. OVKOVVTTopevo/xeVov TOV \povov; vai. act a/aa 7rpeo-y8vT-/aov ytyveTat eavTov, etTre/3 Trpoepx^TdL Kara ^povov.wayKIT). ap ovv ê^v^^Ba, on vecorepov yt-

TO TTpecrfivrepov irpecrfivrepov ytyveTat;. ov/cow evretS^ irpecrftvTepov eavrov b

ytyveTat To ib*, veaiTepov av ytyvo/aeVov eavrov7rpeo'/3vTepov yiyvoiTo ; dvdyKr). yiyverai pêv 877veatrepov TC /cat irpeo-fivrepov avTov ovrcu?. I'at.eb~Tt 8e TTpecr/SvTepov ap* ov^ oTa^ /caTa TOV vwyjpovov y yiyvopevov, TOV /xeTa^v TOV ^v TC /cateo~Tai; ov yap TTOV TTopevopevov ye e/c TOV TTOTCet9 TO eVetTa virep^rfcreraL TO vvv. ov yap. apovv OVK e7rto~êt TOTC TOV yiyvo~Bai TrpecrfivTepov,eirtioav TO> vvv CVTV^, /cat ov ytyveTat dAA* ecrTt cTOT* 17817 Trpeo-ftvTepov ; Tfpo'Lov yap OVK av TTOTCXr)(j)0ei,r) VTTO TOV vvv. TO yap irpo'iov OVTOJS ej(eta> djJioTpa)v (j>dTTTeo~0ai, TOV T vvv /cat TOVeVetTa, TOV /êv vvv dte/>tevov, TOV 8' eVetTa eVtXa/x-ySavofievov, /xeTa^v d/xôTe'pwv ytyvo/xevov, TOV TeVetTa /cat TOV vvv. dXrjOf). el 8e' ye dvdy/oj /XT)TrapeXOelv TO vvv irdv TO ytyvd/xevov, evretSav /caTaTOVTO 77, eVtcrêt del TOV yt'yveo-#at /cat ecrTt TOTCTOVTO o Tt av Tvî7 ytyvo/xevov. atveTat. /cat To dEv apa, 6Vav Trpeo~/3vTpov ytyvo/xevov evTv^rj TGJvvv, TTO~\ TOV yiyvf.o~6ai /cat eo~Tt TOTC 7rpeo~/8v-


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IIAPMENIAH2. 41Tepov. Trdvv fjiev ovv. ov/covv ovirep eyiyveToTTpeO-fivTepOV, TOVTOV KCU eCTTlV' eytyVCTO Se ttVTOV ;vat. ecm Se TO TrpecrySvYepov vecoTepov Trpecrflv-Tepov ; eoTtv. KCU vedtTepov dpa Tore avTov ecrrlTo 'Ev, oTav TrpecrftvTepov yiyvopevov evTvyri rwvvv. avdyKr). TO ye p^rjv vvv del Trdpecm To)ota TTOLVTOS TOV elvac ecrrt yap del wv oTavnep y.TTO>S yap ou; e apa ecrrt re /ca yyverairepov eavTov /cal veTepov To "E^. eoutev. 7rXeta>Se ^povov avro eavrou ecrriv r) yiyverai, f) TOV lo~ov ;TOV LVOV. dXXd /LA^V rdv ye to~ov yjpovov fj yiyvo-(Jitvov f) ov Trjv avTrjv ^XtKtav \L. ira)\t/ \ \*


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42 riAATONOS/cat OVTO>S av etrj TdXXa vcvrepa Tov 'Ei'os, To SeÊi;

TrpearfivTepovTa>i> "AXXwv.

eir; yap di/. Tt Se>S T * v rriN *TI x J > * **Tooe; ap av etTy To EP irapa v, /cat /icrd Tr)i> ap^rjv /cat rdXXa iroLvra.rov reXovs ; Tt ^17v ; /cat /Lt^v jMO/Dtd ye TJatVeTat.vewrepov apa Taiv *AXXcov To "Ev eo~Tt, Td S' *AXXaTov 'Evo? TrpecrfivTepa. OVTOJS av /aot âtVeTat.Tt Se 817; apxty T) dXXo pepos OTLOVV Tov 'Evo? T;dXXov OTOVOVV, edvvep /xe'/aos ij dXXd /AT) /AC'/OTT, ov/cdvay/catot' eV elvat, /xe'pos ye ov; dmy/CTT. OVKOVVTo *Ef d/xa Te TW ir/awTW ytyvo/xeVw yiyvoir av /cat ed/xa TO> SevTepw, /cat ovSeô? avroXetTreTat TOJ^ dXXytyô/xeVa>i^, o Tt Trep di> TrpocrytyvT^Tat OTWOVJ/, ewsdv 7T/)6s TO earyarov SteXôv oXov IV yeV^Tat, ovVe/aeVov ovre TrpwTov OVT ecrâTov OVT dXXov ovSeôsa.Tro\eL0v eV TT} yeê'cret. 0X17^. TTOLCTIV apam^*i\\ x > N f\' v rn N VTI *Tots AXXot? TT)I/ avrrjv T)Xt/ctav to-êt To Ev. CUCTTet /XT) xrapd (f>vo~iv 7TvKev avTo To Êv, ovVe 77/30-repov ov0' vcrrepov Taiv "AXXcuz/ yeyows di/ eoy, dXX'd/xa. /cat /caTa TOVTOV TOV \6yov To *E^ Tai^ *AXXwi/ 154


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IIAPMENIAH2. 43ovre irpecrfivrepov ovre veatrepov av elr), ovSe TaXXaTov 'Evog* Kara Se rov rrpocrOev rrpecrfivrepov re/cat veatrepov, /cat Td'XXa e/cetvov a>cravTa>s. rrdvvfjiev ovv. ecrrt />iev ST) OVT&JS e)(ov re /cal yeyoô?.dXXa rt av Treôt rov ytyêcrât avro Trpecrfivrepovre /cat vecorepov Ttav *A\Xa)v /cat TaXXa Tou 'Ei'o?,/cat jLtTyre veatrepov fJLrjre TTpea-fivrepov yiyvearOai ;cipa axnrep Trepl TOV elvai, ovra> /cat Trepl rov yiyv-b ecrQai eêt, ^ ere/owg; ov/c e^w Xeyaz>. dXX' eyajroo-w8e ye, ort et /cat rrt Trpecrfivrepov erepoverepov, yiyvesTO 7r/3wrov evBvs yev6[Jivov Sti^vey/ce r^ i^Xt/cta, ov/cav ert Svvatro, ovS' au ro vedtrepov ov ert vewrepovylyveardaC dvtcrot? ya/3 tcra TrpocrriOeêva, xpova)re /cat aXXw orwovv, tcra> Trotet Staê/aetv del cxrumepav TO Trpwrov $LeveyKy. TTWS ya/o ov ; ou/c apa TO

c ye ov rov ovro 8ta^>e/3et del rrjv rjXutiav' dXX'ecrTt /cal yeyove irpecrfivrepov, ro Se veurepov,

' osv >\/3^ ^m v ^n v * m ^ytyveTat o ov. akrjtrr). /cat To Ev apa ov TwvvAXXa>v OVTOJV ovre rrpeo~fivrep6v rrore ovre veurepovyiyverai. ov yap ovv. opa 8e et TT^Se rrpecrfivrepa/cal vea>repa yiyverai. rrrj 817; y To TC *Ev Taiv"AXXwv ei> vAXXwv rfpecrfivrepov y,

A TrXetoo TTOV ^povov yeyovev V) TdvAXXa. vat.

TrdXtv 8^ or/co7ref e'dv rr\eovi /cal eXdrrovirov icrov ^povov, apa

Stotcret TO TrXeov rov eXdrrovos rov/c apa ecrrai, o Tt 7re/o TO rrprov

rjv irpbs TaXXa i^Xt/cta OLa


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44 OAATONOSets ro eVetTa, dXXd l&ov Xa^fidvov yjpovov Tot?"AXXots eXaTTOv det rrj 17X1*10, Stouret avTatv 17 TT/OO-Ttpov' TI ov ; vai. OVKOVV ro ye eXarroi/ oiaepov17X1*10, 7r/)os Tt ^ -rrporepov veobrepov yiyvoir av fj ee^ ra> 7rp6(T0ev Trpos tKelva, TTyoos a T^ Trpea-ftvrepovTrporepov ; vtwrepov. el Se e/cetiô vewTepov, OVKtKewa av TaXXa TT/OOS To *Ev npecrfivrepa f) irpo-repov ; TTO.VO ye. TO /xei^ vetorepov apa yeyovos 7r/?e-o-ftvTepov yiyverai Trpos TO Trporepov yeyovos re /catTrptcrfivrepov ov, ecrrt Se ouSeVore Trpeo-fivrepov, dXXayiyverai, det eKeuvov Trpeo-fivTepoV e/cetvo /u,ej/ yd/)CTTI TO veatrepov CTTtStSwo-t, TO 8* eVl TO Trpeo-fivrepov.TO 8' au Trpeo-fivrepov TOV veurepov veatrepov yt- 155yi'eTat a)O-avT&J5. to^Te yd/3 avrolv et9 TO evavriovTO evavTiov dXX^Xotv yiyvecrdov, TO /ot,eV vetorepov

v TOV irpeo-fivTepov, TO Se TrpecrfivTepovTOV veatTepoV yevo~0a.i Se ou/c di^ ota> TC

el ydp yevoivTO, OVK av ert ylyvoivTo dXX'elev d^, vvi' Se yiyvovTai fj,ev TrpecrfivTepa dX\TJ\CDv/cat veuTepa' To /êv Êi' Tai^ "AXXooi/ veatTepovytyveTat, OTI Trpeo~/BvTpov efyavr) ov /cat TrpoTepovyeyovos, Td Se vAXXa Tov 'Evos Trpeo-/3vTepa, OTL bvo~Tepa yeyove. KOLTO. Se TO^ CLVTOV Xoyov /cat TaXXaOVTOD TTyoos To *Ev to~êt, eTretS^Tre/) avrov 7T/)e-o-ftvTepa edvir) /cat TrpoTepa yeyovoTa. v det SiaTepov, OVTTaXXa Tov 'Evo?' i) Se d^XXw del /xo/)tw $t,a


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IIAPMENIAHS. 45vcrrtpa T0)v Trporepuv, ravrrj or) avdyta] Trpeo-fivrepdre Kal vewrepa dXXtjXwv ylyv.o~9ai Ta re *AXXa Tov'Ez/os /cat To *Ev Taw AXXaw ; irdvv /xeV ovv. Kara877 TrdVra ravra To dEf avro re avrov /cat TaV"AXXcoz' Trpeo-fivrepov Kal vearepov eVrt re /cat yiyve-rai, KOI ovre TrpecrftvTepov ovre veatrepov ovr' tcrnvovre ylyverai ovre aurou ovre rtov dXXwv. vravreXai?/ae^ ow. erreiSr) Se xpovov jaereêt To

tVEi> /cat rov

Trpeo'/BvTepov re /cat vedtrepov yiyvecrOai, ap OVK/cat rov Trore aereetv /cat rov eVetra /cat

rov z'vV, eiTrep ^povov /êreêt ; avdyKir). r)i> dpaTo *Ez/ /cat eo~rt /cat eo~rat /cat eyiyvero /cat ytyverat/cat yevô-erat. rt /x^; /cat etT; aV rt e'/ceti'w /cate/cetvov, /cat î> /cat eo~rt /cat ecrrat. Travv ye. /cateTno-TtJiJirj ST? 117 ai/ avrov /cat Soâ /cat ato-ô-ts,et7re/o /cat i^vV i^/xet? Trept avrov irdvra ravra TT/oar-rofjiev. opOtos Xe'yet?. /cat oVoyaa 8^ /cat Xdyosecrriv avrw, /cat 6j/o/x,aêrat /cat Xeyeraf /cat oVavrep/cat 7re/ot Ta "AXXa rail/ rotovrwv rvyâVet wra,/cat Trept To ""Ei; ecrriv. TravTeXus fj,ev ovv eêtovrcas.

ert 8^ ro rpirov Xe'yw/iev. (l) To Êv et ecmv (in.) ^%eT> c. \ \ // * > > > / >/ \\ > 'a/aa XP ^ /A6TeXet /cat ei/ a-XXw ov /xereêt ovrw^ * '/ ft. / > / Pointofln-yap av fjiovoj


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4G nAATONOSfidvei TOV cu/at /cat ore aTraXXaTTCTat avrov; 17 TTO>SofoV re carat Tore /u,e> eêtv TO avTO, rare Se /u,i)Xiv, edv ^r\ Trore /cat Xanfiavr) avTO /cat dir) ;ovSa/xa)?. ro ST) ovcrtas (jLTa\afjL/3dveiv ap ovylyvecrOai /caXet?; eywye. ro Se aTraXXarrecrâtovcrtas a/)' OVK a,7rdXXvo-ât ; /cat TraVv ye. To Êi*817, a>s eot/ce, Xapftdvov re /cat cu^teV ova-Lav ylyve-

(2) i rat re /cat dirdXXvrat. az/ay/o;. (2) eV Se /catxxxv v / ^\\' ^''l.TroXXa ov, /cat yiyvopzvQV /cat aTroXXvîevov, a/> ov^, bneither con- v v , v N v V '\\orav /Ltev yiyvqran ev, ro TroXXa etvat aTroAAvrat,orav Se TroXXa, ro ev eTvat (XTrdXXvrat; Travv ye.cv Se ytyvd/Aevov /cat TroXXa ayo' ou/c dvay/oy Sta-Kpive(T0ai re /cat avyKpivecrdai ; 7ro\\rf ye. /cat/ut^v dvofjiOLOV ye /cat o/xotov orai> ytyv^rat, Ojaotou-crât re /cat dvoftotovcrât ; vat. /cat orav />tetôv /cateXarrov /cat tcrov, av^dve(r6aL re /cat fyOiveiv /catto~ovo~#at; ovra>5. orav Se /ctvov/xevoV re tcrr^rat c/cat orav ecrro? CTTI ro /ctvetcrât /leraySaXX^, Set817 TTOV avrd ye jw-^S* ev evt yjpovcp etvat. TTW? 8>y;eo~rd? re irporepov vcrrepov /ctveto~ât /cat Trporepov

vcrrepov ecrrdvai, dvev pev TOV /otera-ov^ oldv re eo~rat ravra Trdcrêiv. TTWS yct/o ;Se ye ovSet? eo~rtv, ev w rt ofoV re a/xaai ^77$' ecrrdvat. ov yap ovv. dXX' ovSe

/aeraySdXXet dvev rov jaeraySdXXetv. ov/c et/cd?. Trdr'ovv /xera^SdXXet ; ovre yd/3 eo~ros av ovre /ctvov/xevov d/xeraySdXXot, ovV ev xpova) ov. ov yap ovv. apOVV O~TL TO drOTTOV TOVTO, CV W TOT* Ctl> etT/, OT

; TO irolov 817; ro cai(f)V'r) ro yaprotdvSe Tt eot/ce o")7/xatvtv, a>? e^ e/cetvov

et? eKarepov. ov yap e/c ye TOV kcndvai


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IIAPMENIAHS. 47eorwros ert /AeraySctXXet, ovS' e/c TT]? Kwrjcrea)*; KLVOV-fjievr) ovSevt ovcra, /cat ets ravrrjv or)/cat e/c ravrrj^ TO re KLvovpevov jaeTa/3aXXet eVt TOeo~TaVai /cat TO eo"TO? em TO KLveladaL. K/cat To *Ev 817, et7re/o ecrT^/ce TC /cat /ctvetrat,

avrepa TTote? /LteTaySaXXov 8' e^/cat OTe jaTay8aXXet, ez/ ov8e^t yjpova) av eiirj, ovSeKivoir av rore, ouS' az/ o-TatTy. ou ya/3. a/3* ouvovro> /cat TTyoo? TO,? aXXa? jaeTa^SoXa? cj(t, oTav e/c

157 TOV ett'at ets TO a7roXXvo~ât //-eTaySaXX^ ^ e/c TOV jaêti/at et? TO yiyvecrOai, jjLTav TWMV TOTE/ctvifcrewz/ TC /cat crTacrewi/, /cat OUTC eo~Tt TOTCov/c eo"Tt, ovre yiyverai ovre aTroXXvTat ; eot/ce yovv./caTa 8^ TOI> avrov \6yov KCU e^ ezôs eVt TroXXa to^/cat e/c TroXXwi/ e^>' e^ oure eV eo~Ttv ovTe TroXXct, cure

ovre crvy/côtveTat. /cat e^ 6/xotou e?rt/cat e^ avofjioiov e?rt O(JLOIOV lov ovre

ovre avofjioiov, ovre oôiovêvov ovreb /cat e'/c o-piKpov enl p.eya /cat evrt to~ov /cat et? TO,

evavria lov ovre o~fjuKpov ovre //,e/ya ovre tcrov, ovreavav6fJLevov ovre fyOLvov ovre lo~ovêvov eir) av.>* CJ\\ /)/ /f* /ov/c eot/ce. ravra or) ra vra^/xaTa TravT ai^ Tracrôtm v *TI > v ^ OJ vTo Ei/, et earnv. TTWS o ov;

Tt Se Tot? ÂXXots 7rpoo"nKOL av Tracrvetz/, *Ev et (IV.) Then\\> VourthHy-eo-nv, apa ov o-KeTrreov ; crKeTrreov. (I) Xeycu/uev potkesis:S / > * rp n \ m T7 v / v a ' the effector), ev et eo~Tt, TaXXa Tov Ei/os Tt yjpr\ TreTrovuevai ; the exist-x / > / vxx ^ ^ , , once of the\ey(t)[jLv. OVKOVV eirenrep aA.Aa 1 ov Ez/o? eo~rw, Onev m> v-r\ ' m"\\ > v **\\m^ T-I Novre lo KJV eo~ri iaA.A.a' ov ya/D av aXXa Tov Evo? they


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48 OAATONOSadmit eon- yv. 6pO\**(2) T\AO (4:J/xo/)ta oe ye, cannot bei \ / >\\ x ^ / "\ *>altogether xx^ ' N* >\\ Nbut 013 TaJZ/ jto ot\ve C1 ' ' * vof Frac- aVTO 6t77' eavrou T "^ 7rov fto/)toz/ CCTTat, O CCTTtV

a-^VvaLrov> K U Twi/ "AXXow Si) CZ/O9 e/CttCTTOV,TOVTOV

and in the f^j, VAXX(U^ eCTTCU, /Cttt OVTW? CVOS e/CttCTTOV OV/C eCTTttt,same way(4) each popiov, ^ ov Se jjioptov e/cacrTov ouSevo? TOJVJ ;i I't ISrelated to 7roXX(j/ eCTTttt. UTlSeWS Se OV TTOLVTUV TOVTOJV TLUnity as rthe Parts etz/ttt, O)V OvSeVO5 OvSeV eO~Tt, Kttl fJLOpLOV KOI CtXXoO/ T I' / ^/ >whole are oTiovv aovvaTov eivat. V "A\\(t)V, KO.6' ttVTOalone, can Se OV, CtTTep KCLO~TOV CO~Tat. 6p6a) \ *the relation a.v lov .bvo? o~qkov OTL aAAo ov 7^ ev ov yap avdefinite {J.TL)(V, dXX' ^I/ ttV aVTO CV VVV O VL fJiV


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riAPMENIAHS. 49nv avroj TOJ 'Eta OLOVVOLTQV TTOV. aSvVaroz'. juere'- Quantity*"/ *> KOLL rw p-opua). thereforeTO ^kv yap ev oXov eo~rat, ov /aopta ra /xopta' ro

8' av e/cacrroz> ez/ popiov rov oXov, ov av r? popiovb oXov. ovrws. (6) OVKOVV erepa oz/ra Tou 'Ews (6)r v , v W1ra aereYO^ra avrov ; TT&is 8' ov ; ra 8' erepa whentakenT - aivTai. ovro) or) Ta vAXXa Tov 'Ez^os /cat oXa /cat/cara /xopta aTreipa re' eVrt /cat Tre'paro?

E


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50 OAATONO2(7) TtfAAo Tfdvv ye. ( 7) OVKOVV Kal o/iotd re /cat dvofMoia ewill admit . . - , T ,of the aXXrjXots re /cat eavrots ; rty] or) ; 17 fjitv TTOV arreipaopposite , v N , , , , vpredicates (771 KOTO, TT^V aVT(DV VO~LV TTaVTa, TaVTOV TT7TOV-ofSimi- /)/ * * / / N \ *larity and C/OTtt a^ 177 TaVTYJ. TfaVV ye. /Cttt /A^V $ y aiTaVTCLDissimi- / , \/ />*v >\larity, and TTe/XITO? /U,ereXt, Kttt TCLVTrj TTaVT OLV ir) TO.VTOVof the other /]/ ^>v*5/ /modes of TTfTTOvtfoTa. 7TODS O OU / T) O y 7r7Tpa(7/Xâ Tabove enu- e^Ct *' ^Ctl OLTTetpa TTCTrovtV, vaVTiamerated. * ^'/3 '/3 ' \5> 'irr

oi^ra ravra ra Trac/^ TTCTrovutv. vai. ra o evavna \59ye a>s ofd^ re avoôiorara. ri prjv ; Kara ^kv apa

\ //) v *v/O 7raC/os o/xoia ai/ 117 avra re avrots, Kara 8' d/A^dre/oa d/xôre/ows e

re /cat dô/AOtdrara. Kti'Swevet. ovrw S^ Ta vAXXaavrct re avrot? /cat dXXi^Xots o/xotd re /cat avofjioiaav eir). ovra)?. /cat raurd ST) /cat ere/oa dXX^Xa)^,/cat Kivovfitva /cat efrraira, /cat Trdvra ra evavrlairdOr) ov/cert âXeTrai? evpijo~ofjiv rrerrovBora Ta'XXaTov 'Evd?, eVetTre/3 /cat raura dvr) rrerrovOora. b

Xeyet?.Or .) 2% OVKOVV ravra u.ev -nS-n eai/xev a>s dtavepd,.F(/jJLv Se Trd\iv, ev et ecrTtv, apa /catiffTt.- ^ evet Td *AXXa Tov 'Ei/os 17 ovrw iiovov ; Trdvve/ectofthe * ,>,;.. v , ,,existence of ovv. Xeyw/xei/ or) e apxys, tv et ecrrt, rt ^T) Tax&\\a *AXXa Tov Ei>os TreirovOevai. Xe'yw/xei' yct/3. (1)5/3*farther T , N N x rt m^ÂXX N O^considered, OVV OV X00/315 /txI/ ^ ^V ****' AXX(U^, ytopis OT&\\a TaXXa Tou 'Ez/6? etvat; rt 817; ort TTOV OVAC ecrrtowe their N


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IIAPMENIAH2. 51(2) ovoe jA7)v fjiopid ye e\êiv s the One* / * > *\ v * ^N * , ,_ ~/. mo? yap ; ovr apa o\ov eirj av To EV ev Tot?VA\\ v / , - , , ~~ haustiveAAAO19 OVre fJLOpia aVTOV, Ct \(pl , / , r * eaavofJLOiOTrjs. et yap o/x,ota /cat avouoia avra ecr; ^ whic

, . - e v , / , repeeôt ev eaurots ofjLOLorrjra /cat avo/aotor^ra, ouo TTOV of UO > / >\\/\ * * ' "mV^VV and >1017 evavrta aAAiÂot? eôt av ev eavrots Ta AXXa fore,m n ' A ' TO/ >?' 51 H0 Oflov &VOS. (paiverai. rjv oe ye aovvarov OVOLV similarity/ * o\ / >o/ or Dis-nvoiv /xereêtv a ^170 evo? /nerexot. aovvarov. similarity,vv v v>/ /> j / or anyoi^r apa o/x,ota 01^- avopoia eo~nv ovr a/x0orepa other mode

rr\*\\ * x \v *>/ e\*


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52 OAATONO2existences, dvir) /xeTe'êtV, Tou 'El/O? ye TTQ.VTT] TTaJTOoS ba'"* x a , v *\ A * vOne, being Q-TepO/XeVOtS. a\r)U , s , , N Nralizcd, TTaVTO. T OTl To El> /Cat OVOei/ COTl /Cat 7T/3O5cao* be t v x N rn * * A \ \ ' \~ *one; and tOLVTO /cat TTpO? Ttt AXAa QJ(TaiTCU9. TTaVT\(t) *T- 'withregard *W O 617 /Otr; eCTTt To Ev, Ttto the One T / \ ///when con- aP ov VKeTTTZOV /XTtt TCLVTa ; \* T/

17 VTTOt/ecrts, et ev /AT) ecrrti' ; a/aa rtet /u,^ ez/ ^ ZCTTLV ; Staêpet

rpJ/ittMi tn ^ I / ' * \^ / >\sTSA\o(7/v- tare/:)et p-ovov, rj /cat Traz/ TOVVCLVTLOV earns tv>^^v > /cat j'Oi' 817X01, ort erzpovtiiclered both ' TO UT1 OV, OTCLV t7TT7 eV Ct UTT eOTt, /Cate- (,CTU.V O eVCt / L(TU,eV. TTpUtTOV }Jil> ana JVOMTTOVsis*),and valso when Tl AeyCt, CTTCtTa tTtpOV TO)V a\\(i)V, OTCW LTTfl V,considered v \T j^ /l^* \\T >o\apart from tT TO Ct^ttl ttUTOJ 7T/3OO~êt5 tT TO /AT) etâf OUOCV/cat oTt OLd(popov TCOV a\\o)v. T) ou; ava

(B.) The aiSe a/Da Xe/CTeoi' e dpxjjs, ev et /XT) ecrrt, Ttnegative T , . ^ * /arsu- etât. (1J7T/3WTOV /XCV OVV O.VTO) TOVTO Vment. The c,~ t v T >^> / * o\wmeaning of OCt, GJ? eot/CCV, Ctfttt ttUTOV eTTlCTTT^/XTyi/, T) /ATide ONegation : ,., '/)" A>XNegation Tt XeyeTat ytyvwcr/ceo-pat, OTai> Tts etTTT^ ev et /XT)implies > \ /)

^ /o\> ~ ^rr< v A\\ > *knowledge eo~Ttv. a\r)ur). ( 2) ovKovv /cat la AAAa CTe/3 avrovand differ- -j> * cj\>* v m*\\ \ ' aence. cu/cu, T) /xTôe e/cetvo cTepov Tcov AAAwi/ Aeyeo-c/at;(VI.) 7%e Tra^v ye. /cat eVepotOTTj? apa eo*Ttv avra) Trpo? T>J

, v vou yap TT)I/far. = ci Xe'yet, orav To *Ev ircpov Tcui/ *AXXav Xe'yTy, dXXa etffri n*i rrjv Kwov.


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IIAPMENIAH2. 53/cat TOV TIVOS /cat TovTov /cat rovra> /cat TOVTMV /cat tfv

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Platon, Parmenides (IN) BB (v. Maguire) Griego. Inglés