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#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5 th Annual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents and Antibodies: Specific Action Plans for Patents Most Ripe for a Biosimilars First Wave Challenge Gregory A. Morris Of Counsel Paul Hastings (Chicago, IL) June 46, 2014 Tweeting about this conference? 1

Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

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Page 1: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

ACI’s5th AnnualSummitonBiosimilars

MichaelJ.BrignatiAssociateGeneralCounselThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity

Platform Patents and Antibodies: Specific Action Plans for Patents Most Ripe 

for a Biosimilars First Wave Challenge

GregoryA.MorrisOfCounselPaulHastings(Chicago,IL)

June 4‐6, 2014

Tweetingaboutthisconference?

1

Page 2: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

Topics

•Action plan in preparation for antibody biosimilars litigation 

• Strategies for developing and commercializing antibodies

• Strengthening your portfolio with licensing agreements

2

Page 3: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

ActionPlaninPreparationforAntibodyBiosimilars Litigation

3

Page 4: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

Celltrion’sBidtoMakeaBiosimilarofInfliximab(Remicade®)

• Filed DJ suit in D. Mass. Alleging invalidity and unenforceability of 3 Jansen patents on March 31, 2014

•Desires to be the first biosimilar mAB approved for the US market

•DJ complaint provides a peek in to the details of biosimilar development 4

Page 5: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

DevelopmentofRemsima®AccordingtoCelltrion

5

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

BeganR&D CompletedPD,PKandtoxicokineticstudies

MetwithFDAtoreviewclinicaldata

CompletedPhaseIclinicaltrials

SubmittedIND

EMAapproval

INDaccepted

CompletedPhaseIIIclinicaltrials

CompletedbridgingstudycomparingRemsima® withEU‐sourcedandUS‐sourcedRemicade®

FDAapproval?

Page 6: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

Celltrion’sBidtoMakeaBiosimilarofInfliximab(Remicade®)

• Invested more than $112M in out‐of‐pocket external costs in addition to internal manpower

•Developed platform IP related to cell lines and mAB purification methods

•Anticipates that FDA will approve Remsima® in Q1 2015 6

Page 7: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

Biosimilar Applicant (BA) Provides Confidential Access to Application

Biosimilar Application Accepted

w/in 20 days

BLA holder provides list of patents infringed and whether any are available for license 

w/in 60 days

w/in 60 days

BA provides list of additional patents infringed and non‐infringement, invalidity contentions

w/in 60 days

BLA holder provides patent infringement and validity contentions

w/in 15 daysParties agree on patents to be litigated

w/in 30 days

BA gives BLA holder 180‐day notice of first commercial marketing

Complaint served

? w/in 180 days BLA holder files for preliminary injunction

Phase I Phase II

BiosimilarsPatentLitigation:TwoPhases

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Page 8: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

DeterminingthePatentsLitigatedinPhaseI• Parties must engage in good faith negotiations to determine which patents listed by each party (in their “first lists”) will be the subject of Phase I litigation

• If agreement cannot be reached, parties enter a resolution phase• BA notifies RFP of the number of patents to be exchanged in a “second list” exchange

• Within 15 days, the parties exchange “second patent lists”  

• Patents in parties’ combined “second lists” are litigated 

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Page 9: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

TypesofPatentsPotentiallyAsserted•Compound

• Binding a specific target• Binding to a conformational epitope• CDR or VL/VH sequence• Target affinity• Deposited cell• Product by process

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Page 10: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

TypesofPatentsPotentiallyAssertedCont.•Methods of treatment

• Patient stratification with biomarkers

•Combination therapy• Formulation / Dosage Form•Dosage regimen•Methods of manufacture 

• (i.e., DNA encoding protein, vectors, host cells, regulatory elements, expression systems, protein engineering platforms, purification) 10

Page 11: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

WhichPatentsShouldtheBLAHolderAssertinPhaseI?Factors to consider:

• Litigate the strongest patent(s) (i.e., compound patents) 

• Which patents expire the latest beyond the 12 year exclusivity period (i.e., formulation, method of manufacture, dosing regimen)?

• Avoid litigating platform patents?

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Page 12: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

RelevantProteinEngineeringPlatforms

• Discovery Platforms (e.g., Medarex)• Bispecific Platforms (e.g., GenMab)• Humanization (e.g., Queen patents)• Antibody Production (e.g., Cabilly II)• Vector component (e.g., U. Iowa)• Cell lines (e.g., Crucell)• Expression Systems (e.g., Lonza)

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Page 13: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

ImportanceofPlatformPatents

• Biosimilar defined• the biological product is highly similar to the reference product 

notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components; and• there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product 

and the reference product in terms of the safety, purity, and potency of the product.

• Exact structural identity is not required under the BPCIA

• Platform patents may provide greater scope of protection around a reference product than composition patents• Increased likelihood of securing a claim to a genus• More likely to have a term that extends beyond the 12 year market 

exclusivity 13

Page 14: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

WhichPatentsShouldtheBiosimilarApplicantLitigateinPhaseI?Factors to consider:

• Achieve greater clarity by litigating strongest patents upfront in Phase I ?

• Delay litigation of certain patents until Phase II (and reduce up front litigation costs)?

• Target weak patents in Phase I to gain momentum?

• Force litigation of key platform or research tool patents?

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Page 15: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

ConsiderationsforBLAHolderPriortoLitigation

•60‐day window to provide patent list to BA holder is short – plan ahead

•Conduct pre‐suit investigation well in advance of potential litigation

•Plan for possibility of IPRs in parallel with litigation

Page 16: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

EarlyCaseEvaluationTasks• Create internal “Orange Book” list of patents to be asserted• Rank patents by type, strength, and patent term• Compound• Methods of treatment• Combination therapy• Formulation / dosage form• Methods of manufacture

Page 17: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

EarlyCaseEvaluationTasks

• Review critical documents for potential issues• Relevant patents, file histories and pending applications

• Selected inventor lab notebooks and other documents

• BLA documents

Page 18: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

EarlyCaseEvaluationTasksCont.• Interview key fact witnesses• Take action

• Double patenting issues?• Correct inventorship?• Supplemental Examination?• Reissue?

• Retain experts

Page 19: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

StrategiesforDevelopingandCommercializingAntibodies

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Page 20: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

OptimizingPatentExclusivity

• Balancing considerations• Biosimilar vs. Interchangeable • Maximizing PTE while minimizing BA ability to design around• Challenge: Craft patent claims to cover products and predict biosimilar design‐arounds , while still meeting requirements for §112

• Impact of USPTO §101 Guidance • Utilization of recent FDA Guidance 20

Page 21: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

AntibodyPatentProtection

21

Ab Sequence

VH /VL

6 CDRs

<6 CDRS

Epitope/Paratope

Functional Attribute

Novel Ag

Page 22: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

ScopeofAntibodyPatentProtection

22

• Structural identity not a requirement for biosimilars• How much of a structural deviation is permissible to meet the requirements for biosimilarity?

• Specific sequence of heavy and light chain• Specific sequence of variable domains of the heavy and light chains

• Complete 6 CDRs of heavy and light chains• Less than 6 CDRs• Epitope/Paratope

• No clinically meaningful differences of the safety, purity, and potency of the product.• Functional attributes• Novel antigen

Page 23: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

Section112Dilemma•Claims to specific antibodies sequences may not be useful because of potential for design around 

•Composition claiming a genus of antibodies risks invalidity under 112 (especially when antigens are not novel)• See e.g., Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc. v. Abbott Labs., 636 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2011)

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Page 24: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

UseaMulti‐TierApproachNarrow claim scope limited to specific Ab sequence, variable region sequences, and 6 CDRs of approved product • Even a minor change to variable region/CDRs of the antibody may not be permitted

• Will likely be the strongest claim from a validity perspective and logical PTE candidate

Intermediate claim scope to <6 CDRs or epitope/paratope • This may be useful to cover some design‐arounds

• Breadth of epitope/paratope claim• <6 CDRs may be difficult to overcome 112 issue in the USPTO

Broad claim scope reciting only functional attribute or percent homology• Could be vulnerable to §112 attack 24

Page 25: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

SatisfyingSection112

•Can claim a species of antibodies and rely on the doctrine of equivalents for protection

•Can attempt to claim structural characteristics of binding sites

•Claiming a method of use with a genus of antibodies is untested but still viable 25

Page 26: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

0 5 10 15 20 25

FDA  Approval(Year 9)

Ped.

§156 extensionPatent Protection

Issues (Year 3)

PatentFiling

Regulatory Exclusivity IND Filing

PatentExclusivityv.BLAExclusivity

26

Page 27: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

MaximizingPatentTermExtension

27

• Obtain an issued US patent prior to filing of Investigative New Drug (IND) Application• Timing for allowance of broad claims compared to narrow claims• Track One Prioritized Examination

• Goal of Track One – final disposition within twelve months of prioritized status being granted

•Does PTE reallymatter for BLAs?• 12 years of market exclusivity / 4 years data exclusivity

• Subject to pediatric exclusivity extensions

+(BLA Approval Date –BLA Filing Date)

Page 28: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

§101Guidance– SubjectMatterEligibility

28

• Released March 2014 to address Myriad and Mayo decisions 

• Three prong analysis• Question 1: Is the claimed invention directed to one of the four statutory patent‐

eligible subject matter categories: process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter?

• Question 2:  Does the claim recite or involve a judicial exception?• Judicial Exceptions: abstract ideas, laws of nature/natural principles, natural 

phenomena and natural products• Per Guidance, natural products include nucleic acids; organisms; proteins 

and peptides; and other substances found in or derived from nature• Question 3: Does the claims as a whole recite something significantly different 

than the judicial exceptions?• Significantly different is determined by a balance of multiple factors 

• For example, markedly different structure from naturally occurring products or adds a feature that is more than well‐understood, purely conventional or routine in the relevant field

Page 29: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

SubjectMatterEligibilityforBiologics

29

• Biologics are inherently natural products or products derived from natural products• Issue – Is your biologic significantly different than that which occurs in nature?

• Amazonic Acid Hypothetical • Claim 1. Purified amazonic acid. 

• Unpatentable natural product• Claim 2. Purified 5‐methyl amazonic acid. 

• Patentable ‐ Structural Difference and Function Difference• USPTO – “a functional difference resulting from the structural difference 

makes a stronger case that the structural difference is a marked difference” 

• Claim 3. A method of treating colon cancer, comprising: administering a daily dose of purified amazonic acid to a patient suffering from colon cancer for a period of time from 10 days to 20 days, wherein said daily dose comprises about 0.75 to about 1.25 teaspoons of amazonic acid. 

• Patentable – meaningful limits on claim scope that do not substantially foreclose others

Page 30: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

Post‐KSRObviousnessAnalysis• An invention is obvious is if it is a combination of familiar element according to known methods that does no more than yield predictable results • “Obvious to try” is an acceptable to rationale to defeat patentability 

• Antibody Dilemma: many pioneering antibody technologies have become mainstream• Antibody discovery and production

• Novel antigens are becoming increasing rare • Humanization• Vector components/Expression Systems• Fc engineering 30

Page 31: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

Post‐KSRPracticeTips

31

• Anticipate the Rejection (Filing Strategies)• AVOID identifying a known problem for which there may be obvious solutions 

• Focus on the interdependency of features in a claim• Counsel and scientists must work together to characterize Abs as much as possible before filing• Epitope mapping• Functional properties

• Include in vivo data as early as possible• Include unexpected results• Benchmark your Ab against prior art Abs to identify superior features

• Follow up with clinical observations (often unpredictable)

Page 32: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

ProvidinganInventiveStep

• Patenting of antibodies in EP has become increasingly difficult• In EP, it is considered uninventive (i.e., obvious) to generate an antibody to a known antigen using standard techniques.

• EP Inventive step requires that the antibody can be shown to have an unexpected advantage over known antibodies to the same target• Exemplary advantages – increased binding affinity, cross‐reactivity, increased selectivity, improved stability• Implementation of functional claim language 32

Page 33: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

FunctionalClaimLanguage

• Generally, functional claim language can create complexities in patent infringement cases

• Is this necessarily the case for biosimilars?• No clinically meaningful difference in potency • FDA Guidance on Clinical Pharmacology Data to Support a Demonstration of Biosimilarity to a Reference Product (May 2014)• “Clinical pharmacology studies are normally a critical part of demonstrating biosimilarity”• Pharmacokinetic (PK)  and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties

• Utilize functional attributes to maintain claim breadth while minimizing the ability of a biosimilar to design around? 

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Page 34: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

StrengtheningYourPortfolioWithLicensingAgreements

34

Page 35: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

PatentLicensingandBiologics• Generally, BLA holder is an exclusive licensee of IP developed at university, research institution, or small biotech company• Exclusivity is usually field‐restricted

• Licensor may have additional revenue streams from other licensees

• Disparate litigation tolerance between Licensor and Licensee

• Issue of control of litigation by licensee and involvement of licensor in proceedings 35

Page 36: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

PerspectiveMatters• Licensee is interested in securing an exclusive license and controlling patents covering the biologic • Ability to assert a licensed patent provides another barrier to a biosimilar applicant

• Licensee will want the ability to assert the patent, settle the litigation, and the right to sublicense the patent

• Licensor is interested in protecting revenue stream(s) from out‐licensed patents• Ability to control any potential litigation to avoid jeopardizing the revenue stream

• Licensor will want the final decision as to whether a patent is included in the RPS’s list in biosimilar litigation

• Forfeiture of rights against biosimilar applicant vs. risk of invalidity• Licensor will want to retain control over sublicensing  36

Page 37: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

SelectingtheRightLicense

•Consider scope of license• Exclusive v. non‐exclusive• Option for exclusivity• Right to sublicense

•Carefully craft definitions • E.g., “Antibody”,  “Licensed Product”, etc. 

•Royalty structure• Sublicensing royalties should a biosimilar become a sublicensee• Differential royalty rates depending on presence of biosimilar

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Page 38: Platform Patents and Antibodies...#ACIBiosimilars ACI’s 5thAnnual Summit on Biosimilars Michael J. Brignati Associate General Counsel The Pennsylvania State University Platform Patents

#ACIBiosimilars

SelectingtheRightLicense

•Consider enforcement provisions• Right to list / right to assert / obligation to enforce licensed patents?

• Notice requirements• Participation in ligation by licensor?• Right to settle?

• Indemnification provisions•Dispute resolution provisions

• Provide for quick resolution in event of dispute to list patent38