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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto LandCh. 16
Kingdoms
• There are 6 Kingdoms of Life:• 1) Kingdom Archaea: Prokaryotic extremophiles• 2) Kingdom Monera: All other prokaryotes• 3) Kingdom Protista: single celled Eukaryotic
organisms• 4) Kingdom Fungi: fungus (absorptive)• 5) Kingdom Plantae: plants (photosynthetic
autotrophs)• 6) Kingdom Animalia: animals (heterotrophs)
Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Fungi
• We will deal with two “Kingdoms” in this chapter: Plantae and Fungi
• We’ll deal with the evolution and diversity of plants; and also the diversity of fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Overview of land plant evolution There are our main groups of land plants
•Bryophytes•Pteridophytes •Gymnosperms •Angiosperms
Four main groups of land plants
1. Bryophytes – liverworts, hornworts, mosses - Bryophytes have no vascular tissues. -Bryophytes live in damp/moist environments and are small so they don’t need vascular tissue. They are sometimes called “non-vascular plants”.
Four main groups of land plants
The rest three groups are all vascular plants.
Vascular plants have cells that are joined to produce tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Except for bryophytes, land plants have vascular tissue in roots, stems, and leaves. - Xylem consists of dead cells that carry water and nutrients from roots to the rest of the plant. - Phloem consists of living cells that distribute sugars and amino acids throughout the plant.
• The vascular plants are, in order of their evolution:
Four main groups of land plants
• 2. Pteridophytes – ferns, horsetails, lycophytes
• a. seedless plants, have a vascular system
Four main groups of land plants• 3. Gymnosperms – conifers, ginkgo, cycads, gnetopsida
• a. early seed plants
• b. produce “naked seeds”
Four main groups of land plants• 4. Angiosperms – flowering plants
• a. seeds protected by growing in ovaries
• b. majority of modern plants are in this group
BRYOPHYTES
• 1. Bryophytes – liverworts, hornworts, mosses• • - Bryophytes have no vascular tissues.• • -Bryophytes live in damp/moist environments and
are small so they don’t need vascular tissue. They are sometimes called “non-vascular plants”.
Bryophytes
Ecological and economic benefits of bryophytes 1. Bryophytes were the world’s only plants for 100 million years. 2. Peat bogs are made mostly of moss called sphagnum. They contain 400 billion tons of carbon and cut down the amount of greenhouse gases. Peat is harvested, dried, and used as a fuel. 3. Sphagnum is harvested for use as a soil conditioner and plant packing material.
Sphagnum, or peat moss
PTERIDOPHYTES
• Pteridophytes – ferns, horsetails, lycophytes
• a. seedless plants, have a vascular system
Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production
Importance of Pteridophytes 1. Dominant plants in Carboniferous period 2. Extensive beds of coal from these plants
Artist’s conception of a Carboniferous forest based on fossil evidence
The Evolution of Seed Plants: The Evolution of Seed Plants:
Gymnosperms and AngiospermsGymnosperms and Angiosperms
Seeds became an important means of dispersal. Seeds are resistant to environmental stress, and are multi-cellular complex structures that consist of a sporophyte embryo, a food supply, and a protective coat. The embryo develops from the fertilized egg (derived from a spore) retained within the sporangium.
The sperm (derived from a spore) is carried (produced by) a pollen grain released from a sporangium.
SEEDS
Pollen (with sperm cells) eliminated the liquid-water requirement for fertilization. Pollen travels by air or on animals. It eliminates the need for water to be present during fertilization.
GYMNOSPERMS
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are vascular plants that bear naked seeds – seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers.
Mesozoic era was the age of gymnosperms
Gymnosperms were the most common plants during the Mesozoic era (the age of dinosaurs). Four phyla of extant gymnosperms
– Phylum Ginkgophyta: e.g., Ginkgo biloba.– Phylum Cycadophyta: e.g., cycads.– Phylum Gnetophyta: e.g., ephedra– Phylum Coniferophyta: e.g., pines, firs, spruces
Winged seed of a White Pine (Pinus
strobus)
ANGIOSPERMS
Angiosperms are flowering plants that form seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
Examples:
Monocots: Orchids, lilies, grasses, palms, bamboo
(Eu)dicots: Daisies, maples, snapdragon, pea, oaks
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
Systematists are identifying angiosperm clades.
Originally, only: Monocots are angiosperms that possess one embryonic seed leaf (cotyledon). Dicots are angiosperms that possess two embryonic seed leaves (cotyledons). However, angiosperms have recently been divided into new taxonomic groups.
A comparison of monocots and dicots
The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms Flowers are made up of four types of modified leaves sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. a. Stamens are the male reproductive organs that produce microspores. b. Carpels are female reproductive organs that produce megaspores.
FLOWERS
The structure of a flower.
A fruit is a mature ovary Protect dormant seeds. Fruit aids in seed dispersal. - Wind dispersal - Attachment and transportation - Consumption – berries contain seeds to be
passed in feces
Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal
Plants and Human Welfare
Agriculture is almost totally dependent on angiosperms. Plant diversity is a non-renewable resource. Many medicines are obtained from plant materials.
A sampling of medicines derived from plants
KINGDOM FUNGI
Kingdom Fungi
• Fungi, like plants and animals, are all around us!
• Fungi are eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, decomposers deriving their nutrition from the absorption of nonliving, decaying organisms
• Some pathogenic and parasitic fungi acquire nutrition from living hosts
Fungal structures
• The bodies of most fungi are constructed as hyphae=minute threads composed of tubular walls surrounding plasma membranes and cytoplasm
• These hyphae form a mat of mycelium, the feeding network of fungi
• 10 cubic centimeters (4 cubic inches) of soil may contain as much as a kilometer (3/4 mile) hyphae
Fungal reproduction
• Fungi reproduce either sexually or asexually by releasing spores carried by water or wind
• These spores are numerous!
• When they land on a moist surface with food availability, they then grow
• Division Basidiomycota: – Reproduce via spores
called basidia in a club-like structure called a basidium
• Division Ascomycota:– Known as sac fungi
– Produce spores in a sac called an ascus
– 75% of all described fungi
• Lichen: this is a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus