Plants Answer the worksheet Is it a plant? 2 Check off all of the organisms that you believe are plants and explain how you determined whether or not

PlantsPlants

Answer the worksheet Is it a Answer the worksheet Is it a plant?plant?

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Check off all of the organisms that you Check off all of the organisms that you believe are plants and explain how you believe are plants and explain how you determined whether or not they are determined whether or not they are plantsplants

Is it a plant worksheet answers Is it a plant worksheet answers

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The items on the list The items on the list biologically considered biologically considered totobe plants are fern, be plants are fern, grass, moss, vine, grass, moss, vine, tomato,tomato,flower, tree, onion, flower, tree, onion, weed, bush, cactus, weed, bush, cactus, cabbage,cabbage,dandelion, and carrot.dandelion, and carrot.

Plants are multicellularPlants are multicellularorganisms that are organisms that are generally able togenerally able tomake their own food make their own food through photosynthesis.through photosynthesis.Many plant cells contain Many plant cells contain pigments capable ofpigments capable ofabsorbing light. Plants absorbing light. Plants have a structure calledhave a structure calleda cell wall, which is a cell wall, which is made mostly of made mostly of cellulose.cellulose.

What makes a Plant a What makes a Plant a Plant?Plant?

Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics

How are Plants ClassifiedHow are Plants Classified


They make their own foodThey make their own food◦ Chloroplasts contain chlorophyllChloroplasts contain chlorophyll◦ Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the

sunsun◦ Plants use the energy to make food - Plants use the energy to make food -

glucose (sugar)glucose (sugar)◦ Process is called Process is called PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Chloroplasts:Chloroplasts:


Plants Have a Plants Have a CuticleCuticle

What is a Cuticle?What is a Cuticle?

◦ A waxy layer that A waxy layer that coats the surface of coats the surface of stems, leaves, and stems, leaves, and other plant parts other plant parts exposed to the air.exposed to the air.

◦ Keeps plants from Keeps plants from drying out.drying out.


Plant Cells Plant Cells have Cell have Cell WallsWalls

What is a Cell WallWhat is a Cell Wall

◦ a plant cell is a plant cell is surrounded by a surrounded by a rigid cell wall rigid cell wall

◦ outside of the outside of the cell membranecell membrane

◦ helps support and helps support and protect the plantprotect the plant


Plants reproduce with spores and sex Plants reproduce with spores and sex cellscells there are two stages in a plants life:there are two stages in a plants life:

sporophytesporophytegametophytegametophyte

What is a Sporophyte?What is a Sporophyte?

A plant in the A plant in the spore producing spore producing stage of life. stage of life.

Spores can grow Spores can grow directly into an directly into an adult plantadult plant

What is a Gametophyte?What is a Gametophyte?

The stage in a The stage in a plant’s life plant’s life where it where it produces male produces male and female sex and female sex cells.cells.

More on GametophytesMore on Gametophytes

Male and female Male and female sex cells must sex cells must join in order to join in order to grow into a new grow into a new plant. This is plant. This is called called FertilizationFertilization..

Is It a Stem, Leaf, Root, Flower, Is It a Stem, Leaf, Root, Flower, Fruit or Seed? Answer the Fruit or Seed? Answer the

worksheet worksheet Fruit/VegetableFruit/Vegetable Part of PlantPart of Plant

BroccoliBroccoli

CabbageCabbage

Carrot Carrot

Celery StalkCelery Stalk

Corn KernelCorn Kernel

GarlicGarlic

OnionOnion

PotatoPotato

TomatoTomato

ZucchiniZucchini

Is It a Stem, Leaf, Root, Flower, Is It a Stem, Leaf, Root, Flower, Fruit or Seed? Fruit or Seed? AnswersAnswers

Fruit/VegetableFruit/Vegetable Part of PlantPart of Plant

BroccoliBroccoli FlowerFlower

CabbageCabbage LeavesLeaves

Carrot Carrot RootRoot

Celery StalkCelery Stalk StemStem

Corn KernelCorn Kernel SeedsSeeds

GarlicGarlic RootRoot

OnionOnion RootRoot

PotatoPotato FruitFruit

TomatoTomato FruitFruit

ZucchiniZucchini FruitFruit

Plant BodyPlant Body

Shoot system = Shoot system = leaves + stemleaves + stem

Root systemRoot system Meristem = cells Meristem = cells

that divide for life that divide for life of plant, can give of plant, can give rise to all plant rise to all plant structuresstructures

Three Types of Plant TissuesThree Types of Plant Tissues

Vascular TissueVascular Tissue TransportTransport SupportSupport

Ground TissueGround Tissue Synthesis of SugarsSynthesis of Sugars StorageStorage SupportSupport

Dermal TissueDermal Tissue ProtectionProtection

Division of Meristem Cells Division of Meristem Cells Causes Plant GrowthCauses Plant Growth

Apical MeristemApical Meristem tips of root and tips of root and

shootshoot increase in heightincrease in height

Lateral MeristemLateral Meristem cylinders within cylinders within

plant bodyplant body increase in widthincrease in width

Plant BodyPlant Body

FunctionsFunctions

Exposes surface to sunlightExposes surface to sunlightMajor site of photosynthesisMajor site of photosynthesisConserves waterConserves waterProvides for gas exchangeProvides for gas exchange

BladeBlade

PetiolePetiole

Leaf = blade + petioleLeaf = blade + petiole

Stoma = Stoma = opening in the opening in the

leaf for gas leaf for gas exchange, exchange,

water water evaporationevaporation

Plant BodyPlant BodyStem: series of nodes and internodesStem: series of nodes and internodes

FunctionsFunctions

Holds leaves up to lightHolds leaves up to light

Transports substances Transports substances through vascular tissue through vascular tissue

Xylem conducts waterXylem conducts waterand minerals and minerals

Phloem transportsPhloem transports sugar sugar

Plant BodyPlant BodyRootRoot

FunctionsFunctions

Anchors plant in Anchors plant in soil soil

Takes up water and Takes up water and minerals from soil minerals from soil

Leaf PartsLeaf Parts

Stoma (stomata) – small pores that act as a Stoma (stomata) – small pores that act as a doorway for gases involved in photosynthesis doorway for gases involved in photosynthesis (found mainly on the underside of leaves).(found mainly on the underside of leaves).

Guard Cells – cells that regulate the opening of Guard Cells – cells that regulate the opening of the stomata.the stomata.

Lower and upper epidermis – outer layer of a Lower and upper epidermis – outer layer of a plant that serves for protection, like skin.plant that serves for protection, like skin.

Stoma Open vs. ClosedStoma Open vs. Closed

Open – with light and when guard cells are Open – with light and when guard cells are filled with water.filled with water.

Closed – without light and when guard cells Closed – without light and when guard cells are lacking water (dehydrated).are lacking water (dehydrated).

Why is it important to have stomata open? Why is it important to have stomata open?

Closed vs. OpenClosed vs. Open

Why is it important to have stomata open? Why is it important to have stomata open? GAS EXCHANGE for photosynthesis!GAS EXCHANGE for photosynthesis!

When stomata are open When stomata are open gas exchange important gas exchange important for photosynthesis can for photosynthesis can occur.occur.

OO22 can diffuse out and can diffuse out and COCO22 can diffuse in. can diffuse in.

Water can evaporate as Water can evaporate as well (transpiration)well (transpiration)

Structures of the LeafStructures of the Leaf

PhotosynthesPhotosynthesisis

Conserves waterConserves water

Transports Transports water and water and

sugar to stem sugar to stem and rootsand roots

Applying Your KnowledgeApplying Your Knowledge

A.A. Where is the primary site of photosynthesis in a Where is the primary site of photosynthesis in a plant? plant?

B.B. Which one is responsible for an increase in plant Which one is responsible for an increase in plant height?height?

C.C. Which one transports materials throughout the Which one transports materials throughout the plant? plant?

1.1. Apical MeristemApical Meristem2.2. Vascular TissueVascular Tissue3.3. StemStem4.4. LeafLeaf5.5. Lateral MeristemLateral Meristem

Flowering Plant Flowering Plant ReproductionReproduction

Flowers are modified Flowers are modified leaves, specialized leaves, specialized for reproduction.for reproduction.

Flower parts undergo Flower parts undergo meiosis to produce meiosis to produce haploid productshaploid products pollen grainpollen grain ovule ovule (contains egg cell)(contains egg cell)

PollenPollengrainsgrains

OvuleOvule

FlowerFlower

MeiosisMeiosis

MitosisMitosis

MitosisMitosis

A Complete Flower Has Both A Complete Flower Has Both Male and Female PartsMale and Female Parts

SepalSepal

PetalPetal

OvaryOvary

StyleStyle

StigmaStigma

Pist

ilPi

stil

Pist

ilPi

stil

AntherAntherFilamentFilament

Stam

enSt

amen

Stam

enSt

amen

Encloses and Encloses and Protects BudProtects Bud

Attracts Attracts pollinatorpollinator

Male Male partpart

Female Female partpart

Produces Produces eggegg

Produces Produces pollenpollen

Mature PollenMature PollenGrainGrain

Pollination Pollination andand

Fertilization Fertilization in a Flowerin a Flower

Tube Cell NucleusTube Cell NucleusSperm CellsSperm Cells

1.1. pollen grainspollen grainsland on stigmaland on stigma

StigmaStigma

StyleStyle

OvaryOvary

2.2. pollen tubes growpollen tubes growdown stigma to ovarydown stigma to ovary

SpermSperm

EggEgg

3A: Fusion of3A: Fusion ofsperm + eggsperm + egg

3B: Fusion of 23B: Fusion of 2ndnd

sperm + twosperm + twopolar nucleipolar nuclei

3.3. doubledoublefertilizatiofertilizationn

Polar nucleiPolar nuclei

OvuleOvule

Development of Fruit and SeedsFrom Flower Parts

TriploidTriploidEndospermEndosperm

CellCell

TriploidTriploidEndospermEndosperm

CellCell

OvaryOvaryOvaryOvaryIntegumentIntegumentIntegumentIntegument

DiploidDiploidZygoteZygoteDiploidDiploidZygoteZygote

EndospermEndospermEndospermEndosperm

FreshFreshFruitFruitFreshFreshFruitFruit

SeedSeedCoatCoatSeedSeedCoatCoatEmbryoEmbryo

(new (new plant)plant)

EmbryoEmbryo(new (new plant)plant)

Seed = embryo + stored food + seed coatSeed = embryo + stored food + seed coatFruit = ovary wall, mechanism for seed dispersalFruit = ovary wall, mechanism for seed dispersal

Provides Provides nutritionnutrition

A seed is an A seed is an embryoembryo of a plant that is encased in of a plant that is encased in a a protective coveringprotective covering and surrounded by a and surrounded by a food food supplysupply. .

An embryo is an organism in its early stage of An embryo is an organism in its early stage of development. development.

The The seed coat seed coat surrounds and protects the surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps contents of the seed from embryo and keeps contents of the seed from drying out.drying out.

SeedsSeeds

Conifers – Cone Conifers – Cone BearersBearers

ConesCones

A cone is an organ on plants in the A cone is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. contains the reproductive structures. The familiar woody cone is the female The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which produces seeds. The male cone, which produces seeds. The male cones, which produce pollen. Female cones, which produce pollen. Female cone contains ovulescone contains ovules

Applying Your KnowledgeApplying Your Knowledge

A.A. Which one develops from the ovary wall? Which one develops from the ovary wall?

B.B. Which one produces pollen?Which one produces pollen?

C.C. Which one develops from a fertilized ovule?Which one develops from a fertilized ovule?

D.D. What is the name of the female part of the What is the name of the female part of the flower?flower?

1.1. SeedSeed2.2. FruitFruit3.3. PistilPistil4.4. AntherAnther5.5. PollenPollen

TranspirationTranspiration Evaporation of water through stomataEvaporation of water through stomata

Plants lose 90% of the water they transport from the roots by Plants lose 90% of the water they transport from the roots by transpiration. What happens to the other 10%?transpiration. What happens to the other 10%?

When water enters the guard cells, When water enters the guard cells, pressure causes them to bow, pressure causes them to bow,

opening the stoma opening the stoma

When water leaves the When water leaves the guard cells, pressure is lost guard cells, pressure is lost and the cells come together, and the cells come together, closing the stomaclosing the stoma

Photosynthesis & Photosynthesis & RespirationRespiration

What is Photosynthesis?What is Photosynthesis?

The The processprocess of photosynthesis is a of photosynthesis is a chemical chemical reactionreaction. .

It is the most important It is the most important

chemical reaction on our planet.chemical reaction on our planet.

What is the Equation for the What is the Equation for the Chemical Reaction of Chemical Reaction of

Photosynthesis?Photosynthesis?

What is the equation for the What is the equation for the chemical reaction of photosynthesis?chemical reaction of photosynthesis?

What is the equation for the What is the equation for the chemical reaction of photosynthesis?chemical reaction of photosynthesis?

Six molecules of carbon dioxide react Six molecules of carbon dioxide react with six molecules of water to form 1 with six molecules of water to form 1

molecule of glucose and six molecules molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen.of oxygen.

Describe PhotosynthesisDescribe Photosynthesis

Describe PhotosynthesisDescribe Photosynthesis

The process of changing light energy to The process of changing light energy to chemical energy chemical energy

Energy stored as sugarEnergy stored as sugar Occurs in plants and some algae Occurs in plants and some algae Plants need light energy, COPlants need light energy, CO22, and H, and H22O O Takes place in the Takes place in the chloroplastschloroplasts, using , using

chlorophyllchlorophyll, the green pigment in plants, the green pigment in plants

What happens during What happens during photosynthesis?photosynthesis?


Plants capture light energy and use that energy Plants capture light energy and use that energy to make glucoseto make glucose

Sunlight provides the energy needed by Sunlight provides the energy needed by chlorophyll to change molecules of carbon chlorophyll to change molecules of carbon dioxide and water into glucosedioxide and water into glucose

Oxygen is also released in this reactionOxygen is also released in this reaction


Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called stomata stomata

COCO2 2 combines with the stored energy in the combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to make chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to make glucoseglucose

The sugar is moved through tubes in the leaf to the The sugar is moved through tubes in the leaf to the roots, stems and fruits of the plantsroots, stems and fruits of the plants

Some of the sugar is used right away by the plant for Some of the sugar is used right away by the plant for energy; some is stored as starch; and some is built energy; some is stored as starch; and some is built into plant tissueinto plant tissue

Why is this important to Why is this important to us?us?

Why is this important to us?Why is this important to us?

We cannot make our own food (glucose, We cannot make our own food (glucose, energy), we must get our food from plants.energy), we must get our food from plants.

Plants are the first step in the food chain.Plants are the first step in the food chain.

Why is this important to us?Why is this important to us?

The oxygen released during photosynthesis is The oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things.necessary for all living things.

What is Cellular Respiration?What is Cellular Respiration?


The release of chemical energy for use by cells.The release of chemical energy for use by cells.


Once the energy that was in sunlight is changed Once the energy that was in sunlight is changed into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an organism has to transform the chemical energy organism has to transform the chemical energy into a a form that can be used by the organism.into a a form that can be used by the organism.

This process is This process is cellular respirationcellular respiration..

Describe Cellular RespirationDescribe Cellular Respiration

Describe Cellular RespirationDescribe Cellular Respiration

The breakdown of glucose molecules to The breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy release energy

Takes place in all living thingsTakes place in all living things

Is a step by step processIs a step by step process

What is the chemical equation for What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?cellular respiration?

What is the chemical equation for What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?cellular respiration?

What do you see in common with What do you see in common with the reaction for photosynthesis the reaction for photosynthesis

and Cellular respiration?and Cellular respiration?What is different?What is different?

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Plants Answer the worksheet Is it a plant? 2 Check off all of the organisms that you believe are plants and explain how you determined whether or not