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What is a plant?
Multicellular eukaryotes Cell walls made of celluloseCarry out photosynthesis using
chlorophyll a & bMost are autotrophs
Plant Life Cycle
All plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations
Alternate between haploid and diploid phases
Gametophyte and sporophyte
Plant Survival
SunlightWater and mineralsGas exchange
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Water movement and nutrients
Evolution and classification of Plants
Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
* The plant kingdom is divided up into 4 groups based on water conducting tissues, seeds, and flowers.
Bryophytes (Non-vascular plants)
Do not contain vascular tissue (specialized tissue that conducts water and nutrients)
Depend on water for reproduction through osmosis
Relatively small
Live in areas where there is rainfall or dew
Examples of Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
Seedless Vascular Plants
2 types of tissue• Xylem: carries water upward
• Phloem: transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates
• Can move fluids through the plant against force of gravity
Seedless Vascular Plants cont.…
Basic structuresRoots: underground organ that absorb
water and minerals
Leaves: photosynthetic organs that contain bundles of vascular tissue
Veins: the vascular tissue is gathered into these structures; made of xylem and phloem
Stems: support structures
Club mosses, Horsetails, and Ferns
Seed Plants Divided into 2 groups: Gymnosperms and
angiosperms
Gymnosperms: bear seeds directly on surface of cones
Conifers: pines and spruces
Angiosperms: also called flowering plants; bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protect the seed
Grasses, flowering trees, and shrubs
Adapted to a reproductive life without the need for water
Transfer sperm by pollination and the protection of embryos in seeds
Angiosperms
Develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers
Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds
Any guess what an ovary is commonly called?
Angiosperms cont.
Fruit: a wall of tissue surrounding the seed; developed from a mature ovary
Digestion of fruit leads to great success of these plants
2 types of angiosperms; Monocot and Dicot
Monocots Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 3Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two cotyledons
Branched veins
Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Taproot
Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
Structure of a FlowerA flower is a reproductive organ
that are composed of 4 kinds of specialized leavesSepal: outermost circle of floral parts
Petals: often brightly colored; found just inside sepals
Stamens: the male parts of a flower; composed of anther and filament
Carpels: the female parts of a flower; composed of stigma, style and ovary