Plant Structure and Taxonomy Travis DeLozier. Major Parts of Plants

Plant Structure and Plant Structure and TaxonomyTaxonomy

Travis DeLozierTravis DeLozier

Major Parts of PlantsMajor Parts of Plants

Plant VarietiesPlant Varieties

Function of Root SystemFunction of Root System

Intake of water and nutrientsIntake of water and nutrients SupportSupport Often the largest part of the plant (Some Often the largest part of the plant (Some

roots go down 6,8, or even 10 feet deep)roots go down 6,8, or even 10 feet deep)

Types of Root SystemsTypes of Root Systems

TaprootTaproot- The main - The main root of a plant, it is root of a plant, it is heavy and thick and heavy and thick and doesn’t have many side doesn’t have many side or lateral branches (Ex. or lateral branches (Ex. Carrots, Sugar Beets)Carrots, Sugar Beets)

FibrousFibrous- Thin, hairlike, - Thin, hairlike, and numerous. Hold and numerous. Hold soil much better than soil much better than taproots systems. (Ex. taproots systems. (Ex. Grasses, Corn)Grasses, Corn)

Types of Root SystemsTypes of Root Systems

Adventitious Roots-Adventitious Roots- Roots that are Roots that are above ground functioning as support above ground functioning as support and stabilization for the plantand stabilization for the plant

Root StructureRoot Structure

Root TissuesRoot Tissues

Root Cap-Root Cap- Protects the Protects the tender growing tip as the tender growing tip as the root penetrates the soilroot penetrates the soil

Area of Cell Division-Area of Cell Division- Very thin region. New cells Very thin region. New cells multiply in two directions. multiply in two directions. A. Frontwards- A. Frontwards- small and tougher cells small and tougher cells that replace the cells of that replace the cells of the root cap B. the root cap B. Backwards- Tender cells Backwards- Tender cells are produced and help the are produced and help the root tip grow longer root tip grow longer


Apical Meristem-Apical Meristem- Responsible for the Responsible for the elongation of the rootelongation of the root

Area of Cell Elongation-Area of Cell Elongation- Cells become longer and Cells become longer and specialized. specialized.

XylemXylem- Responsible for - Responsible for carrying water and nutrients carrying water and nutrients from the soil to the upper from the soil to the upper portion of the plantportion of the plant

PhloemPhloem- Carries - Carries manufactured food down manufactured food down form the leaves to other form the leaves to other plant parts plant parts


Area of Cell Area of Cell Maturation-Maturation- where where cells mature and cells mature and root hairs emergeroot hairs emerge

Root Hairs-Root Hairs- small small microscopic roots microscopic roots that play a major that play a major role in water and role in water and nutrient absorbtion.nutrient absorbtion.

Stems- Stems- supportsupport the leaves, flower, and fruitthe leaves, flower, and fruit

Types of StemsTypes of Stems

WoodyWoody- Tough and - Tough and winter hardy. Often winter hardy. Often have bark around have bark around them.them.

HerbaceousHerbaceous- - Succulent, often Succulent, often green, and will not green, and will not survive winter in survive winter in colder climatescolder climates

Modified StemsModified Stems

BulbsBulbs- Shortened stems surrounded by scales ex. Onion- Shortened stems surrounded by scales ex. Onion CormsCorms- Thickened, compact, fleshy stems ex. Gladiola- Thickened, compact, fleshy stems ex. Gladiola RhizomesRhizomes- Thick stems that run below the ground ex. - Thick stems that run below the ground ex.

Johnson GrassJohnson Grass TubersTubers- Thickened, underground stems that store carbs - Thickened, underground stems that store carbs

ex. Irish Potato ex. Irish Potato

Parts of StemsParts of Stems

Some of the same internal parts as Some of the same internal parts as rootsroots

Xylem and phloem continue to run the Xylem and phloem continue to run the length of the stem and into all of the length of the stem and into all of the branchesbranches

Dicots- occur together in tissues Dicots- occur together in tissues called vascular bundlescalled vascular bundles

Monocots- occur in separate areasMonocots- occur in separate areas

Parts of StemsParts of Stems

NodeNode- swollen portion of - swollen portion of stem where buds and stem where buds and leaves originateleaves originate

InternodeInternode- area between - area between the nodesthe nodes

LenticlesLenticles- Pores on the - Pores on the stem that allow passage of stem that allow passage of gases in and outgases in and out

Axillary Bud-Axillary Bud- buds along buds along side the axis of the stemside the axis of the stem

Terminal Bud-Terminal Bud- located at located at the tip responsible for the tip responsible for terminal growthterminal growth

LeavesLeaves

Manufactures food for the plant by Manufactures food for the plant by using light energy using light energy

Phototropism- plant leaf is capable of Phototropism- plant leaf is capable of adjusting its angle of exposure to the adjusting its angle of exposure to the sun sun

Leaf TypesLeaf Types SimpleSimple- A single - A single

leaf arising from leaf arising from a stema stem

CompoundCompound- Two - Two or more leaflets or more leaflets arising from a arising from a common point common point on the stemon the stem

Leaf ArrangementLeaf Arrangement

Leaf ShapesLeaf Shapes

Leaf MarginsLeaf Margins

Leaf PartsLeaf Parts tip-tip- the terminal point of the the terminal point of the

leaf. leaf.

blade-blade-the flattened, green, the flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf. expanded portion of a leaf.

margin-margin- edge of a leaf. edge of a leaf.

midrib-midrib-the most prominent the most prominent central vein in a leaf. central vein in a leaf.

lateral veins-lateral veins-secondary veins in secondary veins in a leaf. a leaf.

petiole-petiole-the leaf stalk (connects the leaf stalk (connects blade to stem). blade to stem).

stipules-stipules-leaf-like appendages (at leaf-like appendages (at the base of petiole of some the base of petiole of some leaves). leaves).

Internal Structure of a LeafInternal Structure of a Leaf


CuticleCuticle-Topmost layer -Topmost layer of leaf. Waxy and serves of leaf. Waxy and serves as a protective coveringas a protective covering

EpidermisEpidermis- protects the - protects the inner leafinner leaf

Palisade Mesophyll-Palisade Mesophyll- a a layer of elongated cells layer of elongated cells located under the upper located under the upper epidermis. These cells epidermis. These cells contain most of the contain most of the leaf's chlorophyll, leaf's chlorophyll, converting sunlight into converting sunlight into usable chemical energy usable chemical energy for the plant. for the plant.


Spongy mesophyllSpongy mesophyll - the - the layer below the palisade layer below the palisade mesophyll; it has mesophyll; it has irregularly-shaped cells with irregularly-shaped cells with many air spaces between many air spaces between the cells. These cells the cells. These cells contain some chlorophyll. contain some chlorophyll.

Vein (vascular bundle)Vein (vascular bundle) - - Veins provide support for Veins provide support for the leaf and transport both the leaf and transport both water and minerals (via water and minerals (via xylem) and food energy (via xylem) and food energy (via phloem) through the leaf phloem) through the leaf and on to the rest of the and on to the rest of the plant. plant.


StomaStoma - (plural - (plural stomata) a pore (or stomata) a pore (or opening) in a leaf opening) in a leaf where water vapor and where water vapor and other gases leave and other gases leave and enter the plant. enter the plant.

Guard cellGuard cell - one of a - one of a pair of sausage-shaped pair of sausage-shaped cells that surround a cells that surround a stoma causing it to stoma causing it to open and closeopen and close

Flower PartsFlower Parts


Male part is the Male part is the stamen which stamen which consists of the consists of the anther and anther and filamentfilament

Female part is Female part is the pistil which the pistil which consists of the consists of the stigma, style, stigma, style, ovary, and ovary, and ovulesovules

Male Flower Parts (Stamen)Male Flower Parts (Stamen)

FilamentFilament- thin, - thin, stem-like stalk, stem-like stalk, supporting anther supporting anther

AntherAnther- sac - sac located at the tip of located at the tip of the filament that the filament that contains pollen. contains pollen.

Female Flower Parts Female Flower Parts (Pistil,Carpel)(Pistil,Carpel)

StigmaStigma- upper part of - upper part of pistil where pollen is pistil where pollen is deposited deposited

StyleStyle- stalk between - stalk between stigma and ovarystigma and ovary

OvaryOvary- base of pistil - base of pistil which holds the ovules which holds the ovules

OvuleOvule- reproductive - reproductive structure inside ovary structure inside ovary


PetalPetal - colorful and - colorful and often scented part of often scented part of the flower that the flower that attracts insects. attracts insects. Collectively called the Collectively called the corollacorolla

SepalSepal- part of which - part of which encloses the bud encloses the bud before it opens. before it opens. Collectively called the Collectively called the caylxcaylx

Stamen Anther Filament

CarpelStigmaStyleOvaryOvule

Petal

Receptacle

Sepal

all stamens = androeciumall carpels = gynoeciumall petals = corollaall sepals = calyx

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FlowersFlowers

Perfect Flower-Perfect Flower- Contains Contains the stamen, pistil, petals, the stamen, pistil, petals, and sepalsand sepals

Imperfect Flower-Imperfect Flower- Missing Missing any of the parts listed aboveany of the parts listed above

Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables

Pollination- Union of the pollen with the stigmaPollination- Union of the pollen with the stigma Upon fertilization the seed ripens in the ovary. Upon fertilization the seed ripens in the ovary.

The pistil enlarges and becomes the fruit. The The pistil enlarges and becomes the fruit. The true fruit is actually the seed itself. true fruit is actually the seed itself.

The fruit is a ripened ovary, not a vegetable. Ex. The fruit is a ripened ovary, not a vegetable. Ex. Tomato is a fruit because it is a product of a Tomato is a fruit because it is a product of a ripened ovaryripened ovary

Vegetables can be any part of the plant grown for Vegetables can be any part of the plant grown for edible parts. May be the root, stem, leaf, or edible parts. May be the root, stem, leaf, or ripened flower.ripened flower.

Another type of fruit is the nut. Ex. walnutAnother type of fruit is the nut. Ex. walnut

Plant TaxonomyPlant Taxonomy

Taxonomy- the Taxonomy- the science, laws, and science, laws, and principles of principles of classification. Plants classification. Plants are given Latin namesare given Latin names

Carl Linnaeus, a Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, Swedish botanist, developed the developed the present system in present system in 17531753

Brassica oleracea var. Brassica oleracea var. italica italica L. BroccoliL. Broccoli

Daucas carota Daucas carota L. CarrotL. Carrot Ipomea batatus Ipomea batatus L. Sweet L. Sweet

PotatoPotato

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Plant Structure and Taxonomy Travis DeLozier. Major Parts of Plants