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Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, July 23-27, 2000
Edited by
Solke H. De Boer Centre for Animal and Plant Health, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-3858-4 ISBN 978-94-010-0003-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0003-1
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface .......................................................................................................................... xiii
Section 1. SYMPOSIA
Towards the Next Millennium: Challenges and Prospects with Plant Associated Bacteria. A.K. Vidaver .................................................................................................. 3
Control of Bacterial Diseases Through Pathogen Freedom of Planting Material. J.D. Janse ......................................................................................................................... 6
Future Development of Chemical and Biological Controls for Bacterial Diseases of Plants. T.J. Burr .......................................................................................................... 19
Classical and Engineered Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Plant Diseases. J.P. Paulin and M.N. Brisset.. .......................................................................................... 24
Classification, Naming, and Plant PathogeniC Bacteria-What is to be done? J.M. Young ..................................................................................................................... 30
Taxonomy of Phytopathogenic Pseudomonads. L. Gardan and R. Christen ......... 38
The "Candidatus Phytoplasma" Concept: New Names But Not Yet a Taxonomy for the Fastidious Plant Pathogenic Mollicutes. G. Firrao .......................................... .41
Type III Secretion in Root-Colonising Pseudomonas. G.M. Preston, N. Bertrand, and P.B. Rainey ............................................................................................................. .44
The Role of AvrXa7and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Resistance and Disease. F. F. White, B. Yang, B. Porter, and L.B. Johnson .......................................... .47
Molecular Approaches for Elucidating the in situ Activities of Bacterial Biological Control Agents. J.E. Loper, CA Whistler, M.D. Henkels, V.D. Stockwell, M. Brodhagen, and N. Chaney ............................................................................................. 56
Endophytic Bacteria and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. S. Aistrom and J.wL Van Vuurde ............................................................................................................................. 60
Environmental Applications of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria of the Genus Azospirillum. Y. Bashan, L.E. Bashan, M. Moreno, M.E. Puente, A. Rojas, G.J. Bethlenfalvay, A. Carrillo, G. Holguin, P. Vazquez, and B.R. Glick ................................. 68
New Technologies for Sensitive and Specific Routine Detection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. J.M. Van derWolf, J.R. C.M. Van Beckhoven, P.J.M. Bonants and C.D. Schoen ............................................................................................................. 75
v
vi Contents
Use of Information from Multiphasic Analysis for Rapid Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria. J.B. Jones, G.V. Minsavage, and E.R. Dickstein ........................................ 78
Strategies for Improving Serological and Molecular Detection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. M.M. Lopez, P. Llop, J. Cubero, R. Penyalver, P. Caruso, E. Bertolini, J. Penalver, M.T. Gorris, and M. Cambra ............................................................................ 83
Expression of the Pseudomonas syringae Hrp Pilus in Planta. M. Romantschuk. T. Boureau, J. Routtu, S. Taira, and E. Roine ..................................................................... 87
Global Regulators of Extracellular Protein Production in the Soft-Rotting Bacterium, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. A. Chatterjee, Y. Cui, Y. Liu, and A.K. Chatterjee ................................................................................................................ 93
Temperature-Mediated Differential Gene Expression in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. M. Ullrich, A. Smirnova, L. Wang, H. Li, H. Weingart, A. Burse, C. Goyer, K. Emani, B. Rohde, and I. Budde ....................................................................................................... 97
Developing New Concepts in Phytoplasma Research: Where the Virological and Bacteriological Approaches Meet. G. Firrao .......................................................... 100
Characterization of Erwinia pyrifoliae, a Novel Pathogen of Asian Pears. K. Geider, W.S. Kim, S. Jock, L. Gardan, J.P. Paulin, and S. L. Rhim ......................... 103
New and Expanding Bacterial Diseases on Citrus in South America. B.1. Canteros ...................................................................................................................................... 106
Thirty-five Years of Phytobacteriology Research with Special Emphasis on Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae. K. Rudolph .......................................... 109
Section 2. TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY
Molecular Differentiation of Erwinia amy/ovora Strains from Europe and the Mediterranean Region. S. Jock, W.S. Kim, C. Bazzi, M.M. Lopez, and K. Geider .... 121
Genetic Diversity of Selected Bacterial Populations in North Carolina. F.J. Louws, D.F. Ritchie, and P.B. Shoemaker ................................................................................. 124
Genetic Diversity of Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars and Related Species Assessed by DNA Heteroduplex Mobility Assay. L. Sutra, P. Simoneau, and L. Gardan .......................................................................................................................... 128
Two Xanthomonad Pathogens, One from Acer g/abrum and One from Sambucus nigra. S.K. Mohan and V.P. Bijman .......................................................................... 131
Genetic Diversity of Xy/ella fastldiosa Associated with Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil. R.P. Leite Jr., A. Mehta, F.M.S. Carvalho, and B. Ueno ............................ 135
Contents vii
Usefulness of IS1595 as a Molecular Tool for Epidemiological Typing of the Xanthomonas Pathovar mangiferaeindicae, Casual Agent of Mango Bacterial Black Spot. O. Pruvost, L. Gagnevin, V. Glories, K. Mete, L. Gout, and A. Couteau ......... 138
Phylogenetic Analysis of the pPT23A Plasmid Family of Pseudomonas syringae. G.w. Sundin, J.L. Jacobs, A. Sesma, and J. Murillo ..................................................... 141
Phylogenetic Analysis of Xanthomonas Strains Based on the Nucleotide Sequences of 16S-23S rRNA Spacer Region, 23S rRNA and gyrB Genes. H. Ochiai, A. Hasebe, and H. Kaku .................................................................................... 144
Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas sp. pv. passiflorae Causing the Bacterial Spot on Passion Fruit in Brazil. L.P.C. Caramori, R.P. Leite Jr., J.Ferro, and F.M.S. Carvalho ........................................................................................................................ 147
Six New Species are Delineated Within Erwinia chrysanthemi. R. Samson, J.B. Legendre, S. Vargoz, and L. Gardan ............................................................................. 150
The Determination of the Genetic Diversity and Relative Aggressiveness among Ten Isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum in Trinidad: Results from a Pilot Study. R.J. Fraser, F. Hosein, R. Phelps, and L. Vincent-Sealy ............................................... 151
RAPD Fingerprinting and Biochemical Analyses of Isolates of Pseudomonas corrugata from Tomato in Portugal. M.L. Moura, I. Correia, A. Queiroz, A. Lima, and J. Duclos ....................................................................................................................... 156
Pathogenic and Molecular Relationships among Strains of Xylella fastidiosa from Grapevine and American Elder. D.L. Hopkins and R.L. Wichman ......................... 161
Description and Identification of the new Phytopathogenic Bacterium causing Bacterial Black Spots on Corn Salad (Valerianella locusta), as Acldovorax valerianellae. C. Grondeau, R. Samson, and L. Gardan ......................................... 165
Section 3. PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE FACTORS
Metabolic Colonisation: the Fate of a Leafy Gall. D. Vereecke, K. Comelis, M. Van Montagu, M. Jaziri, M. Holsters, and K. Goethals ......................................................... 169
Extracellular Enzymes Produced by Leifsonia (Clavibacter) xyli subsp. cynodontis. M. Haapalainen, M. Metzler, and M. Romantschuk ....................................................... 173
Membrane Vesicle Mediated Transport of Virulence-Factors and of Elicitors for Defense-Response. I. Schroder, M. Kuhlmann, W. Droge-Laser, M. Hoppert, and K. Rudolph ......................................................................................................................... 176
viii Contents
Agrobacter;um tumefac;ens Chromosomal Genes Required for Virulence and Attachment to Host Cells. A.G. Matthysse, H. Yarnall, S.B. Boles, and S. McMahan ...................................................................................................................................... 180
Biotic and Abiotic Elicitation of Apple Defenses Against Fire Blight. M.N. Brisset, M. Faize, S. Cesbron, M. Tharaud, S.V. Thomson, and J.P. Paulin .............................. 184
Molecular Interactions Between Erw;n;a and their Hosts. E. Lopez-Solanilla, I. Aguilar, C. Poza-Carrion, A. Llama-Palacios, F. Garcia-Olmedo, and P. Rodriguez-Palenzuela .................................................................................................................... 187
Virulence of Erw;n;a amylovora and Control of Bacterial Sorbitol and Sucrose Metabolism Assayed with the Green Fluorescent Protein. J. Bogs, K. Richter, and K. Geider ....................................................................................................................... 192
Non-specific, Peroxidase and H202 Associated Reactions of Tobacco Leaves after Infiltration with hrp/hrmA Mutants of P. syringae pv. syringae61. Z. Bozso, P.G. Ott, M.l. Kecskes, A. Czelleng, and Z. Klement ........................................................... 195
Section 4. GENETICS OF PATHOGENICITY
The hrp genes of Pantoea stewarti; are Regulated by a Complex System that Senses Environmental Signals. M. Merighi, D.R. Majerczak, and D.l. Coplin ........ 201
The Hrp Protein Secretion System is not Required for Coronatine Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas syr;ngae pv. tomato DC3000. A. Penaloza-Vazquez, G.M. Preston, A.C. Collmer, and C.l. Bender ...................................................................................... 205
Biosynthesis of Exopolysaccharide by Erwinia amylovora and its Enzymatic Degradation. W.S. Kim, M. Schollmeyer, C. Langlotz, H. Ullrich, A. Huber, and K. Geider ........................................................................................................................... 209
Distribution and Characterisation of vir Gene Homologues in Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars. R.W. Jackson, A. Ortiz-Barredo, G. Tsiamis, D. Butcher, B. Wharton, J.W. Mansfield, J. Murillo, D.l. Arnold, and A. Vivian .................................... 212
Isolation of Novel Avirulence Genes from Pseudomonas syr;ngae pv. pisi. D.l. Arnold, R.w. Jackson, and A. Vivian ............................................................................. 216
Isolation of the Oxolinic Acid Resistance Related-Gene from Genomic DNA of Burkholderia glumae. Y. Hikichi, K. Tsujiguchi, Y. Maeda, and T. Okuno .............. 220
Comparison of Regulatory Proteins for Pectate Lyase Synthesis between Erwinia chrysanthemi and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. H. Matsumoto, Y. Baba, Y. Yoshitake, P. Jitareerat, K. Nomura, and S. Tsuyumu .................................................. 224
Contents ix
Analysis of Structure and Function of the Na+ IGlucose Symporter (SgIS)-like Gene of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. A. Furutani, S. Tsuge, Y. Kubo, and O. Horino ...................................................................................................................................... 229
Roles of popA for the Pathogenicity of Ralstonia solanacearum Pathogenic to Tobacco. A. Kanda, H. Hasegawa, H. Takahashi, Y. Hikichi, and T. Okuno ............ 233
Molecular Characterization of Erwinia carotovora hrpL, which Encodes an Alternate Sigma Factor. A. Chatte~ee, Y. Cui, Y. Liu, and A.K. Chatterjee ............ 237
HrpA as a Model for a Type III Secretion; mRNA Analysis. E. Roine, E. Hienonen, S. Taira, and M. Romantschuk ................................................................ 241
Type III Secretion Machinery Has a Role in the Virulence of Soft Rotting Plant Pathogen Erwinia caratovora carotovora. A. Rantakari, O. Virtaharju, S. Vahamiko, S. Taira, T. Paiva, H. Saarilahti, and M. Romantschuk. . ............................................ 244
Section 5. DISEASES
The Causal Bacterium of Red Stripe of Rice. H. Kaku and H. Ochiai ................... 249
New Occurrence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris as a Pathogen of Some Brassica spp. in Yugoslavia. A. Obradovic, M. Arsenijevic, M. Ivanovic, and T. Sretenovic-Rajicic .......................................................................................................... 252
Bacterial Diseases of Pepper in Yugoslavia. A. Obradovic, A. Mavridis, K. Rudolph, M. Arsenijevic, and M. Mijatovic .................................................................................... 255
Bacterial Blight of Cassava in Togo: Its Importance, the Virulence of the Pathogen and the Resistance of Varieties. A. Banito, K.E. Kpemoua, K. Wydra, and K. Rudolph ...................................................................................................................................... 259
Halo Blight of Oats in Scandinavia. P. Persson and A. Sletten ............................. 265
Bacterial Soft Rot of Carrot, Parsley, and Celery. V. Gavrilovic, A. Obradovic, and M. Arsenijevic ................................................................................................................ 269
Emerging Bacterial Pathogens of Crucifers in the Salinas Valley of California. N.A. Cintas, S.T. Koike, and C.T. Bull ........................................................................... 272
Section 6. DISEASE CONTROL
Logistic Regression as a Statistical Tool to Analyse Susceptibility to Crown Gall. B. Lastra, J. Cubero, P. Llop, E. Carbonell, and M.M. Lopez ........................................ 277
x Contents
Integrated Control of Bacterial Diseases of Cassava and Cowpea in West Africa. K. Wydra, A. Fanou, A. Sikirou, M. Zandjanakou, V. Zinsou, and K. Rudolph .............. 280
Using Stigma Imprints to Determine Fire Blight Risks in Pear and Apple Orchards. S.V. Thomson, S.C. Oekey, and D.R. Hansen .............................................................. 288
Control of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria in Soil with Organic Amendments. G. Lazarovits, K. Conn, M. Tenuta, and N. Soltani... .................................................... 291
Reduction of Bacterial Leaf Speck Disease (Pseudomonas syrlngae pv tomato) In Tomatoes Treated with a Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Bactericides, and Mild Heat. Y. Bashan ........................................................................................ 296
Studies on Resistance of Cassava Genotypes to Bacterial Blight. V. Zinsou, K. Wydra, E. Agbieodo, B. Ahohuendo, and K. Rudolph ................................................... 301
Reaction of Capsicum genotypes to Bacterial Wilt and Bacterial Spot. C.A. Lopes and A.M. Quezadao-Duval ............................................................................................ 306
Selection of Cowpea Genotypes Resistant to Bacterial Blight Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vignicola. A. Sikirou, K. Wydra, and K. Rudolph ... 309
The Response of Three Phenotypically Variable Burkholderla cepacia Isolates to Copper-Based Bactericides. G.L. Mark and J.W. Lorbeer ..................................... 315
Pathogenicity and Resistance in Xanthomonas Blight of Cassava. A.M. Cooper, B. Kemp, A. Day, A. Gomez-Vasquez, and J.R. Beeching ........................................... 319
Studies on Control of Fire Blight with the Plant Activator BIONI!iI. O. Baysal and W. Zeller ............................................................................................................................. 324
Studies on the Mode of Action of Pantoea agglomerans 21889 Against Erwinia amylovora. P. Laux, G. Mao, and W. Zeller ............................................................. 329
Development of an Integrated Approach to the Control of Bacterial Diseases of Tomato and Pepper. D.A. Cuppels, T. Ainsworth, H. Lu, F. Sahin, and V. Higgins .... 335
Section 7. ECOLOGY
Population Dynamics of the Onion Phytopathogen Burkholderia cepacia in Organic Soils Cropped to Onion. G.L. Mark and J.w. Lorbeer ............................................ 341
Population Dynamics of the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum brasllense and the Pathogen Pseudomonas syrlngae pv tomato In the Tomato Rhlzosphere and Foliage and its use as a Strategy to Control Bacterial Leaf Speck of Tomato. Y. Bashan .............................................................................................. 345
Contents xi
Sudden Appearance of the Tomato Race of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Yugoslavia. A. Obradovic, A. Mavridis, K. Rudolph, and J. Zdravkovic ...................................................................................................................................... 350
The Role of the Grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus as Vector of Cassava Bacterial Blight in West Africa. M. Zandjanakou, K. Wydra, A. Fanou, P. LeGall, and K. Rudolph ......................................................................................................................... 353
"Tristeza" and Death of Agave tequilana Weber var. Blue. L. Fucikovsky .......... 359
Populations of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Endemic Areas. M. Rybak and B. I. Canteros ......................................................................................................... 362
Incidence of Biovars 1 and 2 of Ralstonia solanacearum in Potato Fields at Rio Grande do Sui State, Brazil. J.R.P. Silveira, M.G. Moraes, and V. Duarte ............. 371
Persistence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in Sterilized Soil but Failure to Confirm It's Survival Overwinter in Field Soil. L. Ward, J. D.'Aubin, and S.H. De Boer ................................................................................................................. 375
Analysis of the Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on the Culturable Bacterial Community of Peanut. J.L. Jacobs and G.W. Sundin ............................................. 379
Section 8. DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS
Application of recA PCR-RFLP for Differentiation of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptlca. M. Waleron, K. Waleron, and E. Lojkowska .......................................................................................................... 385
Development of a DNA Array for Identification and Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Potato. A. Fessehaie, S.H. De Boer, A. Quail, and A.C. Levesque ....................................................................................................................... 389
Differentiation of Bacterial Populations in Seed Extracts by Flow Cytometry. A.M. Alvarez .......................................................................................................................... 393
Analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines from Soybean Using Simple Serological Procedures. S. Prathuangwong, K. Suyama, H. Fujii, and H. Negishi. ... 397
PCR Detection of the Onion Pathogen Pantoea ananatis on Various Weeds and Crops in Georgia, USA. R. Gitaitis, L. Zolobowska, S. Culpepper, H. Sanders, D. Langston, and R. Walcott .............................................................................................. 406
An Internal Control for the Diagnosis of Citrus Bacterial Canker by PCR. J. Cubero, J.H. Graham, T. Gottwald, and T. Riley ........................................................... 409
xii Contents
Detection of Pathogenic Streptomyces scabies from Soil Using peR Primers for Nec1 Virulence Locus. G. Lazarovits, Z. Yang, K.Conn, A.A. Bukhalid, and A. Loria ...................................................................................................................................... 412
Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Against Xanthomonas campestris pv. ves/cator/a: Characterization and Application. K. Tsuchiya, C.M. d'Ursel, M. Horita, and Y. Nozu ................................................................................................................. .417
Detection of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastonoi (Pss) on Asymptomatic Olive Plant Tissues by Enrichment-PCR. R. Penyalver, E. Bertolini, A. Olmos, A Garcia, M. Cambra, and M.M. Lopez ........................................................................... .421
Method Validation by Ringtestlng to Establish International Standards for Seed Testing; a Case Study. J. Gooden, DA Samac, D. Cattier, K. Ophel-Keller, and J. Sheppard ...................................................................................................................... .425
Serological Detection of Raistonia soianacearum in Potatoes by ELISA and Immunofluorescence, and Comparison to PCR. U. Singh and C. Trevors .......... .428
Selective Isolation of Xanthomonas sp., the Causal Agent of Onion Bacterial Blight, from Onion Seeds. P. Roumagnac and O. Pruvost.. .............................................. .434
Semi-Nested PCR-Based Method for Detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Soil. J. Pulawska and P. Sobiczewski ....................................................................... 438
Detection of Plant Associated Bacteria by TaqMan™PCR. SA Weller, J.G. Elphinstone, N.C. Smith, J. Hennessy, and D.E. Stead ............................................... .441
Author Index ................................................................................................................ 447
Index of Bacteria ........................................................................................................ .453
PREFACE
The science of phytobacteriology encompasses the classical study of diseases caused by plant pathogenic bacteria as well as other prokaryote-plant relationships including phytoplasma infections, endophytic bacteria, and growth-promoting and deleterious microorganisms. The marvellous diversity of the many facets of phytobacteriology made it truly a joy to focus on this science during the 10th
International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Attended by approximately 150 participants from 38 countries, the conference highlighted many aspects of plant associated bacteria with invited speakers, oral research papers, and poster presentations.
Opening the conference with a keynote address, Dr. Anne Vidaver challenged conference delegates with a spectrum of predictions and prospects provided by advances in molecular genetics and population biology. Not losing sight of the essence of our science, the control of bacterial diseases of agricultural crops, the first symposium focussed on control strategies and was followed by sessions on taxonomy, genetics of pathogenicity and virulence, molecular aspects of plantbacteria interaction, detection and diagnosis, and major new disease developments. In the closing session Dr. Klaus Rudolph spoke from thirty-five years of experience in research on pathogenicity factors of the important Pseudomonas syringae bacterium.
Crop damage and economic loss are distressing consequences engendered by prokaryotic pathogens. Yet, we could marvel at the remarkable complexity and diversity in almost every aspect of our science that was so amply evident and so inspiringly elaborated on during the four days of the conference. Molecular analysis of host/pathogen recognition and elucidation of pathogenicity genes reveal an astounding complexity hardly envisioned by those that preceded us and won't be fully appreciated until fully unravelled by those that will follow. Having gained a glimpse of hrp genes and type m secretion systems we can ponder with awe the machinery needed to effectively colonise plants.
Differing views on taxonomic classification and nomenclatural usage, no doubt enhanced by laboratory observations and regulatory concerns, never fail to elicit much discussion and sharing of perspectives. The incredible phenotypic and genetic diversity of these tiny life forms, a challenge for disease diagnosis and pathogen detection, challenges the imagination and yields to yet another temptation to construct a dendogram, a phylogenetic chart, or list of genomospecies. The arrival of new technologies from real time PCR to DNA arrays will be fine additions to the arsenal of methodologies to deal with the variations and variants of plant pathogenic bacteria. Pathogen dispersal, pathogen persistence, and geographic distribution are important considerations in managing and control of bacterial plant diseases. Ecological studies, fraught with frustrations in technological limitations and a
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multiplicity of relevant factors affecting the presence or absence of a pathogenic species, is slowly providing better insight into why disease occurs. If only the moving target of genetic change and adaptability would hold still to allow time for our experimental studies.
"The heavens praise your wonders, 0 Lord" (PSALM 89)
SoLKE H. DE BOER
CHARLOTTETOWN, NOVEMBER, 2000