photosynthesis

0.04% CO2 in attmosphere

Carbon in plants (producers)

Fossil fuels (e.g. coal, oil, gas)

Fossilisation (Incomplete decomposition)

waste (urine & faeces) death

Decomposers (fungi & bacteria)

Phloem tubes – made of cells joined end to end- sieve tube elements & end walls of sieve tubes called sieve plates; carry sucrose & amino acids made in photosynthesis to sink, roots, seeds, flowers - translocation

Xylem vessels – made of hollow dead cells, forming long, hollow tubes; carry water & minerals from roots to leaves

Spongy mesophyll – layer of round cells beneath palisade layer, contain some chloroplasts as some photosynthesis occurs here. It has lots of air spaces for quick gas diffusion

respiration

waste (urine & faeces) death

feeding

feeding

respiration

respiration

feeding

Carbon in primary consumers (herbivore)respiration

waste (urine & faeces) death

combustion

Take a destarched plant & enclose a plant leaf with a transparent bag with soda lime to absorb CO2Leave the plant in bright light for a few days & then test for starchThe leaf enclosed in the bag stays red/brown, showing that starch is not presentSet up a control experiment in exactly the same way but without the soda lime

Carbon in secondary consumers (carnivore)

water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plants with a lack of nitrate ions show stunted growth.

Plants need magnesium ions to make chlorophyll.

Plants with a lack of magnesium ions have yellow leaves (chlorosis) & sometimes stunted growth

Carbon dioxide is one of the raw materials for photosynthesis; it diffuses into the leaves from the air, through the stomata, down a concentration gradient.

Photosynthesis means “making with light”; it ´s the process by which plants make glucose (used to make starch) from H2O & CO2, in the presence of chlorophyll & using light as energy.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of the leaf. It absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis to take place.

Take a destarched variegated plant Leave plant in bright light for a few days & then test one leaf from the plant for

starch Only the green parts of the leaf go blue-black showing that starch is present; the

white parts stay red/brown showing that starch is not present

Light provides the energy for the process of photosynthesis. It is converted during photosynthesis into chemical bond energy in the simple sugars.

Take a destarched plant & cover part of a leaf from the plant with a template Leave plant in bright light for a few days & then test the leaf for starch The part of the leaf not covered by the template goes blue-black, showing that starch

is present, the one covered stays red/brown showing that starch is not present

Plants need nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are used to make proteins. Proteins are needed for growth.

Is the sudden increase in the nutrient content of a lake or river. It can happen when fertilisers are washed away off the land by rainwater into rivers or lakes.

Increase of nitrate Cause rapid growth of algae which concentrations in water forms a bloom over the water surface

Decomposers, bacteria & fungi Blocks light to plants below feed on these dead plants which then die

Oxygen is used up by Aerobic organisms Dead decomposers & its level die lake in the lake falls

Cuticle - thin & transparent layer allows light to pass through & reduces water lost by evaporation

Upper epidermis – single layer of cells with no chloroplasts. Light goes straight through Palisade mesophyll – near the leaf surface,

it is full of chloroplasts. Cells are closely packed together to maximise light absorption & carry out most of photosynthesis

Lower epidermis - no thick cuticle, has lots of tiny holes called stomata

Guard cells - are a specialised type of cells responsible for the gas exchange

Stoma (plural stomata) – are controlled by guard cells, opened during day for the diffusion of gases in & out of the leaf. Closed at night & in hot dry weather to reduce water loss

A unit containing all of the organisms (community) & their environment interacting together in a given area (habitat)

A chart showing the flow of energy (food) from one organism to the next beginning with a producer.

The position of an organism in a food chain or food web e.g. producer = trophic level 1

mahogany tree caterpillar song bird hawk producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer ) herbivore carnivore carnivore

10A network of interconnected food chains showing the energy flow through part of an ecosystem

An organism (fungi & bacteria) that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter

Respiration Waste (indigested food) Movement

Less energy available to top consumers as much energy (90%) is lost on each trophic level

Less number of organisms (also the size increases

as they are predators)

(animal that gets its energy by eating plants)

(animal that gets its energy by eating other animals)

(organism that makes its own organic nutrients usually by using energy from sunlight through photosynthesis)