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7/31/2019 Planning Part_8 - Special Cases Indoor and Tunnel Environments
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SpecialSpecialCasesCases: Indoor andTunnel
Environments
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Module objectives
DESCRIBE HOW TO IMPROVE INDOORCOVERAGE
EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLES OF INDOOR
PLANNING
DESCRIBE THE BASICS OF TUNNEL PLANNING
LIST THE BASICS OF REPEATERS
At the end of this module you will be able to
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Content of Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING
TUNNEL PLANNING REPEATERS
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Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING
TUNNEL PLANNING
REPEATERS
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Why Indoor Sites?
Normally two reasons to build an indoor site
Improve poor indoor coverage
Free capacity to outdoor cells
Indoor cell's interference area vs outdoor cell's interference areais much more limited
High buildings, interference come as far as tens of kms =>
partition indoor frequency plan from outdoor frequency planProblem: Strong signals coming from outdoors to indoors
Buildings
Public (shopping malls, railway stations etc.) => improves the networkquality and service => operator finance
Private (companies etc.) => possibility to sell mobile services => possibilityto offer special tariffing => tie up the company to operator
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Building LossesBasics
Signal levels in buildings are estimated by a applying a buildingpenetration loss margin
Big differences between rooms with window and deep indoor (10..15 dB)
Signal losses for building penetration vary greatly with buildingmaterials used, e.g.:
mean value sigma concrete wall, windows 17 dB 9 dBconcrete wall, no windows 30 dB 9 dBconcrete wall within building 10 dB 7 dB
brick wall 9 dB 6 dB
armed glass 8 dB 6 dBwood or plaster wall 6 dB 6 dBwindow glass 2 dB 6 dB
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Penetration loss depends heavily on incident angle of radio wave
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
015
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
dB
deg
0
90
180
glass pane
incidence angleof radio wave
Building LossesIncident Angle
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Building LossesIn-Building Path Loss
Simple path loss model for in-building environment
Outdoor losses: Okumuras formula
Wall losses: Lwall = f(material; angle)
Indoor losses: linear modelfor picocells: Lin = L0 + ad
building type losses application example old house 0,7 dB/m (urban residential)
commercial type 0,5 dB/m (modern offices)
open room, atrium 0,2 dB/m (museum, train station)
Lout
Lwall
Lin
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Indoor System Planning Process
A) Pre-planning phase (= nominal planning) Monitoring macro cell network (at office!!) Traffic distribution (macro cell blocking) Timing advance distribution (mobile locations)
B) Planning phase Detailed planning (on site!!!) Configuration and Coverage planning
(field measurements + input info = #antenna locations!!!!) Capacity planning (based on monitoring + input info) Frequency planning (manually, field measurements) Parameter planning and Verification
(indoor based modifications + field measurements)C) Post-planning phase Monitoring (key performance indicators, especially HOs!!) Optimisation (field measurements)
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Indoor Propagation
Three main propagation mechanisms
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
Similar to microcellular propagation, except in smaller scale!
Delay spread very small => large coherence bandwidth!!
TX
RX
R
S
DD
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Indoor Coverage Planning
Indoor environment very difficult to model (as microcell)
Coverage planning based on measurements
Two distinct types of survey
Existing coverage surveys
New cell surveys and Proposal
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Existing Coverage Survey
To determine whether an in-building cell is required
Survey of current digital networks, to show coverage levelavailable
Test mobile in dedicated mode while walking in the building
Download measurement data to PC for analysis
Post measurement tool, SAM are used to analyse measurement
data
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Measurement showing RxQual & Event Types usingNIB and SAM
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Measurement Methods
Test transmitter emitting at a designated test frequency set up
Antenna positioned to achieve the required coverage
Data collected while walking around the buildingTest equipment will be a calibrated GSM900/1800 test transmitter (InSite or any generic signal
generator) feeding via a
cable of measured attenuation and either a omni or directional antenna mounted on a tripod
Same data acquisition apparatus for exisitng coverage surveymeasurement will be used
Using SAM, coverage level against position will be overlaid on thebuilding plan
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Indoor CoverageSolutions
Small BTS FlexiTalk PrimeSite, MetroSite, InSite
Repeaters Active, passive Optical
Antennas Distributed antennas Radiating cable
Signal distribution
Power splitters Optical fibre
Inconspicuous placing of BTS:
hide antennas from public view!
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Directionalantenna (wall-mounted)Bi-directionalantenna
(wall-mounted)Omni-directionalantenna(ceiling-mounted)
Outdoor BTS
Outdoor cell
Distributed antenna system (RF signalsplitters)
Coaxialantenna
RF repeater with optical
interface
Indoor BTS
A-bis / BSC
BASE STATIONS SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION ANTENNAS
Distributed antenna system with
amplifier (in line RF amplifiers)
RFoutRFin
OptTx
OptRxRFout
RFout
Optical RFDistribution
RFrepeaterfor indoors
Passiverepeater
Direct connection
Indoor CoverageSolutions
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Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
Benefit: low equipment price
Disadvantage: lack of control over antenna signal level, due to the variation in
size of distribution network Use: shopping malls, airports, etc
Leaky Cable
Benefit: evenly distributed coverage along the length of the cable Disadvantage: relatively small coverage area
Use: tunnels
Fibre Optical Distribution System (FODS)
Benefit: easy installation due to use of thin optical fibre
Disadvantage: higher price and propagation delay within the fibre
Use: when the cable runs are too long for a DAS
Indoor CoverageTransmission Media
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Indoor CoverageDAS
Indoor antennas are connected to base station via coaxial feedercable
Choose antennas that match to the environment - i.e. hard to spot!
Install high enough - prevent desensitization
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Symbolin systemdiagram
1/2"
7/8"
1-1/4"
RFF 1/2"-50
SuperFlexible
RFX 1/2"-50Cable Antenna
RFX 7/8"-50Cable Antenna
RF 7/8"-50Feeder Cable
Leaky feeders
Indoor CoverageLeaky Cable
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Coaxial cable with perforated leads energy leak
Radiating losses 10 ..40 dB per 100m
Coupling loss typ. 55 dB (at 1m ref. dist.)
Constant field strengths along cable runs
Operate in wide frequency range
Radiating losses become higher with frequency
Very large bending radii
Disturbs field distribution
Formerly often used for tunnel coverage
VERY EXPENSIVE
Indoor CoverageLeaky Cable
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Splitter
Combiner
Optical
Converter
Optical
Converter
Uplink
Downlink
OpticalConverter
OpticalConverter
RF signal is converted to optical signal and fed into the optical fibre.
Conversion from optical signal to RF signal takes place at theantenna end.
Indoor CoverageFODS
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Signal from in-building BTS
Fibre optic distribution system
Very low cabling losses (2 dB/1000m)
>50 remote antennas possible
Signal amplification and distributionat remote end
Easy cabling (very thin fibres)
Application examples
Multi-level offices, shops
Airport halls (large distances!)
Industrial plants
Indoor Panel
Antenna
Indoor BTS
Remote Unit
Master Unit
Optical Fiber RF Cable
Indoor CoverageOptical Repeater
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RF DAS System Diagram
Basement
Floor 1
Floor 3
Floor 2
15dB
10dB
BT
A1
A5
A4
A3
A2
1/2"
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InSite
Capacity is always 1 BTS & 1 TRX (Combined CCCH/SDCCH/4 + 7TCH)
If there is a need for 2 TRX in the same area, 2 InSites can be
installed near each other
Direct Retry -parameter needed
If many InSites are used in a building, frequencies are reused more
tightlyPlanner can plan frequency manually or use APP (Automatic PicocellPlanning)
Interference area and coverage area has to be verified so that thesame frequency can be reused
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InLite
One option to provide coverage if cable length from BTS toantenna comes long
Fiber optic cables up to 1.5 km without any remarkableattenuation (optical link budget < 3 dB)
Flexible & easy integration with MetroSite
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InLite
InLite is a system for indoor cellular coverage, based on use of fiberoptics and remote antennas
Consists of two main parts, main unit MU and remote unit RU
MU is a central unit for RF transmission and reception
Main function is to convert RF-signal to optical mode and vice versa
Each LU can support and continuously monitor up to 4 RUs
Can expand up to 8 LU 32 RU 64 output ports
Two optical fibres for each RU one for DL and one for UL
In DL, a laser in LU is modulated by the RF electrical signals to generate opticalcarrier
LU carries out 1:4 optical splitting at DL
In UL, LU optically combines the optical signals from RU and a PIN photo diodeconverts the optical signals into RF electrical signals
A LNA is used to increase the received power from the RU in the UL path
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InLite Architecture
SWITCHMATRIX 8:4
Optical Converters
BTS Interface
32 fibreoptic
RemoteUnits
Air Interface
NokiaInLite
RU
Antenna
(Panel)
Antenna
(Omni)
BTS BTS
eo
eo
Dual band
RFmodule#3
eo
eo
Dual band
RFmodule#2
eo
eo
Dual band
RFmodule#1
eo
eo
Dual band
RFmodule#4
Multi-fibre cable
RU
Multi-fibre cable
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Outdoor AntennaGain: 18 dBi
Indoor AntennaGain: 9dBi
Target Indoor Coverage Building
7/8'' CableLoss: 4dB / 50mCable length : 25m
-50 dBm
4th Floor
3rd Floor
1st Floor
Ground Floor
2nd Floor
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
1:1:1
1:1
4th floor
3rd floor
2nd floor
1st floor
ground floor
With repeater
Relay outdoor signal into target building
Needs donor cell; adds coverage, no capacity
With indoor BTS and distributed antennas
Heavy losses by power splitting and cabling
Indoor CoverageExample
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Indoor Cell Frequency Planning
Target to find clear enough channel
Planning tool cannot predict accurate interference in upper floors in highbuildings
Channel can be optimised by indoor measurement Quality HOs typically problem
Frequency re-use can be high if antenna planning good
Minimised leaking outside
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Indoor Cell Parameter Planning
In general no need to do many changes to the Nokia's defaultparameter set before implementation
Idle mode
C2-per cell basis parameter in idle mode (phase 2 mobiles) Can be used to guide call setup in indoor cell when moving indoors Measurements needed for fine tuning
Dedicated mode
PBGT HO can be disabled from indoor cell in order to keep traffic indoors. Goodindoor plan with uniform coverage needed.
Important that mobiles are using an indoor cell(s) inside a building andhandovers at building entrance work as wanted. PBGT HO margin optimizationfrom other cells.
Umbrella HO-parameter?
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Summary of Indoor Planning
Cost efficient solution, repeater/insite/ultrasite
Indoor solution should be planned to cover whole building
Minimize leaking outdoors in antenna location selection -> reduceinterference
When planning site minimize # of HOs due to level/quality
Use parameters to keep indoor traffic in indoor site
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Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING
TUNNEL PLANNING
REPEATERS
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Tunnel PlanningBasics
Extraordinary propagation environment
Tunnel coverage planning differs greatly from the conventional planning
Reliable simulation/prediction is impossible
Test measurements usually difficult to conduct
Planning has to be based on known propagation properties and common sense
Signal can be generated by BTS or repeater (optical or RF)
BTS needed if the tunnel is very long or high capacity is needed
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Propagation inside tunnels depends on
Tunnel shape Circular tunnel has higher propagation loss than rectangular
Wall structure
Newer tunnel more steel in concrete better propagation
Filling factor How big part of the tunnel's cross-section is blocked?
Depend on cross-section size and number of tubes
Tunnel curvature
In most cases the curvature is meaningless, not always Location of the antenna
Simulations has been made, but it is very difficult to adapt the results into realworld
Tunnel PlanningPropagation
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Rules of thumb concerningpropagation when using regular
antenna.
Coupling loss
~60 dB
First km
~30 - 50 dB
Next km
~20 - 30 dB
Tunnel PlanningPropagation
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Powersplitter
X dBm
G=85 dB
X+13dBm
50m 7/8",
L=2 dB L=3,5 dB
X+98dBm
20m 1/2",
L=2 dB
X+96dBm X+92,5dBm
20m 1/2",
L=2 dB
X+90,5dBm
G=9,5dBi
EIRP = X+100 dBm
G=15 dBi
Tunnel PlanningExample
Typical maximum output power for a channel selective repeater is about +31 dBmIn order to have this max power, we'd need -67 dBm by the pick-up antenna.Then the EIRP from the tunnel antennas would be +33 dBmCable thickness need to be selected based on installation- and loss properties
T l Pl i
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Tunnel PlanningSolution Summary
Following table summarizes the feasibilities of different coveragesolution types for highway tunnels of different lengths
Highwaytunnels
RF repeater BTS FOD
< 1000m +++ ++ ---1000 2000 m ++ +++ -
2000 3000 m ++ ++ ++
3000 5000 m - ++ ++> 5000 m -- + +++
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Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING
TUNNEL PLANNING
REPEATERS
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Advantages: Easy and fast way to expand coverage or capacity Abis transmission is not needed
Disadvantages: Uses BTS capacity -> congestion Output power decreases if number of channels increases
Future swap over to dedicated BTS when traffic increases, sodesign with the idea of maintaining the same EIRP with new BTSDL: Repeater picks up the signal coming from BTS via donor
antenna, amplifies it and re-radiate it via coverage antennaUL: Receives signal from mobile, amplifies it and re-transmitsthe signal to the BTSServing BTS handles call initiation, power control messages, HO
requests etc.Incoming signal should be at least -70-75 dBm To achieve sufficient TX power for the repeater To achieve good signal quality
RF-repeater
Repeaters
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RepeatersBasics
Passive repeater
Needs strong external signal
Useful only with very short cables
Seldom used
Active repeater
Amplifies and re-transmits allreceived signals
Wideband or narrowbandrepeater
Application examples
Places with coverage need and littletraffic
Remote valleys Tunnels
Underground coverage (e.g.garages)
needsdecoupling > amplification
Repeaters
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RepeatersOverview
Donor Site Donor Antenna Repeater Antenna
Location Site of a CR
Donor Cell
Combined Coverage
Cell Repeater
MS
MS
Repeaters
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RepeatersInterference Caused by Delay
Signal to the MS can travel directly from the donorcell (delay0) or through a CR
delay= (delay1 + delayR + delay2) - delay0
If delay > equaliser window interferences
Donor Site
Donor Antenna
Repeater Antenna
Location Site of a CR
Donor CellCell Repeater
delay0
MobileInterference Area
delay1
delay2
delayR
R t
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BTS Repeater
Cost Expensive Cheap
CoverageExpansion
New Frequency Allocation needed
Easy Way to Expand Coverage
CapacityExpansion
Higher Frequency Reuse Uses Radio Resourcesfrom Regular BTS
RFCharacteristics
High C/I
Higher O/P Power
Decoupling
Donor Antenna Required
Limitation E1/T1 Required No use in High Density Traffic Areas
BSC Features Not
Available
RepeatersBTS vs. Repeater
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Exercises / Questions
Why to use indoor sites?
List different methods to build indoor coverage!
What is different betweenthe indoor planning process and thenormal planning process?
Which factors affect signal propagation in tunnels?
When is it feasible to use a repeater ?
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References
1. S. Saunders, Antennas and Propagation for WirelessCommunication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.