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Planning and Implementation Planning and Implementation for Effective Technology for Effective Technology
IntegrationIntegration
Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching
Preparing for Technology Preparing for Technology IntegrationIntegration
Why Use Technology?
Technology is everywhere.
Technology is certainly a part of the landscape of society.
Technology has been shown to be effective.
However, generally, technology hasn’t always made a difference.
Problems for Educational Technology
with Research-based Justifications
“In general, the number and quality of studies on educational impact have been disappointing”.(Roblyer, Castine, and King,1988)
Few studies make definitive statements about current and projected benefits, and their results have frequently contradicted each other.
Problems for Educational Technology with Research-based
Justifications (Cont.)
For years, Thompson, Simonson, and Hargrave (1992) questioned the usefulness of past research that focused on the computer as a delivery system.
Problems for Educational Technology with Research-based Justifications (Cont.)
According to Clark (1983, 1985, 1991,1994), the most vocal critic of the research on “computer-based effectiveness,” After empirical and statistical analyses of reviews of research in this area, most such studies suffered from “confounding variables.”
Justifying Technology use: The Case for Motivation
Gaining learner attention : There is evidence indicating that teachers frequently use multimedia to conduct essential instruction, capture, and hold students’ attention.
Engaging the learner through production work : Students who use technology - based materials feel that they are in control of their own learning.
Justifying Technology Use: The Case for Motivation (cont.)
Increasing perceptions of control.“ Many successful users of technology-
based materials say that students find strong motivation in the feeling that they are in control of their own learning (Arnone & Grabowski, 1991; Relan, 1992).
Justifying Technology Use: Unique Instructional Capabilities
Linking learners to information sources.Helping learners visualize problems and
solutions: instructional topics that involve social situations or problem solving.
Tracking learner progress: Computers have unique ability to capture, analyze, and present data on students’ performance during learning.
Justifying Technology Use: Unique Instructional Capabilities
(cont.)
Linking learners to learning tools.
Accessing information, developing research and studying skills, and providing multicultural activities without leaving the classroom.
Justifying Technology Use: Support for New Instruction
Cooperative learning: Cooperative, small-group work and research projects.
Shared intelligence: Intelligence is not only an individual capability, but a product of individuals and tools.
Justifying Technology Use: Support for New Instruction
(cont.)
Problem solving and higher-order skills: Learning to solve problems and think critically about complex issues.
Justifying Technology Use: Increased Teacher Productivity
Helping teachers cope with increasing paperwork.
If teachers and organizations spend less time on record keeping and preparing teaching materials, they can spend more time analyzing students’ needs and having direct contact with students (Adams,1985).
Technology’s Role in Restructuring Education: Dilemmas and Direction
“ Many educators are convinced that technology is essential to the curriculum reform and school restructuring that is needed to improve the educational system (Bruder, Buchsbaum, Hill and Orlando, 1992; Hill, 1993).”
(IETEI p.31)
Changing Teacher Roles
Microcomputers placed the power of technology directly in the hands of teachers.
The image of technology changed from replacing teachers to supplementing teacher-based instruction.
Enhancing Existing Teaching and Learning Methods
Learner-directed instructionConstructivists approaches to
teaching and learning Technology resources help
teachers deal with the complexities of managing individuals and small groups in the classroom.
Predictions on Technology’s Role in Restructuring Education
Teachers will retain a key role.Interdisciplinary approaches will
flourish.Research and problem-solving skills
will gain more attention.Assessment methods will change to
reflect the new curriculum.
A Technology Planning Guide
Planning saves time and money.Planning helps achieve goals.Planning builds motivation.
Planning Strategies and Steps
Step 1: Create a “ merged vision.”Step 2: Assess the current status.Step 3: Set realistic goals.Step 4: Develop meaningful activities.Step 5: Implement the plan.Step 6: Evaluate and revise the
plan.
Characteristics of Good Planning
Planning should continue at both district and school levels.
It should Involve teachers and other personnel at all levels.
Yearly amounts should be budgeted for technology purchases.
Funding should be incremental.
Characteristics of Good Planning(cont.)
Emphasizes teacher training.Applies technology to needs and
integrates the curriculum.Keeps users current and builds
flexibility.Plans help identify essentials and
reduce mistakes.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Avoid linking educational goals to technology planning goals
Avoid a preoccupation with tasks that obscure the overall picture of technology uses
Avoid making plans that are too general
Sample Technology Plans
Plans can be obtained either by ftp at RA.MSSTATE.EDU in the directory/PUB/ARCHIVES/NCTP or by mail for the costs of copying and mailing. (Dyrli and Kinnaman’s article cites sample plans from the NCTP ( National Center for Technology Planning) at Mississippi State University.
Choosing the Right Software for Your Needs
Quality.
1. Reviews & recommendations
2. Supportive documentation.Number (and type of copies).Source of best prices.
1. Educational resources.
2. Educational institution.Match curriculum with students’
needs.
Choosing the Right Hardware
Ease of usePriceSupportIntended use
Types of Technology Facilities and Their Uses
Benefit/Possibilities
Limitations/Problem
CommonUses
SpecialPurposeLabs
Permanentsetups
Isolateresources
Programming,word process-ing, etc…
Labora-tories
Centralizedresources;Software
permanentstaff tosupervise
Programming,word process-ing, etc…
Types of Technology Facilities and Their Uses
Benefit/Possibilities
Limitations/Problem
CommonUses
Generalusecompu-ter labs
Accommo-date varieduses bydifferentgroups
Onlyavailable toone class ata time
Classdemon-strations,follow upwork
Library/mediacenterlabs
Same asabove.Moreover,integration ofmoreresources
Same asabove.Moreover,group workmay botherother users.
Same asabove.
Types of Technology Facilities and Their Uses
Benefit/Possibilities
Limitations/Problem
CommonUses
MobileWork-stations
Stretchresources bysharing
Increase thechances ofbreakage,and difficultto move thestations.
Demon-strations,etc…
MobilePCs
On-demandaccess
Portabilityincreasessecurityproblems.
Productiontasks;teachers’assessmenttasks
Types of Technology Facilities and Their Uses
Benefit/Possibilities
Limitations/Problem
CommonUses
Class-roomWork-stations
Easilyaccessible toteachers andstudents
Only a fewstudents canuse at onetime,…etc.
Tutoring,drill,demon-strations,etc.
Stand-aloneclass-roomcompu-ters
Easilyaccessible toteachers andstudents
Same asabove.
Tutoringand drills,demon-stration,etc.
Designing a Microcomputer Lab
Environmental factors.
A lab’s layout must provide spatial arrangement
Equipment(resource) acquisition.Administration.
A lab’s design must address copyright issues.
Protecting Your Investment:Protecting Your Investment:Maintenance and Security Maintenance and Security
IssuesIssues
Maintenance Needs and Options
Maintenance contractsIn-house maintenanceBuilt-in maintenanceRepair and maintenance budget
Security Requirements
Monitoring and alarm systemsSecurity cabinetsLock-down systems
Viruses“Computer viruses are programs
written specifically to cause damage or do mischief to other programs or to information (Hansen and Koltes, 1992)
A virus can be passed to other programs they contact.
A virus can be passed by connecting or inserting a virus disk into a computer.
Viruses (cont.)
Viruses eat through data, replicate copies of themselves in memory, and destroy files, print mischievous messages, or cause unusual screen displays.
Viruses “tie up” computer resources, frustrate users, and waste valuable time.
Minimize the Impact of Viruses
Establish good practicesEnforce safety policiesUse virus detection programsEducate UsersUpgrade virus programs
Other On-going Other On-going Implementation IssuesImplementation Issues
Equity IssuesEconomic inequityEthnic inequityMulticultural issuesRecommendations to address equity
issuesRecommendations to address
multicultural issuesCopyright infringements
Multicultural issues
Technology’s built-in bias.“…..the reverence with which technology is held in the U.S. may be in direct contradiction to the perceptions of cultures that are heavily relationship oriented” (Roblyer, Dozier-Henry, and Burnette, 1996, in press).
The Gender Gap
Girls tend to use computers, often by choice, less than boys (Bohlin,1993; Sanders, 1993).
“ Gender bias may spring up in software that features competitive activities preferred more by males than females.” (IETIE, p44)
Equity for Special Populations
A more subtle kind of technology inequity has been observed with handicapped, lower-ability, and learning-disabled students ( Fredman, 1991; Engler,1992; Dozier-Henry,1995).
Frequently, these students’ uses of computers have been limited to low-level remediation, and drill and practice applications.
Equity for Special Populations
Inequities are also found in the accessibility of technology, funding levels, and investments in additional hardware, software, and devices.
Recommendations to Address Equity Issues:
Accountability measuresIncentives and priority fundingInnovative programsEnrichment programsRecognitionBusiness and community partnershipsStaff developmentStudent recruitment
Recommendations to Address Multicultural Issues
Teachers must be sensitive to cultural differences among their students, some of whom may be very opposed to using machines. Teachers must carefully consider changing cultural views in order to accomplish the goals of technology and meet the needs of students.
Copyright Infringements
Illegally copying disks is called software piracy; it violates the provisions of the U.S.Copyright Act of 1980, and has serious legal repercussions.
Software Publishers Association (SPA) Copying Guidelines
For most software programs, you can read about user benefits in the registration brochure and formulate ideas on the applicability of the package before making a purchase.
You are never allowed to copy software for any reason without permission from the software company. (1 legal backup copy)
Software Publishers Association (SPA) Copying Guidelines (cont.)
There must be one authorized copy of a software product for every computer in a company. (licenses)
Bulletin boards are bound by copyright except when shareware or public domain software is offered.
The same copyright regulations apply to individuals, corporations, schools, and professional training centers.
The End….