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Planets in astrology 1Stars in astrology 18Palmistry 24Reflexology 30Tarot 33

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Planets in astrology 1

Planets in astrology

Astrology

New millennium astrological chart

Background

•• History of astrology•• Astrology and astronomy•• Astrology and science•• Sidereal and tropical•• Traditions, types, and systems

Traditions

•• Babylonian•• Hellenistic•• Islamic•• Western•• Hindu•• Chinese

Branches

•• Natal•• Electional•• Horary

Astrology portal

•• v•• t• e [1]

Planets in astrology have a meaning different from the modern astronomical understanding of what a planet is.Before the age of telescopes, the night sky was thought to consist of two very similar components: fixed stars, whichremained motionless in relation to each other, and "wandering stars" (Ancient Greek: ἀστέρες πλανῆται asteresplanetai), which moved relative to the fixed stars over the course of the year.To the Greeks and the other earliest astronomers, this group comprised the five planets visible to the naked eye, andexcluded the Earth. Although strictly the term "planet" applied only to those five objects, the term was latterlybroadened, particularly in the Middle Ages, to include the Sun and the Moon (sometimes referred to as "Lights"[2]),making a total of seven planets. Astrologers retain this definition today.To ancient astrologers, the planets represented the will of the gods and their direct influence upon human affairs. To modern astrologers the planets represent basic drives or urges in the unconscious,[3] or energy flow regulators representing dimensions of experience.[4] They express themselves with different qualities in the twelve signs of the

Planets in astrology 2

zodiac and in the twelve houses. The planets are also related to each other in the form of aspects.Modern astrologers differ on the source of the planets' influence. Hone writes that the planets exert it directlythrough gravitation or another, unknown influence.[5] Others hold that the planets have no direct influence inthemselves, but are mirrors of basic organizing principles in the universe. In other words, the basic patterns of theuniverse repeat themselves everywhere, in fractal-like fashion, and "as above so below".Wikipedia:Citation neededTherefore, the patterns that the planets make in the sky reflect the ebb and flow of basic human impulses. Theplanets are also associated, especially in the Chinese tradition, with the basic forces of nature.Listed below are the specific meanings and domains associated with the astrological planets since ancient times, withthe main focus on the Western astrological tradition. The planets in Hindu astrology are known as the Navagraha or"nine realms". In Chinese astrology, the planets are associated with the life forces of yin and yang and the fiveelements, which play an important role in the Chinese form of geomancy known as Feng Shui.

Planetary symbolismMain article: Astrological symbolThis table shows the astrological planets (as distinct from the astronomical) and the Greek and Roman deitiesassociated with them. In most cases, the English name for planets derives from the name of a Roman god or goddess.Also of interest is the conflation of the Roman god with a similar Greek god. In some cases, it is the same deity withtwo different names.

Planet Symbol Romandeity

Greek God Hindu God Connection Meaning (European) Meaning (Vedic)

Sun SolApollo

Ἥλιος (Helios)Ἀπόλλων(Apollo)

सूर्य (Surya) ancient Solar incarnationGod of Prophecy;Helios means "sun."

The Sun GodSon of Aditi and Kashyap; Surya means"the supreme light."

Moon LunaDiana

Σελήνη (Selene)Ἄρτεμις(Artemis)

चंद्र(Chandra)

ancient Lunar incarnationGoddess of Hunt;Selene means "moon."

The Moon GodAssociated with impatience of humannature.Always found feathered on the head ofLord Shiva; Chandra means "shining."

Mercury Mercury ʽἙρμῆς(Hermes)

बुध (Buddha) ancient Messenger god A planet god known for his intelligence;Budha means "awakening, clever,intelligent, wise, learned man, wise man, orsage."[6]

Venus Venus Ἀφροδίτη(Aphrodite)

शुक्र (Shukra) ancient Goddess of romance;Venus means "love" or"sexual desire."[7]

The mentor of Asuras.Associated with fertility and enthusiasm.Always helped demons in the war againstgods; Shukra means "clear, pure,brightness, or clearness."

Mars Mars Ἀρης (Ares) मंगल(Mangala)

ancient God of War Son of Earth.This planet is associated with unluckinessof brides.Also associated with strength.

Ceres Ceres Δημήτηρ(Demeter)

देवी (Shakti) modern Goddess of theseasons; Demetermeans "EarthMother."[8][9]

The Great Divine Mother in Hinduism;Shakti means "power, strength, might,energy, or capacity."[10]

Planets in astrology 3

Jupiter Jupiter Ζεύς (Zeus) गुरू, बृहस्पती(Guru,Brihaspati)

ancient Leader of the Gods;Jupiter means "SkyFather."

Mentor/Guru /teacher of gods.Always helped gods in war against demons.Guru means "teacher" or "priest."Brihaspati means "lord of prayer ordevotion."[11]

Saturn Saturn Κρόνος(Cronus)

शनि (Shani) ancient God of AgricultureRuler of the Titans

God of "Duty". Punishes the person whodoes not do his duty properly.Saturn (Shani) tests a person every 22.5years; the test lasts for a period of 7.5 years(Sadesati). The origin of word Shani (शनि)comes from the following: ShanayeKramati Sa: (शनये क्रमति सः) i.e. the one whomoves slowly, as Saturn takes about 30years to revolve around the sun.

Uranus Caelus Ουρανός(Uranos)

वासुकी, वासव(Vasuki)

modern Incarnation of the Sky;"Uranus" and "Caelus"both mean "sky."

A mythological snake king in IndianPuranas. Vasuki means "of divinebeing."[12]

Neptune Neptune Ποσειδῶν(Poseidon)

वरुण (Varuna) modern God of the Sea God of rain in Indian mythology; Varunameans "God of the sea."[13]

Pluto Pluto Πλούτων(Pluton)/Ἅδης(Hades)

कुबेर (Kubera) modern God of theUnderworld andDeath; Hades means"the unseen" and Plutomeans "wealth."

God of wealth.Kubera gave a loan to lord Vishnu to searchfor his wife Lakshmi who had quarreledwith Vishnu and left their home. Kuberameans "deformed" or "monstrous."

Daily motion

Planet Averagespeed

(geocentric)[14]

Highestspeed

(geocentric)

Lowestspeed

(geocentric)[15]

Sun 00°59'08" 01°03'00" 00°57'10"

Moon 13°10'35" 16°30'00" 11°45'36"

Mercury 01°23'00" 02°25'00" −01°30'00"

Venus 01°12'00" 01°22'00" −00°41'12"

Mars 00°31'27" 00°52'00" −00°26'12"

Ceres 00°12'40" 00°30'00" −00°16'00"

Jupiter 00°04'59" 00°15'40" −00°08'50"

Saturn 00°02'01" 00°08'48" −00°05'30"

Uranus 00°00'42" 00°04'00" −00°02'40"

Neptune 00°00'24" 00°02'25" −00°01'45"

Pluto 00°00'15" 00°02'30" −00°01'48"

Pallas 00°12'20" 00°40'30" −00°22'30"

Juno 00°14'15" 00°39'00" −00°18'00"

Vesta 00°16'15" 00°36'00" −00°17'32"

Chiron 00°02'00" 00°10'00" −00°06'00"

Planets in astrology 4

History

The geocentric Ptolemaic system of the universedepicted by Andreas Cellarius, 1660–61

Treatises on the Ptolemaic planets and their influence on people born"under their reign" appear in block book form, so-called "planet books"or Planetebücher, from about 1460 in southern Germany, and remainpopular throughout the German Renaissance, exerting greaticonographical influence far into the 17th century. A notable earlyexample is the Hausbuch of Wolfegg of c. 1470. Even earlier, HansTalhoffer, in a 1459 manuscript, includes a treatise on planets andplanet-children.

These books usually list a male and a female Titan with each planet,Cronus and Rhea with Saturn, Eurymedon and Themis with Jupiter,Hyperion and Theia with Sun, Atlas and Phoebe with Moon, Coeusand Metis with Mercury and Oceanus and Tethys with Venus.[16]

The qualities inherited from the planets by their children are as follows:•• Saturn: melancholy and apathy•• Jupiter: hunting•• Mars: soldiering and warfare•• Sun: music and athleticism•• Moon: association with water and travel•• Mercury: money and commerce• Venus: amorousness and passion.[17]

Classical planetsThe seven classical planets are those easily seen with the naked eye, and were thus known to ancient astrologers.They are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Sometimes, the Sun and Moon were referred toas "the lights" or the "luminaries". Ceres and Uranus can also just be seen with the naked eye, though no ancientculture appears to have taken note of them. The astrological descriptions attached to the seven classical planets havebeen preserved since ancient times. Astrologers call the seven classical planets "the seven personal and socialplanets", because they are said to represent the basic human drives of every individual.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe personal planets are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The social or transpersonal planets are Jupiterand Saturn. Jupiter and Saturn are often called the first of the "transpersonal" or "transcendent" planets as theyrepresent a transition from the inner personal planets to the outer modern, impersonal planets. The outer modernplanets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are often called the collective or transcendental planets.[18] The following is a listof the planets and their associated characteristics.[19]

Planets in astrology 5

Sun

Helios on a relief from Ilion, early 4th-centuryBC

The Sun ( ) is the planetary ruler of Leo and is exalted in Aries. InGreek mythology, the Sun was represented by the Titans Hyperion andHelios (Roman Sol, and later by Apollo, the god of light). The Sun isthe star at the center of our solar system, around which the Earth andother planets revolve and provides us with heat and light. The arc thatthe Sun travels in every year, rising and setting in a slightly differentplace each day, is therefore in reality a reflection of the Earth's ownorbit around the Sun. This arc is larger the farther north or south fromthe equator latitude, giving a more extreme difference between day andnight and between seasons during the year. The Sun travels through thetwelve signs of the zodiac on its annual journey, spending about amonth in each. The Sun's position on a person's birthday thereforedetermines what is usually called his or her "sun" sign. However, thesun sign allotment varies between Western (sign change around 22-23of every month) and Hindu astrology (sign change around 14-15 of every month) due the different systems ofplanetary calculations, following the tropical and sidereal definitions respectively.

The Sun, the star at thecenter of the Solar System

Astrologically, the Sun is usually thought to represent the conscious ego, the self and itsexpression, personal power, pride and authority, leadership qualities and the principles ofcreativity, spontaneity, health and vitality, the sum of which is named the "life force".The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius in his epic, 8000-verse poem, Astronomica,described the Sun, or Sol, as benign and favorable. In medicine, the Sun is associatedwith the heart, circulatory system,[20] and the thymus. In Ayurveda, it rules overlife-force (praan-shakti), governs bile temperament (pitta), stomach, bones and eyes. Inmodern astrology, the Sun is the ruler of the fifth house and the zodiac sign of Leo.

The Sun is associated with Sunday. Dante Alighieri associated the Sun with the liberalart of music. In Chinese astrology, the Sun represents Yang, the active, assertive masculine life principle.

Moon

Luna or Diana, wearing a crescent-moon crown and drivingher ox-drawn chariot (biga), on the Parabiago plate

(2nd–5th centuries AD)

The Moon ( ) is the ruling planet of Cancer and is exaltedin Taurus. In Roman mythology, the Moon was Luna, at timesidentified with Diana. The Moon is large enough for its gravityto affect the Earth, stabilizing its orbit and producing theregular ebb and flow of the tides. The lunar day syncs up withits orbit around Earth in such a manner that the same side ofthe Moon always faces the Earth and the other side, known asthe "far side of the Moon" faces towards space.The moon is used to characterise the inner child within us, aswell as the past and how we have been as individuals ratherthan how we are now. It is also used to represent the perceptionone has of one's mother, so someone with a Pisces Moon would be more likely to see their mother as a Piscean type,even if in reality that was not the case. In the horoscope the aspects the moon makes with other planets and thetransits the slower moving planets make to the moon are all said to have a strong impact on how our lives unfold.

Planets in astrology 6

Full Moon

Astrologically the Moon is associated with a person's emotional make-up, unconscioushabits, rhythms, memories, moods and their ability to react and adapt to those aroundthem. It is also associated with the mother, maternal instincts or the urge to nurture, thehome, the need for security and the past, especially early experiences and childhood. The1st-century poet Manilius, described the Moon or Luna, as melancholic. In medicine, theMoon is associated with the digestive system, stomach, breasts, the ovaries andmenstruation (which does occur on a monthly cycle)[21] and the pancreas. DespiteManilius' assignation, the Moon is commonly associated with the phlegmatic humor; it

ruled the animal spirits. In modern astrology, the Moon is the ruler of the fourth house, Cancer.

The Moon or Luna is associated with Monday, the word Monday comes from the Old English word for Moon day orMoon's day, and in Romance languages, the name for Monday comes from luna (e.g., luni in Romanian, lundi inFrench, lunes in Spanish and lunedi in Italian).In Chinese astrology, the Moon represents Yin, the passive and receptive feminine life principle. In Indian astrology,the Moon is called Chandra or Soma and represents the mind, queenship and mother. The north lunar node (calledRahu) and the south lunar node (called Ketu) are considered to be of particular importance and are given an equalplace alongside the seven classical planets as part of the nine navagraha.

Mercury

Flying Mercury (late 16th-century)by Giambologna

Mercury ( ) is the ruling planet of Gemini and Virgo and is exalted in thelatter; it is the only planet with rulership and exaltation both in the same sign(Virgo). In Roman mythology, Mercury is the messenger of the gods, noted forhis speed and swiftness. Echoing this, the scorching, airless world Mercurycircles the Sun on the fastest orbit of any planet. Mercury takes only 88 days toorbit the Sun, spending about 7.33 days in each sign of the zodiac. Mercury is soclose to the Sun that only a brief period exists after the Sun has set where it canbe seen with the naked eye, before following the Sun beyond thehorizon.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Astrologically, Mercury represents the principles of communication, mentality,thinking patterns, rationality and reasoning and adaptability and variability. Mercury governs schooling andeducation, the immediate environment of neighbors, siblings and cousins, transport over short distances, messagesand forms of communication such as post, email and telephone, newspapers, journalism and writing, informationgathering skills and physical dexterity. The 1st-century poet Manilius described Mercury as an inconstant, vivaciousand curious planet.

The planet Mercury

In medicine, Mercury is associated with the nervous system, the brain, the respiratorysystem, the thyroid and the sense organs. It is traditionally held to be essentially cold anddry, according to its placement in the zodiac and in any aspects to other planets. It islinked to the animal spirits.Today, Mercury is regarded as the ruler of the third and sixth houses; traditionally, it hadthe joy in the first house. Mercury is the messenger of the gods in mythology. It is theplanet of day-to-day expression and relationships. Mercury's action is to take things apartand put them back together again. It is an opportunistic planet, decidedly unemotional

and curious.Mercury rules over Wednesday. In Romance languages, the word for Wednesday is often similar to Mercury (miercuri in Romanian, mercredi in French, miercoles in Spanish and mercoledì in Italian). Dante Alighieri associated Mercury with the liberal art of dialectic.Wikipedia:Citation needed In Indian astrology, Mercury is called

Planets in astrology 7

Budha, a word related to Buddhi ("intelligence") and represents communication. Wikipedia:Citation neededin Chinese astrology, Mercury represents Water, the fourth element, therefore symbolizing communication,intelligence and elegance.

Venus

Venus, wearing the sign of Libra onher midsection, and Taurus at her

feet, at Cardiff Castle, Wales

Venus ( ) is the ruling planet of Libra and Taurus and is exalted in Pisces. InRoman mythology, Venus is the goddess of love and beauty, famous for thepassions she could stir among the gods. Her cults may represent the religiouslylegitimate charm and seduction of the divine by mortals, in contrast to theformal, contractual relations between most members of Rome's official pantheonand the state, and the unofficial, illicit manipulation of divine forces throughmagic. The ambivalence of her function is suggested in the etymologicalrelationship of the root *venes- with Latin venenum (poison, venom), in thesense of "a charm, magic philtre".Venus orbits the Sun in 225 days, spending about 18.75 days in each sign of thezodiac. Venus is the second brightest object in the night sky, the Moon being thebrightest. It is usually beheld as a twin planet to Earth.Astrologically, Venus is associated with the principles of harmony, beauty,balance, feelings and affections and the urge to sympathize and unite with others.It is involved with the desire for pleasure, comfort and ease. It governs romanticrelations, marriage and business partnerships, sex (the origin of the words'venery' and 'venereal'), the arts, fashion and social life. The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius described Venus asgenerous and fecund and the lesser benefic.

The planet Venus

The planet Venus In medicine, Venus is associated with the lumbar region, the veins,parathyroids, throat and kidneys. Venus was thought to be moderately warm and moistand was associated with the phlegmatic humor. Venus is the ruler of the second andseventh houses.

Venus is the planet of Friday. In languages deriving from Latin, such as Romanian,Spanish, French, and Italian, the word for Friday often resembles the word Venus(vineri, viernes, vendredi and "venerdì" respectively). Dante Alighieri associated Venuswith the liberal art of rhetoric.[22] In Chinese astrology, Venus is associated with the

element metal, which is unyielding, strong and persistent. In Indian astrology, Venus is known as Shukra andrepresents wealth, pleasure and reproduction. In Norse Paganism, the planet is associated to Freyja, the goddess oflove, beauty and fertility. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Planets in astrology 8

Mars

Early 18th-century illustration ofMars (al-mirrikh) for the Bestiary of

Zakariya al-Qazwini (Walters ArtMuseum)

Mars ( ) is the ruling planet of Aries and Scorpio and is exalted in Capricorn.Mars is the Roman god of war and bloodshed, whose symbol is a spear andshield. Both the soil of Mars and the hemoglobin of human blood are rich in ironand because of this they share its distinct deep red color.[23] He was second inimportance only to Jupiter, and he was the most prominent of the military godsworshipped by the Roman legions.Mars orbits the Sun in 687 days, spending about 57.25 days in each sign of thezodiac. It is also the first planet that orbits outside of Earth's orbit, making it thefirst planet that does not set along with the Sun. Mars has two permanent polarice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling thesurface and causing the deposition of 25–30% of the atmosphere into slabs ofCO2 ice (dry ice).

Astrologically, Mars is associated with confidence and self-assertion, aggression,sexuality, energy, strength, ambition and impulsiveness. Mars governs sports,competitions and physical activities in general. The 1st-century poet Manilius,described the planet as ardent and as the lesser malefic. In medicine, Marspresides over the genitals, the muscular system, the gonads and adrenal glands. Itwas traditionally held to be hot and excessively dry and ruled the choleric humor. It was associated with fever,accidents, trauma, pain and surgery.

The planet Mars

In modern astrology, Mars is said to rule the first and eighth houses; traditionally,however, Mars ruled the third and tenth houses. While Venus tends to the overallrelationship atmosphere, Mars is the passionate impulse and action, the masculine aspect,discipline, will-power and stamina.Mars is associated with Tuesday and in Romance languages the word for Tuesday oftenresembles Mars (in Romanian, marţi, in Spanish, martes, in French, mardi and in Italian"martedì"). The English "Tuesday" is a modernised form of "Tyr's Day", Tyr being theGermanic analogue to Mars. Dante Alighieri associated Mars with the liberal art ofarithmetic. In Chinese astrology, Mars is ruled by the element fire, which is passionate,

energetic and adventurous. In Indian astrology, Mars is called Mangala and represents energy, confidence and ego.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Planets in astrology 9

Jupiter

Jupiter enthroned, with the symbols of Pisces andSagittarius at his feet (woodcut by Johannes

Regiomontanus, 1512)

Jupiter ( ) or 「♃」is the ruling planet of Sagittarius and Pisces andis exalted in Cancer. In Roman mythology, Jupiter is the ruler of thegods and their guardian and protector, and his symbol is thethunderbolt. The Romans believed that Jupiter granted them supremacybecause they had honored him more than any other people had. Jupiterwas "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the citywith the gods rested." He personified the divine authority of Rome'shighest offices, internal organization, and external relations. His imagein the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated withRome's ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours.In the same way, the planet Jupiter is the king of the other planets, agiant in size with spectacular, brightly colored clouds and intensestorms. Some astronomers believe that it plays an important protectingrole in using its massive gravity to capture or expel from the solarsystem many comets and asteroids that would otherwise threaten Earthand the inner planets. Jupiter takes 11.9 years to orbit the Sun, spending almost an earth year (361 days) in each signof the zodiac. Furthermore Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon andVenus).Astrologically, Jupiter is associated with the principles of growth, expansion, prosperity, and good fortune. Jupitergoverns long distance and foreign travel, higher education, religion, and the law. It is also associated with the urgefor freedom and exploration, humanitarian and protecting roles, and with gambling and merrymaking.

The planet Jupiter

The 1st-century poet Manilius described Jupiter as temperate and benign, and the greaterbenefic. It was regarded as warm and moist in nature, and therefore favorable to life. Inmedicine, Jupiter is associated with the liver, pituitary gland, and the disposition of fats;it governed the sanguine humor. In modern times, Jupiter is said to be the ruler of theninth and twelfth houses, but traditionally, Jupiter was assigned to the second and ninthhouses: the house of values and the house of beliefs, respectively.

Jupiter is associated with Thursday, and in Romance languages, the name for Thursdayoften comes from Jupiter (e.g., joi in Romanian, jeudi in French, jueves in Spanish, and

giovedì in Italian). Dante Alighieri associated Jupiter with the liberal art of geometry. In Chinese astrology, Jupiter isruled by the element wood, which is patient, hard-working, and reliable. In Indian astrology, Jupiter is known asGuru or Brihaspati and is known as the 'great teacher'. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Planets in astrology 10

Saturn

Saturn, with Capricorn at his feet andthe New Year in his arms, from TheSeven Planets with the Signs of the

Zodiac (1539) by Hans SebaldBeham

Saturn ( ) is the ruling planet of Capricorn and is exalted in Libra. In Romanmythology, Saturn is the god of agriculture, founder of civilizations and of socialorder, and conformity. The glyph is most often seen asscythe-likeWikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions,but it is primarily known as the "crescent below the cross", whereas Jupiter'sglyph is the "crescent above the cross". The famous rings of the planet Saturnthat enclose and surround it, reflect this principle of man's limitations. Saturntakes 29.5 years to orbit the Sun, spending about 2.46 years in each sign of thezodiac.Astrologically, Saturn is associated with the principles of limitation, restrictions,boundaries, practicality and reality, crystallizing, and structures. Saturn governsambition, career, authority and hierarchy, and conforming social structures. Itconcerns a person's sense of duty, discipline and responsibility, and their physicaland emotional endurance during hardships. Saturn is also considered to representthe part of a person concerned with long-term planning. The Return of Saturn issaid to mark significant events in each person's life. According to the 1st-centurypoet Manilius, Saturn is sad, morose, and cold, and is the greater malefic.According to Claudius Ptolemy, "Saturn is lord of the right ear, the spleen, the bladder, the phlegm, and thebones."[24] Saturn symbolized processes and things that were dry and cold, and therefore inimical to life. It governedthe melancholic humor.

According to Sefer Yetzirah – GRA Version – Kaplan 4:13"He made the letter Resh king over Peace And He bound a crown to it And He combined one with another And withthem He formed Saturn in the Universe Friday in the Year The left nostril in the Soul, male and female."

The planet Saturn

Before the discovery of Uranus, Saturn was regarded as the ruling planet ofAquarius. Many astrologersWikipedia:Avoid weasel words still use Saturn as theplanetary ruler of both Capricorn and Aquarius; in modern astrology it isaccordingly the ruler of the tenth and eleventh houses. Traditionally, however,Saturn was associated with the first and eighth houses.

Saturn is associated with Saturday, which was named after the deity Saturn. DanteAlighieri associated Saturn with the liberal art of astronomia (astrology and astronomy). In Chinese astrology,Saturn is ruled by the element earth, which is warm, generous, and co-operative. In Indian astrology, Saturn is calledShani or "Sani", and represents career and longevity. It is also the bringer of bad luck and hardship.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Modern planetsSince the invention of the telescope, Western astrology has incorporated Uranus, Neptune, Ceres, Pluto, and otherbodies into its methodology. The Indian and Chinese astrologies have tended to retain the ancient seven-planetsystem. Meanings have had to be assigned to them by modern astrologers, usually according to the major events thatoccurred in the world at the time of their discovery. As these astrologers are usually Western, the social andhistorical events they describe have an inevitable Western emphasis. Astrologers consider the "extra-Saturnian"planets to be "impersonal" or generational planets, meaning their effects are felt more across whole generations ofsociety. Their effects in individuals depend upon how strongly they feature in that individual's birth-chart. Thefollowing are their characteristics as accepted by most astrologers.[25]

Planets in astrology 11

Uranus

Syncretic figure of Aion-Uranus standing withina zodiac wheel, with a reclining Earth goddess

and four children representing the Seasons(Roman-era mosaic from Sentinum, AD 200-250)

For some modern Western astrologers, the planet Uranus ( ) is theruling planet of Aquarius and is exalted in Scorpio. In Greekmythology, Uranus is the personification of the heavens and the nightsky. The planet Uranus is very unusual among the planets in that itrotates on its side, so that it presents each of its poles to the Sun in turnduring its orbit; causing both hemispheres to alternate between beingbathed in light and lying in total darkness over the course of the orbit.Uranus takes 84 years to orbit the Sun, spending about 7 years in eachsign of the zodiac. Uranus was discovered only in 1781 by Sir WilliamHerschel.

Astrologically modern interpretations associate Uranus with theprinciples of genius, individuality, new and unconventional ideas,discoveries, electricity, inventions, and the beginnings of the industrialrevolution. Uranus, among all planets, most governs genius.

The planet Uranus

Uranus governs societies, clubs, and any group dedicated to humanitarian or progressiveideals. Uranus, the planet of sudden and unexpected changes, rules freedom andoriginality. In society, it rules radical ideas and people, as well as revolutionary eventsthat upset established structures.In art and literature, the discovery of Uranus coincided with the Romantic movement,which emphasized individuality and freedom of expression. In medicine, Uranus isbelieved to be particularly associated with the sympathetic nervous system, mentaldisorders, breakdowns and hysteria, spasms, and cramps. Uranus is considered bymodern astrologers to be ruler of the eleventh house. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Neptune

For many astrologers, Neptune ( ) is the ruling planet of Pisces and is exalted in Leo. In Roman mythology,Neptune is the god of the sea, and the deep, ocean blue color of the planet Neptune reflects this.Wikipedia:Nooriginal research Its glyph is taken directly from Neptune's trident, symbolizing the curve of spirit being pierced bythe cross of matter. Neptune takes 165 years to orbit the Sun, spending approximately 14 years (13.75) in each signof the zodiac. Neptune was discovered in 1846.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The planet Neptune

Astrologically, modern Western astrologers associate the planet Neptune with creativity,idealism and compassion, but also with illusion, confusion, and deception. Neptunegoverns hospitals, prisons, mental institutions, and any other place, such as a monastery,that involves a retreat from society. Its appearance coincided with the discovery ofanesthetics and hypnotism. In political terms, Neptune was linked to the rise ofnationalist movements throughout Europe in countries like Germany, Italy, Hungary,Ireland, and Serbia, seeking independence for their nations inspired by an idealized pastof legend. It was also linked to the rise of socialism and the beginnings of the welfarestate. Neptune coincided with the utopian ideals of Communism, when Marx and Engels

first published 'The Communist Manifesto' in 1848.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Planets in astrology 12

Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, ceilingmural(ca. 1597) created by

Caravaggio for a room adjacent tothe alchemical distillery of Cardinal

Francesco Maria Del Monte:hovering around a translucent globethat represents the world are Jupiterwith his eagle, Neptune holding abident, and Pluto with a horse and

Cerberus[26]

In art, the impressionist movement began a trend away from literalrepresentation, to one based on the subtle, changing moods of light and color. Inmedicine, Neptune is seen to be particularly associated with the thalamus, thespinal canal, and severe or mysterious illnesses and neuroses. Neptune isconsidered by modern astrologers to be ruler of the twelfth house.

Pluto

To most modern Western astrologers, Pluto ( ) is the ruling planet of Scorpioand is exalted in Virgo. In Roman mythology, Pluto is the god of the underworldand of wealth. The alchemy symbol was given to Pluto on its discovery, threecenturies after Alchemy practices had all but disappeared. The alchemy symbolcan therefore be read as spirit over mind, transcending matter. The symbols werechosen given the close association with Mars which has a similar symbol.Pluto takes 247 years to make a full circuit of the zodiac, but its progress ishighly variable: it spends between 15 and 26 years in each sign.Astrologically, Pluto is called "the great renewer", and is considered to representthe part of a person that destroys in order to renew, through bringing buried, butintense needs and drives to the surface, and expressing them, even at the expenseof the existing order. A commonly used keyword for Pluto is"transformation".Wikipedia:Citation needed It is associated with power andpersonal mastery, and the need to cooperate and share with another, if each is notto be destroyed. Pluto governs big business and wealth, mining, surgery anddetective work, and any enterprise that involves digging under the surface tobring the truth to light. Pluto is also associated with the day Tuesday alongsideMars.

Pluto is also associated with extreme power and corruption; the discovery of Pluto in 1930 coincided with the rise offascism and Stalinism in Europe, leading to World War II. It also coincided with the Great Depression and the majorproliferation of organized crime in the United States.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The dwarf planet Pluto(artist's conception)

Its entry in Cancer in 1913, the sign in which it was later discovered, coincided withWorld War I. It is also associated with nuclear armament, which had its genesis in theresearch of the 1930s and 40s. Later on, it gave rise to the polarized nuclear stand off ofthe Cold War, with the mass consumer societies of the United States and otherdemocracies facing the totalitarian state of the USSR. The discovery of Pluto alsooccurred just after the birth of modern psychoanalysis, when Freud and Jung began toexplore the depths of the unconscious.

In real life events and culture, Pluto has been a major astrological aspect. In art,movements like Cubism and Surrealism began to de-construct the "normal" view of theworld. In medicine, Pluto is seen to be associated with regenerative forces in the bodyinvolving cell formation and the reproductive system.Wikipedia:Citation needed Pluto isconsidered by modern astrologers to be co-ruler of the eighth house. Many traditional

astrologers do not use Pluto as a ruling planet, but do use the planet for interpretation and predictive work, obliquelymaking reference to projections of influences from higher- to lower-dimensional spaces. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Planets in astrology 13

Ceres

Ceres with torch in search ofProserpina (medaillon by Martial

Reymond, early 17th century)

Ceres ( ) is the smallest identified dwarf planet in the Solar System. It wasdiscovered on 1 January 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after Ceres, theRoman goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. It was thefirst asteroid discovered, taking up about one-third of the entire mass of itsasteroid belt.[27] The classification of Ceres has changed more than once and hasbeen the subject of some disagreement.Wikipedia:Citation needed Johann ElertBode believed Ceres to be the "missing planet" he had proposed to exist betweenMars and Jupiter, at a distance of 419 million km (2.8 AU) from the Sun. Cereswas assigned a planetary symbol, and remained listed as a planet in astronomybooks and tables for about half a century. The 2006 debate surrounding Pluto andwhat constitutes a planet led to Ceres being considered for reclassification as aplanet, but in the end Ceres and Pluto were classified as the first members of thenew dwarf planet category.

Ceres passes through the zodiac every 4 years and 7 months, passing through alittle more than 2½ signs every year.In mythology, Ceres is the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Demeter, and is the goddess of agriculture. Thegoddess (and metaphorically the planet) is also associated with the reproductive issues of an adult woman, as well aspregnancy and other major transitions in a woman's life, including the nine months of gestation time, family bondsand relationships. For some astrologers Ceres is the ruling planet of VirgoWikipedia:Citation needed. Although amother, Ceres is also the archetype of a virgin goddess. Ceres epitomizes independent women who are oftenunmarried (since, according to myth, Ceres is an unmarried goddess who chose to become a mother without ahusband or partner.) While the moon represents our ideal of "motherhood", Ceres would represent how our real andnature motherhood should be.[28]

The dwarf planet Ceres

Ceres, as the Goddess who has control over nature's resources and cycles, mayastrologically be considered the planet of the Environment. Returning to mythology, anearly environmental villain is the figure of Erysichthon, the tearer up of the earth, whocut down trees in a grove sacred to Ceres-Demeter, for which he was punished by thegoddess with fearful hunger. In this sense Ceres became an emerging archetype in theawareness of recent climate change, and is entering our collective consciousness as aneed to take care of our natural and irreplaceable resources in the 21st century. Ceresrepresents a leap towards a future of ecological responsibility and knowledge. As anindicator for environmental or community activism, Ceres would represent for some

astrologers the wave of the future.[29]

The status of Ceres is unknown at the moment in astrology. The possibility exists that Ceres is not involved with anysign, but it has been strongly suggested as the ruler of Virgo. As in all cases of newer discoveries, Ceres will likelynever be used in horoscopes by traditionalist astrologers.

Planets in astrology 14

Planetary traditions comparedMain article: List of astrological traditionsThe three most popular Eurasian traditions, Western astrology, Chinese astrology, and Hindu Astrology, accordinglyshare a large amount of common themes in their zodiacs and concepts of planetary meanings.Wikipedia:Citationneeded This could fallaciously inflect that the three have an ancient common origin, whereas in fact the threedeveloped mutually over millennia by diffusion, assimilation, scholarship, and trade across the whole of Eurasia andAfrica.The Western and Hindu zodiacs essentially correspond to twelve similar archetypes, despite differences in tone,emphasis, motifs, and right ascension of their constellations, as do the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac; however,both Western and Hindu astrology are based on four elements: fire, earth, air, water; whereas the Chinese is based onfive: metal, water, wood, fire, and earth. Chinese elemental conceptions of the planets clearly correlate to theirWestern and Hindu counterparts in the case of Mars (Fire), Saturn (Earth), and Jupiter (Wood).Wikipedia:Citationneeded The Chinese linkage of Mercury with Water is alien to Western astrology, but this combination shares thewater themes, much of what is coined "mercurial" in Western thought, such as intellect, reason andcommunication.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe Chinese association of Venus to Metal appears at first fundamentally different from Western notions of love andromance. In Babylonian mythology, her equivalent was Ishtar, goddess of both love and war. The Chinese metalrepresentative is unyielding and forceful, set in their ways and taciturn; yet Venus' Western element is air, which islogical and sanguine. Metal is also sophisticated, and enjoys the good things in life. In Western astrology, Venusrules both Libra, which is sophisticated, logical, and romantic, and Taurus, which is reserved, sensual, andunyielding Some Western astrologers believe that metal is better associated with the qualities of the planet Saturn,arguing that metal equates to air in the western system, and that Saturn is linked to air in Vedic astrology.[30][31]

The cycle of the five Chinese elements operate completely differently from the Western cycle of four. Thisdiscrepancy between elements can be clarified by their geomancy, which is locked with Chinese astrology. On theFeng Shui compass, the five elements and the five visible planets are placed on the cardinal directions and centerpoint, with Mercury-Water to the north, Jupiter-Wood to the east, Mars-Fire to the south, Venus-Metal to the west,and Saturn-Earth in the center.Wikipedia:Please clarify This also suggests that Western air best corresponds to metal,while Venus rules the west in both traditions. Wood in Chinese philosophy describes characteristics found in theWestern element of fire.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Other solar system bodiesSee also: Asteroids in astrology

Some asteroids such as Pallas ( ) and Vesta ( ), as well as dwarf planet Ceres, can easily be seen withbinoculars (Vesta even with the naked eye), but these were not recognized as planetary, and perhaps not evennoticed, until the early 19th century.Wikipedia:Citation needed In the early 19th century, Ceres, Juno ( ), and theother two aforementioned asteroids were for a time regarded as planets. Although asteroids have been known to bothastronomers and astrologers for more than 200 years, they are often ignored by astrologers. The tradition of someastrologers casting charts with minor planets originates with these asteroids. Since the discovery of Chiron ( ) inthe 1970s, some astrologers have been casting the new "planet", although astronomers consider it a centaur (a kind ofintermediate object between comet and asteroid).In the 21st century, several new planet-sized bodies, including Sedna, Quaoar, Haumea, and Eris, have beendiscovered, but not yet incorporated into mainstream astrological predictions, although some more avant-gardegroups have attempted to incorporate them.[32][33]

Comets and novae have been observed and discussed for several thousand years.Wikipedia:Citation needed Comets in particular were portents of great interest to ancient people and given various astrological interpretations. Both

Planets in astrology 15

phenomena are rarely visible to the naked-eye, and are ignored by most modern astrologers.Wikipedia:CitationneededThe near-earth asteroid Cruithne is thought to influence the zodiac and some personal horoscopes.Wikipedia:Citation needed Not to be confused with Chiron, Pluto's only moon Charon is treated like a "minorplanet" or given the same status as a dwarf planet, the title given to Pluto when in 2006 the InternationalAstronomical Union demoted its status from the farthest planet. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Hypothetical planetsSome astrologers have hypothesized about the existence of unseen or undiscovered planets. In 1918, astrologerSepharial proposed the existence of Earth's "Dark Moon" Lilith, and since then, some astrologers have been using itin their charts; though the same name is also (and now, more commonly) used in astrology to refer to the axis of theactual Moon's orbit. The 20th-century German school of astrology known as Uranian astrology also claimed thatmany undiscovered planets existed beyond the orbit of Neptune, giving them names such as Cupido, Hades, Zeus,Kronos, Apollon, Admetos, Vulcanus, and Poseidon, and charting their supposed orbits. These orbits have notcoincided, however, with more recent discoveries by astronomers of objects beyond Neptune.Other astrologers have focused on the theory that in time, all twelve signs of the zodiac will each have their ownruler, so that another two planets have yet to be discovered; namely the "true" rulers of Taurus and Virgo. The namesof the planets mentioned in this regard by some are Vulcan (ruler of Virgo) and Apollo, the Roman god of the Sun(ruler of Taurus).[34] Another version of this theory states that the modern planets discovered so far correspond to theelements known to the ancients—air (Uranus, god of the heavens), water (Neptune, god of the sea), and fire (Pluto,god of the underworld)—which leaves the elements earth and ether (the fifth element of the fiery upper air). In otherwords, it is claimed that the two planets to be discovered will be named after an earth god or goddess (such as theHorae), and after Aether, the Roman and Greek god of the upper air and stars.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The Thema Mundi

Ruling planets of the astrological signs andhouses

Main article: Domicile (astrology)In Western astrology, the symbolism associated with the planets alsorelates to the zodiac signs and houses of the horoscope in their variousrulerships. For instance, the description of Mars is masculine,impulsive, and active. Aries is ruled by Mars and has a similardescription, representing an active, masculine archetype. Similarly, thefirst house is also ruled by Mars, and deals with a person's physicalhealth and strength, and the manner in which they project themselves.

Table 1: Modern signs, houses and planetary associations

Planets in astrology 16

Sign House Domicile Detriment Exaltation Fall Planetary Joy

Aries 1st House Mars Venus Sun Saturn Jupiter

Taurus 2nd House Venus Pluto Moon Uranus Jupiter

Gemini 3rd House Mercury Jupiter N/A N/A Venus

Cancer 4th House Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Mercury

Leo 5th House Sun Uranus Neptune Mercury Mars

Virgo 6th House Mercury Neptune Pluto, Mercury Venus Saturn

Libra 7th House Venus Mars Saturn Sun Moon

Scorpio 8th House Pluto Venus Uranus Moon Saturn

Sagittarius 9th House Jupiter Mercury N/A N/A Sun

Capricorn 10th House Saturn Moon Mars Jupiter Mars

Aquarius 11th House Uranus Sun Mercury Neptune Mercury

Pisces 12th House Neptune Mercury Venus Pluto, Mercury Moon

Note: The planets in the table rule the signs on the same row, and the houses do correspond with the signs on thesame row (i.e. Mars rules Aries; Aries and first house share some correspondences). However, it is only modernastrology that links the planets to the houses in this order.Wikipedia:Citation needed The bulk of the tradition assignsplanetary rulerships according to the ancient Chaldean astronomical order of the planetsWikipedia:Citation needed(Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon; the former order of the planets in distance from Earthgeocentrically):Table 2: Traditional houses and planetary relationships.

House Traditional Ruling planet Planetary Joy

1st House Saturn Mercury

2nd House Jupiter N/A

3rd House Mars Moon

4th House Sun N/A

5th House Venus Venus

6th House Mercury Mars

7th House Moon N/A

8th House Saturn N/A

9th House Jupiter Sun

10th House Mars N/A

11th House Sun Jupiter

12th House Venus Saturn

Planets in astrology 17

Notes[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Astrology& action=edit[2][2] Hone (1978), p.22[3][3] Hone (1978) p. 19[4][4] Arroyo (1989) pp. 7, 27[5][5] Hone (1978), p.19 8th paragraph[6] http:/ / spokensanskrit. de/ index. php?tinput=budha& direction=SE& script=HK& link=yes[7] http:/ / www. behindthename. com/ name/ venus[8] http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?term=Demeter[9] Doric dā, Proto-Greek *dē, "earth" + mētēr, "mother". The dā element is not so simply equated with "earth" according to John Chadwick

(Chadwick, The Mycenaean World [Cambridge University Press] 1976, p 87): "Every Greek was aware of the maternal functions of Demeter;if her name bore the slightest resemblance to the Greek word for 'mother', it would inevitably have been deformed to emphasize thatresemblance. [...] How did it escape transformation into *Gāmātēr, a name transparent to any Greek speaker?" Compare the Latintransformation Iuppiter and Diespiter vis-a-vis *Deus pāter.

[10] http:/ / en. wiktionary. org/ wiki/ शक्[11][11] Monier-Williams, also "he is the chief offerer of prayers and sacrifices, and therefore represented as the type of the priestly order, and the

Purohita of the gods with whom he intercedes for men"[12] http:/ / spokensanskrit. de/ index. php?tinput=vaasuki& direction=SE& script=HK& link=yes[13] http:/ / spokensanskrit. de/ index. php?script=HK& tinput=Varuna& country_ID=& trans=Translate& direction=AU[14] All speeds taken from StarFisher (http:/ / www. starfisher. cz/ )[15][15] With the exceptions of the Sun and the Moon, all planets are capable of turning into retrograde motion and temporarily appearing to not

move at all, this is not what lowest speed refers to in this case. "Lowest speed" in the section refers to the fastest speed a planet may move atwhen retrograde, reversing its progress.

[16] B. A. Fuchs, Die Ikonographie der sieben Planeten in der Kunst Italiens bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, Diss. Munich 1909; E. Panofsky,F. Saxl, Saturn und Melancholie, Frankfurt 1990.

[17] A. Hauber, Planetenkinderbilder und Sternbilder, Straßburg 1916; E. Baer, Representations of "planet-children" in Turkish manuscripts, in:Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 31, 1968

[18][18] Michael Meyer at khaldea.com, Rob Hand "Horoscope Symbols"[19] Jeff Mayo, Teach Yourself Astrology, pp17 – 28, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1964; Sasha Fenton Understanding Astrology, pp106 –

112, The Aquarian Press (Harper Collins), London, 1991; Derek and Julia Parker, The New Compleat Astrologer, pp86 – 99, Crescent Books,New York, 1971; Maritha Pottinger Astro Essentials, pp11 -14, 17–18, ACS Publications, San Diego, 1991

[20][20] Back de Surany, Géza. Manual de Astrología Médica. Índigo.1988. 214 páginas, pag. 32[21][21] Back de Sarany, Géza Ibid., 37.[22][22] New Yorker, 20 May 2013.[23][23] Henbest, ibid[24] .html Tetrabiblos by Claudius Ptolemy (http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ E/ Roman/ Texts/ Ptolemy/ Tetrabiblos/ 3C*) published in

the Loeb Classical Library, 1940[25] Jeff Mayo, Ibid, pp 28 – 33, 1964; Sasha Fenton Ibid, pp 112 – 115, 1991; Derek and Julia Parker, Ibid, pp 100 – 105, 1971; Maritha

Pottinger Ibid, pp 15–19, 1991[26] Creighton Gilbert, Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals (Penn State University Press, 1995), pp. 124–125.[27] E. V. Pitjeva, "Precise determination of the motion of planets and some astronomical constants from modern observations", 2004

International Astronomical Union, http:/ / journals. cambridge. org/ production/ action/ cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=303499[28] Martin, Helena Planets in the astrological universe (los planetas en el universo astrológico), p333-334, Ed. Indigo, Barcelona, 1990[29] http:/ / www. astrostar. com/ articles/ Ceres. htm[30] http:/ / www. holisticwebworks. com/ traditional_chinese_medicine/ yin_and_yang_and_the_five_element_theory. html[31] http:/ / www. findyourfate. com/ indianastro/ grahas. htm[32] Karmastrology.com: New Planets (http:/ / www. thegreenduck. com/ ka/ NewPlanets/ index. shtml)[33] AstroTransits.blogspot.com New dwarf planets in Astrology (Sedna, Eris, Haumea, Quaoar, Makemake, 2002 TC302, Orcus, and others

(http:/ / www. astrotransits. blogspot. com)[34] Linda Goodman, Sun Signs, p226, Pan Books, London, 1982

Planets in astrology 18

References• Arroyo, Stephen (1989). Chart Interpretation Handbook. California: CCRS Publications.• Hone, Margaret (1978). The Modern Text-Book of Astrology. Revised edition. England: L. N. Fowler & Co. Ltd.• Houlding, D (2006). The Houses – Temples of the Sky The Wessex Astrologer, Bournemouth, England.• Ptolemy, C.trans Ashmand, J. (2002). Tetrabiblos Astrology Classics, Maryland, USA.

External links• New planets won't affect Vedic astrology (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 1902566. cms)

(Anubha Sawhney). Times of India, 18 August 2006• Redefining the stars, one planet at a time (http:/ / www. chron. com/ disp/ story. mpl/ front/ 4122250. html)

Houston Chronicle: (JEANNIE KEVER) 17 August 2006, 11:36 am• Pluto Dissed: What Now for Astrologers? (http:/ / www. nationalledger. com/ artman/ publish/ article_27267939.

shtml) (Lynn Hayes) National Ledger: 25 August 2006• (English) (Latin) Flowers of Abu Ma'shar (http:/ / www. wdl. org/ en/ item/ 2997/ ), by 8th century Arabic

astrology Ja‘far ibn Muḥammad al-Balkhī, discusses and depicts the planets and their role in astrology. Thistranslation, in Latin, is by John of Seville.

Stars in astrology

This diagram of the Ptolemaic solar system from Peter Apian's Cosmographia shows the"fixed stars" in the eighth heaven of the firmament, behind which is a ninth, crystalline

heaven, and behind that, the primum mobile.

In astrology, certain stars areconsidered significant. Historically, allof the various heavenly bodiesconsidered by astrologers wereconsidered "stars", whether they werestars, planets, other stellar phenomenalike novas and supernovas, or othersolar system phenomena like cometsand meteors.[1]

Stars in astrology 19

Fixed and wandering stars

Astrology

New millennium astrological chart

Background

•• History of astrology•• Astrology and astronomy•• Astrology and science•• Sidereal and tropical•• Traditions, types, and systems

Traditions

•• Babylonian•• Hellenistic•• Islamic•• Western•• Hindu•• Chinese

Branches

•• Natal•• Electional•• Horary

Astrology portal

•• v•• t• e [1]

In traditional astrological nomenclature, the stars were divided into fixed stars, Latin stellæ fixæ, which in astrologymeans the stars and other galactic or intergalactic bodies as recognized by astronomy; and "wandering stars" (Greek:πλανήτης αστήρ, planētēs astēr), which we know as the planets of the solar system. Astrology also treats the Sun, astar, and Earth's Moon as if they were planets in the horoscope. These stars were called "fixed" because it wasthought that they were attached to the firmament, the most distant from Earth of the heavenly spheres.

Stars in astrology 20

Stars and astrological degreesCertain of the astrological degrees were identified and known due to their association with a corresponding star.[2]

The astrological degrees that correspond to individual stars must be corrected for the precession of the equinoxes,and as such the astrologer must know when any given position of a fixed star was noted, to make the necessarycorrections.[3]

Stars in sidereal and tropical astrologyTraditional Western astrology is based on tropical astrology, which presumes an equal division of the celestial spherealong the ecliptic into twelve equal parts, starting with Aries. Sidereal astrology, at once the oldest and a recentlyrevived astrological tradition, is more observationally oriented and uses the actual observed position of the stars andthe traditional divisions of the zodiac constellations as its starting point. As a result of the precession of theequinoxes, the observed positions of the zodiac signs no longer correspond to the signs of tropical astrology.

ZodiacTraditionally, the most important fixed points in the heavens were described by the constellations of the zodiac.Ptolemy's account likens the influence of some of the stars in the zodiac constellations to the planets; he writes, forexample, that "The stars in the feet of Gemini (Alhena and Tejat Posterior) have an influence similar to that ofMercury, and moderately to that of Venus."[4]

"Those people wonder at the star." The weaversof the Bayeux tapestry believed that the return ofHalley's Comet related to the Norman conquest of

1066.

Non-zodiac constellations in astrology

Vivian E. Robson notes that many of the traditional constellationsoutside of the zodiac constellations occupy large degrees of arc andtypically compass several of the tropical zodiac signs. Ptolemy referredto stars by reference to the anatomy or parts of the constellations inwhich they appeared; thus Arcturus he named the "right knee ofBoötes". Most of the Western names of stars, such as Algol orBetelgeuse, are Arabic in origin. In 1603 the Augsburglawyer-uranographer Johann Bayer introduced the currentclassificatory system for the brighter stars, in which stars are identifiedas belonging to their constellations by Greek letters, in (roughly)descending order of brightness; so that Regulus, brightest star in Leo,is called α Leonis, the brightest star of the Lion.[5]

Astrological meteors

Unpredictable observations in the heavens, including novas and supernovas as well as other phenomena in theheavens such as comets, meteors, parhelions, and even rainbows, were all collected under the name of astrologicalmeteors. According to Ptolemy, variations in the magnitude of fixed stars portends wind from the direction in whichthe star lies.[6] Etymologically, the word meteor describes any phenomenon in the heavens, and derives from theGreek μετέωρον (meteōron), signifying anything in the sky or above the earth; this is the shared origin of Englishwords such as meteoroid and meteorology.

These astrological meteors were typically held to be omens that presaged major world events. In De nova stella, Tycho Brahe, one of many astrologers who observed the supernova of 1572, stated his belief that the appearance of the supernova heralded the decline of the Roman Catholic Church and stated that the years 1592-1632 would be impacted by the astrological influence of the supernova. The years corresponded almost precisely with the lifespan

Stars in astrology 21

of Gustavus Adolphus (1594 - 1632), the king of Sweden who championed the cause of Protestantism during theThirty Years War. This apparently successful prediction won Brahe international fame as an astrologer.[7]

UseAccording to Nicholas DeVore, while the fixed stars no longer are consulted much in natal astrology, they remainimportant in aspects of astrological divination such as judicial astrology. Those astrologers who include them in natalcharts do not give a major star any significance unless it appears as part of a close conjunction with a birth planet,within 5° by celestial longitude, and 1° by latitude. They have no effect by means of aspect. A first magnitude orbrighter star on the Ascendant or Midheaven in the horoscope may indicate celebrity. The two stars Aldebaran andAntares are said to produce stress when they transit one of the angles of the horoscope.[8]

Some astrologers that consult the stars refer to their affects as paranatellonta, or "paran" for short. Paranatellonta arestars that fall upon one of the four angles of the horoscope (rising or setting, at the midheaven, or at the imum coeli)at the same time a significant planet is at one of those points. Thus, for example, if Sirius was rising while Jupiterwas at the midheaven, Sirius would be considered a paran of Jupiter and could influence the way the astrologerinterpreted Jupiter in that horoscope.[9]

Scorpio, depicted in Johann Bayer's Uranometria. The bright star in the body of thescorpion, ᾳ Scorpii, is Antares.

Specific fixed stars

Aldebaran

Astrologically, Aldebaran is a fortunatestar, portending riches and honor. Thisstar, named "Tascheter" by the Persians,is one of the four "royal stars" of thePersians from around 3000 BC. Thesestars were chosen in such way that theywere approximately 6 hours apart inright ascension. Each of these stars wasassigned to a season, Aldebaran wasprominent in the March sky and assuch, it was associated with the vernalequinox. Its current celestial longitudeis 09 Ge. 47 as of 2006[10]

The four royal stars with their modern and ancient Persian names were• Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri) vernal equinox is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus.• Regulus (Alpha Leonis) summer solstice is the brightest star in the constellation Leo.• Antares (Alpha Scorpii) autumnal equinox is the brightest star in the constellation Scorpius.• Fomalhaut (Alpha Piscis) winter solstice is the brightest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus.To medieval astrologers, Aldebaran was one of fifteen Behenian stars, associated with rubies, milk thistles and thekabbalistic sign .In Hindu astrology, Aldebaran corresponds to the Rohini Nakshatra.In Western Sidereal Astrology, computation is based on defining Aldebaran as 15 degrees Taurus precisely.<CyrilFagan><Garth Allen>

Stars in astrology 22

AlgolIn astrology, Algol is one of the most unfortunate stars.[11] Ptolemy referred to it as "the Gorgon of Perseus" andassociated it with death by decapitation: mirroring the myth of the hero Perseus’ victory over the snake-headedGorgon Medusa.[12] Historically, it has received a strong association with violence across a wide variety of cultures.Medieval Arabic commanders tried to ensure that no important battle began whilst the light of Algol was weak.[13] Itmay be connected to the periodic lucky prognoses in an ancient Egyptian calendar for lucky and unlucky dayscomposed about 3200 years ago. The 17th century English astrologer William Lilly regarded any planet to beafflicted when within five degrees of conjunction.[14] As of 1986 its celestial longitude was 25 Tau. 55'48.[15]

Algol is also one of the 15 Behenian stars,[16] associated with the diamond and hellebore, and marked with the

kabbalistic sign:

GienahGienah (gamma Corvi) is supposed to have a similar effect to Mars and Saturn, tending to promote greed andcraftiness. It was one of the medieval Behenian stars, associated with onyx, burdock, and a crow-like kabbalisticsymbol . In this context it is sometimes referred to as Ala Corvi, "the wing of the crow or raven".

ProcyonAstrologically, Procyon is considered mostly unfortunate although it is sometimes wealth producing. It has strongpotential as a cause of violence; it brings sudden success then disaster. [17] It is of the nature of Mars (and alsoMercury to a lesser extent), [18] and when Mars is found conjoined to this star, the native with this configuration willoften be an offender of mischief and violence, that is, if these stars are found upon one of the 4 angles of the chart,during the day, with the Moon making a testimony to them while increasing in light. [19] It is also one of fifteenBehenian stars, associated with agate and water crowfoot. According to Cornelius Agrippa, its kabbalistic symbol is

.

SiriusIn the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star, associated with beryl and juniper. Itskabbalistic symbol was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. Its celestial longitude was 14 Can. 05 as of2006.[20]

VegaVega (or Wega) takes its name from a loose transliteration of the Arabic word wāqi‘ meaning "falling". Itsconstellation (Lyre) was represented as a vulture or eagle so that Vega was referred to as the 'falling vulture/eagle'.This is a Pole star. Around 12,000 BC the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega and throughprecession, the pole will again pass near Vega around AD 14,000. Medieval astrologers counted Vega as one of theBehenian stars and related it to chrysolite and winter savory. Cornelius Agrippa listed its kabbalistic sign underVultur cadens, a literal Latin translation of the Arabic name. Its celestial longitude was 15 Cap. 19 as of 2006.

Stars in astrology 23

Paranatellonta: this manuscript illumination from an astrology text attributed to AlfonsoX of Castile illustrates the effects of various stars and constellations, including Corvus,

Cygnus, and Draco, when acting in concert with Gemini.

References[1] Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 1[2] Vivian E. Robson, The Fixed Stars and

Constellations in Astrology (AstrologyCenter of America, 2005, repr.; ISBN1-933303-13-1), pp. 11 et. seq. (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?hl=en& lr=&id=me7_4RdVwxsC& oi=fnd& pg=PA11&dq=astrological+ degrees+ and+ fixed+stars& ots=5kjec_Ggjg&sig=5SuLUcQrwPKfnP4Daw1EDGKSMhk#v=onepage&q& f=false)

[3] Nicholas DeVore. Encyclopedia ofAstrology (Philosophical Library, 1947), sub.tit, "Degree"

[4] Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 1 ch. 9 (http:/ /www. sacred-texts. com/ astro/ ptb/ ptb12.htm)

[5][5] Robson, supra, pp. 19-20[6] Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 2 ch. 14 (http:/ /

www. sacred-texts. com/ astro/ ptb/ ptb44.htm)

[7] David Plant, Tycho Brahe: A King amongAstronomers (http:/ / www. skyscript. co. uk/brahe. html) (skyscript.co.uk, first publishedin The Traditional Astrologer Magazine,Issue 8, Spring 1995), accessed July 14, 2011

[8] Nicholas DeVore. Encyclopedia ofAstrology (Philosophical Library, 1947), sub. tit "Stars", pp. 408- 409; "Astrology", pp 28-29.

[9] Deborah Houlding, "Paran" (http:/ / www. skyscript. co. uk/ gl/ paran. html), in "Glossary of Traditional Astrological Terms", skyscript.co.uk,accessed July 15, 2011.

[10] Deborah Houlding, " The 20 Brightest Stars (http:/ / www. skyscript. co. uk/ 20stars. html)" at skyscript.co.uk; accessed July 15, 2011.[11] , also online on Bill Thayer's site Lacus Curtius: Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ E/

Gazetteer/ Topics/ astronomy/ _Texts/ secondary/ ALLSTA/ home. html)[12] Robbins, Frank E. (ed.) 1940. Ptolemy Tetrabiblos. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library). ISBN

0-674-99479-5, IV.9, p.435.[13] Ebertin, R., & Hoffman, G., Fixed Stars and their Interpretation, Verlag, 1971, p.24[14] William Lilly, Christian Astrology; London, 1647; Ascella Publications reprint, 1999; p.115.[15] Giuseppe Bezza, translated by Daria Dudziak, " Al-ghûl, the ogre (http:/ / www. cieloeterra. it/ eng/ eng. articoli. algol/ eng. algol. html)",

originally in Schema 3, December 1986; accessed July 15, 2011.[16][16] Lyons, 1531/33. Llewellyn reprint, 1993; tr. J. Freake (1651), ed. D. Tyson, p.411.[17][17] Robson[18][18] Ptolemy[19][19] Maternus[20][20] Houlding, "The 20 Brightest Stars", above.

External links• Fixed stars (http:/ / www. astrologycom. com/ fixedstars. html)

Palmistry 24

Palmistry"Chirology" redirects here. For other uses, see Fingerspelling.

The Fortune Teller, by Caravaggio (1594–95; Canvas; Louvre), depicting a palmreading

The Fortune Teller by Enrique Simonet (1899)

Palmistry, or chiromancy (also spelledcheiromancy; from Greek kheir (χεῖρ, ός;“hand”) and manteia (μαντεία, ας;“divination”)), is the claim ofcharacterization and foretelling the futurethrough the study of the palm, also knownas palm reading or chirology. The practiceis found all over the world, with numerouscultural variations. Those who practicechiromancy are generally called palmists,palm readers, hand readers, hand analysts,or chirologists.

The information outlined below is brieflyrepresentative of modern palmistry; thereare many ― often conflicting ―interpretations of various lines and palmarfeatures across various schools of palmistry.These contradictions between differentinterpretations, as well as the lack ofempirical support for palmistry'spredictions, contribute to palmistry'sperception as a pseudoscience amongacademics.

History

Ancient Palmistry

Palmistry is a practice common to manydifferent places on the Eurasian landmass;[1]

it has been practised in the cultures of India,Tibet, China, Persia, Sumeria, Ancient Israeland Babylonia.

According to some, it had its roots in [2]Hindu) Astrology (known in Sanskrit as Jyotish), Chinese Yijing (I Ching),and Roma (Gypsy) fortune tellers. Several thousand years ago, the Hindu sage Valmiki is thought[3] to have written abook comprising 567 stanzas, the title of which translates in English as "The Teachings of Valmiki Maharshi onMale Palmistry".[3][4] From India, the art of palmistry spread to China, Tibet, Egypt, Persia and to other countries inEurope.[5] From China, palmistry progressed to Greece where Anaxagoras practiced it. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.)discovered a treatise on the subject of palmistry on an altar of Hermes, which he then presented to Alexander theGreat (356–323 B.C.E.), who took great interest in examining the character of his officers by analyzing the lines on

their hands. Aristotle stated that "Lines are not written into the human hand without reason. They emanate from heavenly influences and man's own individuality."Wikipedia:Quotations Accordingly, Aristotle, Hippocrates and

Palmistry 25

Alexander the Great popularized the laws and practice of palmistry.Wikipedia:Citation needed Hippocrates sought touse palmistry to aid his clinical procedures.Wikipedia:Citation neededDuring the Middle Ages the art of palmistry was actively suppressed by the Catholic Church as pagan superstition.In Renaissance magic, palmistry (known as "chiromancy") was classified as one of the seven "forbidden arts," alongwith necromancy, geomancy, aeromancy, pyromancy, hydromancy, and spatulamancy (scapulimancy).[6]

Modern PalmistryIt experienced a revival in the modern era starting with Captain Casimir Stanislas D'Arpentigny publication LaChirognomie in 1839.

Cheiro, an influential exponent of palmistry in thelate 19th century.

The Chirological Society of Great Britain was founded in London byKatherine St Hill in 1889 with the stated aim to advance andsystematise the art of palmistry and to prevent charlatans from abusingthe art. Edgar de Valcourt-Vermont (Comte de St Germain) foundedthe American Chirological Society in 1897.A pivotal figure in the modern palmistry movement was the IrishWilliam John Warner, known by his sobriquet, Cheiro. After studyingunder gurus in India he set up a palmistry practice in London andenjoyed a wide following of famous clients from around the world,including famous celebrities like Mark Twain, W. T. Stead, SarahBernhardt, Mata Hari, Oscar Wilde, Grover Cleveland, ThomasEdison, the Prince of Wales, General Kitchener, William EwartGladstone, and Joseph Chamberlain. So popular was Cheiro as a"Society Palmist" that even those who were not believers in the occulthad their hands read by him. The skeptical Mark Twain wrote inCheiro's visitor's book that he had "...exposed my character to me withhumiliating accuracy."

Edward Heron-Allen, an English polymath, published various works including the 1883 book, Palmistry - A Manualof Cheirosophy which is still in print.[7] There were attempts at formulating some sort of scientific basis for the art,most notably in the 1900 publication “The Laws of Scientific Hand Reading" by William G. Benham.

TechniquesChiromancy consists of the practice of evaluating a person's character or future life by "reading" the palm of thatperson's hand. Various "lines" ("heart line", "life line", etc.) and "mounts" (or bumps) (chirognomy) purportedlysuggest interpretations by their relative sizes, qualities, and intersections. In some traditions, readers also examinecharacteristics of the fingers, fingernails, fingerprints, and palmar skin patterns (dermatoglyphics), skin texture andcolor, shape of the palm, and flexibility of the hand.A reader usually begins by reading the person's 'dominant hand' (the hand he or she writes with or uses themost)(sometimes considered to represent the conscious mind, whereas the other hand is subconscious). In sometraditions of palmistry, the other hand is believed to carry hereditary or family traits, or, depending on the palmist'scosmological beliefs, to convey information about past-life or karmic conditions.The basic framework for "Classical" palmistry (the most widely taught and practiced tradition) is rooted in Greekmythology. Each area of the palm and fingers is related to a god or goddess, and the features of that area indicate thenature of the corresponding aspect of the subject. For example, the ring finger is associated with the Greek godApollo; characteristics of the ring finger are tied to the subject's dealings with art, music, aesthetics, fame, wealth,and harmony.

Palmistry 26

Significance of the left and right handThough there are debatesWikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions on which hand isbetter to read from, both have their own significance. It is customWikipedia:Avoid weasel words to assume that theleft hand shows potential in an individual, and the right shows realized personality. Some sayings about thesignificance include "The future is shown in the right, the past in the left"; "The left hand is the one we are born with,and the right is what we have made of it"; "The right hand is read for men, while the left is read for women"; "Theleft is what the gods give you, the right is what you do with it"; "The right hand is read for right-handed people,while the left is read for left-handed people"Wikipedia:Citation needed. The choice of hand to read is ultimately upto the instinct and experience of the practitioner.• Left The left hand is usually controlled by the right brain (often believed to direct control pattern recognition,

relationship understanding), reflects the inner person, the natural self, the anima, and the lateral thinking.• Right The right hand is usually controlled by the left brain (often believed to direct logic, reason, and language),

reflects the outer person, objective self, influence of social environment, education, and experience. It representslinear thinking.

Hand shapeDepending on the type of palmistry practiced, and the type of reading being performed, palmists may look at variousqualities of the hand, including the shapes and lines of the palm and fingers; the color and texture of the skin andfingernails; the relative sizes of the palm and fingers; the prominence of the knuckles; and numerous other attributesof the hands.In most schools of palmistry, hand shapes are divided into four or 11 major types, sometimes corresponding to theClassical elements or temperaments. Hand shape is believed to indicate character traits corresponding to the typeindicated (i.e., a "Fire hand" would exhibit high energy, creativity, short temper, ambition, etc. - all qualities believedto be related to the Classical element of Fire).Although variations abound, the most common classifications used by modern palmists:• Earth hands are generally identified by broad, square palms and fingers, thick or coarse skin, and ruddy color.

The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually equal to the length of the fingers.• Air hands exhibit square or rectangular palms with long fingers and sometimes protruding knuckles, low-set

thumbs, and often dry skin. The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually equal to thelength of the fingers.

• Water hands are seeable by the long, sometimes oval-shaped palm, with long, flexible, conical fingers. Thelength of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually less than the width across the widest part ofthe palm, and usually equal to the length of the fingers.

• Fire hands are characterized by a square or rectangular palm, flushed or pink skin, and shorter fingers. The lengthof the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually greater than the length of the fingers.

The number and quality of lines can also be included in the hand shape analysis; in some traditions of palmistry,Earth and Water hands tend to have fewer, deeper lines, while Air and Fire hands are more likely to show more lineswith less clear definition.

Palmistry 27

Lines

Some of the lines of the hand in Palmistry1: Life line - 2: Head line - 3: Heart line - 4: Girdle of

Venus - 5: Sun line - 6: Mercury line - 7: Fate line

The three lines found on almost all hands, and generally givenmost weight by palmists:• The heart line is the first of the major lines examined by a

reader and represents love and attraction. It is found towardsthe top of the palm, under the fingers. In some traditions, theline is read as starting from the edge of the palm under the littlefinger and flowing across the palm towards the thumb; inothers, it is seen as starting under the fingers and flowingtoward the outside edge of the palm. Palmists interpret this lineto represent matters of the heart, that is, more literally, ouremotional living; it is therefore believed to be an insight intohow the emotional sides of our mindframes will act out and beacted upon during our lifetimes, and often said, to what extentwe possess emotional reservoirs within us, for example, achained or gridded heart line (or emotional line) is often seen inpeople who are highly strung, nervous and draw uponemotional strength and insight to attain their ambitions, i.e. theywear their 'emotions' on their sleeves, often to draw strength.Such chaining or gridding on the heart line (emotional line) isoften seen in intensely creative artists such as musicians andwriters, as well as deeply driven scientists. Dealing withemotions, the line is also claimed to indicate romanticperspectives and intimate relationships, again, a chained or gridded heart line is said to point to a flirtatiousattitude to love, and one which can be prone to fall in love easily. On a physical level, the heart line is indirectlyassociated with heart health, more so through the effects that emotions can have on the body such as with bloodpressure. A chained heart line is often associated with high blood pressure, but also of an 'adrenaline junkie'attitude in life.

• The next line identified by palmists is the head line. This line starts at the edge of the palm under the index fingerand flows across the palm towards the outside edge. Often, the head line is joined with the life line (see below) atinception. Palmists generally interpret this line to represent the person's mind and the way it works, includinglearning style, communication style, intellectualism, and thirst for knowledge. It is also believed to indicate apreference for creative or analytical approaches to information (i.e., right brain or left brain).

• The life line is perhaps the most controversial line on the hand.Wikipedia:Citation needed This line extends fromthe edge of the palm above the thumb and travels in an arc towards the wrist. This line is believed to represent theperson's vitality and vigor, physical health and general well being. The life line is also believed to reflect majorlife changes, including cataclysmic events, physical injuries, and relocations. Contrary to popular belief, modernpalmists generally do not believe that the length of a person's life line is tied to the length of a person's life.

•• The combined length of these three main lines (heart, head, life) can also be used. If this combined length islonger than a persons foot they may be over bearing. However, if it is shorter they may give in too easily to otherpeople. A similar length suggests a well balanced individual.

Additional major lines or variations include:• A simian crease, or fusing of the heart and head lines, has special significance in that both emotional as well as

reasoning nature have to be studied from this line alone. The peculiar line is thought to be a combination of the head and heart lines on such hands that are separately marked on the rest of the hands.

Palmistry 28

According to CheiroWikipedia:Citation needed, this line is thought to endow a person with an intensity ofpurpose or single-mindedness, the nature of which is decided upon by exact position of this line on the hand andthe direction of any branches shooting from it, which is normally the case. In hands where such a line existswithout any branches as a singular mark, it indicates an extremely intense nature and special care is needed forsuch persons. The normal position for the line is starting below the index finger and ending where normally theheart line terminates at the edge of the hand below the little finger, indicating average interests for the person andthe intense side of the nature is decided purely by the direction of any branches shooting from it. The upper half of the palm lying immediately below the fingers is considered to represent the higher orintellectual nature and the lower half of the palm to represent the materialistic side of the nature. If one of thesehalves is larger than the other as decided by the central placement of the head line or in this case the singletransverse palmar crease it shows greater development of that aspect of the nature. Based on this generalprinciple, if this line is placed below its normal position it indicates an intensely intellectual nature; if it is placedabove its normal position it indicates an intensely materialistic nature and interests. The direction in which any branches may be found shooting from this line have a significant impact on the natureof this line resulting in suitable modifications from the above defined results depending on the nature of themounts on the hand. For instance, if a branch from this line shoots to the mount of Moon lying on the lower edgeof the hand exactly opposite the thumb, it indicates an intensely vacillating nature and emotional temperament.

• The fate line runs from the bottom of the palm near the wrist, up through the center of the palm towards themiddle finger. This line is believed to be tied to the person's life path, including school and career choices,successes and obstacles. Sometimes this line is thought to reflect circumstances beyond the individual's control, oralternately the person's choices and their consequences.

The mounts in PalmistryJupiter, Saturn, Apollo, Mercury, Mars positive, Marsnegative, plain of mars, Luna mount, Neptune mount,

Venus mount.[8]

Other minor lines:• Sun line - parallel to the Fate Line, under the ring finger;

believed to indicate fame or scandal• Girdle of Venus - starts between the little and ring fingers, runs

in a rough arc under the ring and middle fingers to end betweenthe middle and pointer fingers; thought to relate to emotionalintelligence and the ability to manipulate

• Union lines - short horizontal lines found on the percussiveedge of the palm between the Heart Line and the bottom of thelittle finger; believed to indicate close relationships, sometimes- but not always - romantic.

• Mercury line - runs from the bottom of the palm near the wrist,up through the palm towards the little finger; purported to be anindicator of persistent health issues, business acumen, or skill incommunication.

• Travel lines - these are horizontal lines found on the percussiveedge of the palm between the wrist and the heart line; each lineis said to represent a trip taken by the subject - the longer theline, the more important the trip is to the subject.

• Other markings - these include stars, crosses, triangles, squares, tridents, and rings under each of the fingers; theirsupposed impact and meaning varies by location on the palm and freedom from other interfering lines.

•• "Apollo line" - the Apollo line means to have a fortunate life; it travels from the Mount of the Moon at the wrist tobeneath the Apollo finger.

Palmistry 29

CriticismCriticism of palmistry often rests with the lack of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy. Scientific literaturetypically regards palmistry as a pseudoscientific or superstitious belief.[9] Skeptics often include palmists on lists ofalleged psychics who practice cold reading. Cold reading is the practice that allows readers of all kinds, includingpalmists, to appear psychic by using high-probability guessing and inferring details based on signals or cues from theother person.[10]

In films and televisionPalmistry has been shown in a number of films and television shows, including:• Amaya (2011) - Through the use of Himalad (Palmistry) the priestess found out that Amaya is the chosen one -

the girl with a twin snake who will kill the ferocious Rajah.• Eat Pray Love (2010) - Julia Roberts' character goes in for a palmistry reading which transforms her life• The Simian Line (2001) - Readings by a quirky psychic set in motion the main plot of the film• Before Sunrise (1995) - Julie Delpy's character has her palm read, while Ethan Hawke's character is sidelined,

leading to a cynical rant from his character• Jacob's Ladder (1990) - Tim Robbins' character has his palm read at a party, which acts as an ominous portent• Teen Witch (1989) - While Robyn Lively's character has her palm read, the fortune teller recognizes her as

reincarnated witch who will soon be coming into her powers• The Simpsons - Palmistry is lampooned in the Season 4 Episode 8 New Kid on the Block.• Fun and Fancy Free (1947) - In Mickey and the Beanstalk, Mickey reads the giant's palm• Are You Being Served? (1972-1985) - In the third series premiere (1975), Mr. Humphries (played by John

Inman) reads an Asian customer's hand, foretelling an accident. Later on, it does happen.• The Hunchback of Notre Dame - When Quasimodo tells Esmeralda he's a monster, she reads his palm and sees no

"monster lines".• Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban - Harry takes a course in divination and dabbles in palmistry.• Hands of Destiny (1954 film) - Palmist Dr Josef Ranald appears as himself. He had supposedly read the palms of

the great and the good (and leading Nazis) in the mid C20 with huge accuracy!

References[1][1] Dwivedi. Wonders of Palmistry pp. 16-20[2][2] Omura.Acupuncture. pp.172 -174. According to this theory, palmistry developed in India and then extended across the world.[3][3] Dwivedi. Wonders of Palmistry p. 25-26[4][4] Sharma. The A-Z of Palmistry. p. 95[5] Chinn. Technology. p.24...it was not until the mid- to late nineteenth century that palmreading took off in Britain, France and the United

States thanks to three major figures: Casimir Stanislas d'Arpentigny, Edward Heron-Allen and ..Cheiro.[6] Johannes Hartlieb (Munich, 1456) The Book of All Forbidden Arts; quoted in Láng, p. 124.[7][7] Heron-Allen. Palmistry[8] Sara Sirolli - Palmistry diagram of hand (http:/ / www. mrspalmreader. com/ page7. htm) 2008[9] Preece, P. F., & Baxter, J. H. (2000). Scepticism and gullibility: The superstitious and pseudo-scientific beliefs of secondary school students.

International Journal of Science Education, 22(11), 1147-1156.[10] David Vernon in Skeptical — a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal, editors: Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves,

Simon Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0-7316-5794-2, p. 44.

Palmistry 30

Further reading• Chauran, Alexandra (2013). Palmistry Every Day. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 0-7387-3494-2.• Saint-Germain, Comte C. de. Practical Palmistry. Laird & Lee Publishers; Chicago, 1897.• Heron-Allen, Edward (2008). Palmistry - A Manual of Cheirosophy (reprint ed.). Baltzell Press.

ISBN 1-4437-6535-X.• Chinn, Sarah E. (2000). Technology and the logic of American racism. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-4750-3.• Yoshiaki Omura (2003). Acupuncture Medicine:Its Historical and Clinical Background. Dover Publications Inc.

ISBN 0-486-42850-8.• Cheiro. Palmistry for All at Project Gutenberg• Doublepalm+ project (http:/ / doublepalm. com) The Doublepalm+ project is a non-profit site about making palm

reading with people on the web more like palm reading in the real world.• Hari Dutta Sharma (1995). The A-Z of Palmistry. New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd.

ISBN 81-207-1661-2.• Bhorai Dwivedi (1970). Wonders of Palmistry. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 81-284-0099-1.

Reflexology

An example of a reflexology chart, demonstratingthe areas of the feet that practitioners believecorrespond with organs in the "zones" of the

body.

Reflexology, or zone therapy, is an alternative medicine involving thephysical act of applying pressure to the feet, hands, or ears withspecific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil orlotion. It is based on what reflexologists claim to be a system of zonesand reflex areas that they say reflect an image of the body on the feetand hands, with the premise that such work affects a physical change tothe body. A 2009 systematic review of randomised controlled trialsconcludes that

"The best evidence available to date does not demonstrateconvincingly that reflexology is an effective treatment forany medical condition."

There is no consensus among reflexologists on how reflexology issupposed to work; a unifying theme is the idea that areas on the footcorrespond to areas of the body, and that by manipulating these onecan improve health through one's qi. Reflexologists divide the bodyinto ten equal vertical zones, five on the right and five on the left.Concerns have been raised by medical professionals that treatingpotentially serious illnesses with reflexology, which has no provenefficacy, could delay the seeking of appropriate medical treatment.

Reflexology 31

Medical usesReviews from 2009 and 2011 have not found evidence sufficient to support the use of reflexology for any medicalcondition. The overall quality of the evidence is poor.

MechanismThe Reflexology Association of Canada defines reflexology as:

"A natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet, hands and ears and their referralareas within zone related areas, which correspond to every part, gland and organ of the body. Throughapplication of pressure on these reflexes without the use of tools, crèmes or lotions, the feet being the primaryarea of application, reflexology relieves tension, improves circulation and helps promote the natural functionof the related areas of the body."

Reflexologists posit that the blockage of an energy field, invisible life force, or Qi, can prevent healing. Anothertenet of reflexology is the belief that practitioners can relieve stress and pain in other parts of the body through themanipulation of the feet. One claimed explanation is that the pressure received in the feet may send signals that'balance' the nervous system or release chemicals such as endorphins that reduce stress and pain.[1] These hypothesesare rejected by the general medical community, who cite a lack of scientific evidence and the well-tested germtheory of disease.Reflexology's claim to manipulate energy (Qi) has been highly controversial, as there is no scientific evidence for theexistence of life energy (Qi), 'energy balance', 'crystalline structures,' or 'pathways' in the body.In Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial, Simon Singh argues that if indeed the hands and feet "reflect"the internal organs, reflexology might be expected to explain how such "reflection" was derived from the process ofDarwinian natural selection; but Singh observes that no argument or evidence has been adduced.[2]

Use by population

An example of a reflexology chart of the Hand,demonstrating the areas of the hand that

practitioners believe correspond with organs inthe "zones" of the body.

Reflexology is one of the most used alternative therapies in Denmark.A national survey from 2005 showed that 21.4% of the Danishpopulation had used reflexology at some point in life and 6.1% hadused reflexology within the previous year.[3]

A study from Norway showed that 5.6% of the Norwegian populationin 2007 had used reflexology within the last 12 months.[4]

Regulation

In the United Kingdom, reflexology is coordinated on a voluntary basisby the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC).Registrants are required to meet Standards of Proficiency outlined byProfession Specific Boards,[5] as CNHC is voluntary anyone practisingcan describe themselves as reflexologists. When the CNHC beganadmitting reflexologists, a skeptic searched for and found 14 of themclaiming efficacy on illnesses. Once pointed out, the CNHC had the claims retracted as it conflicted with theirAdvertising Standards Authority.[6]

Reflexology 32

HistoryPractices resembling reflexology may have existed in previous historical periods. Similar practices have beendocumented in the histories of China and Egypt.Reflexology was introduced to the United States in 1913 by William H. Fitzgerald, M.D. (1872–1942), an ear, nose,and throat specialist, and Dr. Edwin Bowers. Fitzgerald claimed that applying pressure had an anesthetic effect onother areas of the body.Reflexology was modified in the 1930s and 1940s by Eunice D. Ingham (1889–1974), a nurse and physiotherapist.Ingham claimed that the feet and hands were especially sensitive, and mapped the entire body into "reflexes" on thefeet renaming "zone therapy" to reflexology.[7] "Modern reflexologists use Ingham's methods, or similar techniquesdeveloped by the reflexologist Laura Norman."

Notes[1] (WOT score is marked as dangerous (http:/ / www. mywot. com/ en/ scorecard/ reflexology-research. com))[2] Singh, Simon; Ernst, Edzard (2008). Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial. Transworld. ISBN 978-0-593-06129-9.[3] Reflexology in Denmark (http:/ / www. vifab. dk/ uk/ alternative+ medicine/ alternative+ therapies/ reflexology?) text from Knowledge and

Research Center for Alternative Medicine (http:/ / www. vifab. dk/ uk) a Danish governmental institution[4] Nifab-undersøgelsen (http:/ / www. nifab. no/ om_alternativ_behandling/ alternativ_behandling_i_norge/ nifab_undersoekelsen) in

Norwegean only[5] CNHC - Policies (http:/ / www. cnhc. org. uk/ pages/ index. cfm?page_id=47)[6] CNHC Wishes to Thank Simon Perry (http:/ / adventuresinnonsense. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 11/ cnhc-wishes-to-place-on-formal-record_27.

html), http:/ / adventuresinnonsense. blogspot. com, Friday, 27 November 2009[7] cancer.org - Reflexology (http:/ / www. cancer. org/ Treatment/ TreatmentsandSideEffects/ ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/

ManualHealingandPhysicalTouch/ reflexology)

External links• "Reflexology at Aetna InteliHealth" (http:/ / www. intelihealth. com/ IH/ ihtIH/ WSIHW000/ 8513/ 34968/

360060. html?d=dmtContent). 2005-07-07. Retrieved 2007-10-12.• "Reflexology at American Cancer Society" (http:/ / www. cancer. org/ docroot/ ETO/ content/

ETO_5_3X_Reflexology. asp?sitearea=ETO). American Cancer Society. 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-03-02.• Barrett, Stephen (2004-09-25). "Reflexology: A close look" (http:/ / www. quackwatch. org/

01QuackeryRelatedTopics/ reflex. html). Quackwatch. Retrieved 2011-03-14.• Carroll, Robert Todd (2007-10-03). "Skeptics Dictionary: Definition of Reflexology" (http:/ / skepdic. com/

reflex. html). Retrieved 2011-03-14.• Dunning, Brian (2007-01-28). "Reflexology: Only Dangerous If You Use It" (http:/ / skeptoid. com/ episodes/

4024). Retrieved 2011-03-14.• Reflexology in the management of encopresis and chronic constipation (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/

pubmed/ 12715585)• Scientific literary review compilation on Reflexology - 50 page PDF - Compiled by AQTN (http:/ / www.

association. quebec. aqtn. ca/ files/ Reflexology-full-Litterature-Review. pdf)

Tarot 33

TarotThis article is about the card decks created for trick-taking games and later used for divinatory and esoteric/occultpurposes. For other uses, see Tarot (disambiguation).Not to be confused with taro.

Visconti-Sforza tarot deck. The Devil card is a20th-century replacement for the card missing

from the original 15th-century deck.

The tarot (/ˈtæroʊ/; first known as trionfi and later as tarocchi,tarock, and others) is a pack of playing cards (most commonlynumbering 78), used from the mid-15th century in various parts ofEurope to play a group of card games such as Italian tarocchini andFrench tarot. From the late 18th century until the present time the tarothas also found use by mystics and occultists in efforts at divination oras a map of mental and spiritual pathways.

Like a normal deck of cards, the tarot has four suits (which vary byregion, being the French suits in Northern Europe, the Latin suits inSouthern Europe, and the German suits in Central Europe). Each ofthese suits has pip cards numbering from ace to ten and four face cardsfor a total of 14 cards. In addition, the tarot has a separate 21-cardtrump suit and a single card known as the Fool. Depending on thegame, the Fool may act as the top trump or may be played to avoidfollowing suit.

François Rabelais gives tarau as the name of one of the games playedby Gargantua in his Gargantua and Pantagruel;[1] this is likely theearliest attestation of the French form of the name.Wikipedia:Citationneeded Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play cardgames. In English-speaking countries, where these games are largelyunplayed, tarot cards are now used primarily for divinatory purposes.Occultists call the trump cards and the Fool "the major arcana" whilethe ten pip and four court cards in each suit are called minor arcana.The cards are traced by some occult writers to ancient Egypt or theKabbalah but there is no documented evidence of such origins or of the usage of tarot for divination before the 18thcentury.

EtymologyThe English and French word tarot derives from the Italian tarocchi, which has no known origin oretymologyWikipedia:Citation needed. One theory relates the name "tarot" to the Taro River in northern Italy, nearParma; the game seems to have originated in northern Italy, in Milan or Bologna.[2] Other writers believe it comesfrom the Arabic word طرق turuq, which means 'ways'. Alternatively, it may be from the Arabic ترك taraka, 'to leave,abandon, omit, leave behind'[3]

Tarot 34

HistoryPlaying cards first entered Europe in the late 14th century, probably from Mamluk Egypt, with suits very similar tothe tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins (also known as disks, and pentacles) and those still used intraditional Italian, Spanish and Portuguese decks.[4]

The first known documented tarot cards were created between 1430 and 1450 in Milan, Ferrara and Bologna innorthern Italy when additional trump cards with allegorical illustrations were added to the common four-suit pack.These new decks were originally called carte da trionfi, triumph cards, and the additional cards known simply astrionfi, which became "trumps" in English. The first literary evidence of the existence of carte da trionfi is a writtenstatement in the court records in Florence, in 1440. The oldest surviving tarot cards are from fifteen fragmenteddecks painted in the mid 15th century for the Visconti-Sforza family, the rulers of Milan.

Early decks

Le Bateleur: The Juggler from theJean Dodal Tarot of Marseilles. Thiscard is often named The Magician in

modern English language tarots

Picture-card packs are first mentioned by Martiano da Tortona probably between1418 and 1425, since the painter he mentions, Michelino da Besozzo, returned toMilan in 1418, while Martiano himself died in 1425. He describes a deck with 16picture cards with images of the Greek gods and suits depicting four kinds ofbirds, not the common suits. However the 16 cards were obviously regarded as"trumps" as, about 25 years later, Jacopo Antonio Marcello called them a ludustriumphorum, or "game of trumps".

Special motifs on cards added to regular packs show philosophical, social,poetical, astronomical, and heraldic ideas, Roman/Greek/Babylonian heroes, asin the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi (1491) and the Boiardo Tarocchi poem,written at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494.[5]

Two playing card decks from Milan (the Brera-Brambilla andCary-Yale-Tarocchi)—extant, but fragmentary—were made circa 1440. Threedocuments dating from 1 January 1441 to July 1442, use the term trionfi. Thedocument from January 1441 is regarded as an unreliable reference; however, thesame painter, Sagramoro, was commissioned by the same patron, Leonellod'Este, as in the February 1442 document. The game seemed to gain inimportance in the year 1450, a Jubilee year in Italy, which saw many festivitiesand the movement of many pilgrims.

Three mid-15th century sets were made for members of the Visconti family. The first deck, and probably theprototype, is called the Cary-Yale Tarot (or Visconti-Modrone Tarot) and was created between 1442 and 1447 by ananonymous painter for Filippo Maria Visconti. The cards (only 67) are today in the Cary collection of the BeineckeRare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, in the U.S. state of Connecticut.[6] The most famous waspainted in the mid-15th century, to celebrate Francesco Sforza and his wife Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of theduke Filippo Maria. Probably, these cards were painted by Bonifacio Bembo or Francesco Zavattari between 1451and 1453. Of the original cards, 35 are in The Morgan Library & Museum, 26 are at the Accademia Carrara, thirteenare at the Casa Colleoni, and four: The Devil, The Tower, Money's Horse (The Chariot), and the 3 of Spades, are lostor were never made. This "Visconti-Sforza" deck, which has been widely reproduced, reflects conventionaliconography of the time to a significant degree.

Hand-painted tarot cards remained a privilege of the upper classes and, although a single sermon by a Dominicanpreacher inveighing against the evil inherent in cards (mostly centered around their use in gambling) can be traced tothe 14th century,[7] no routine condemnations of tarot were found during its early history.

Tarot 35

Because the earliest tarot cards were hand-painted, the number of the decks produced is thought to have been rathersmall, and it was only after the invention of the printing press that mass production of cards became possible. Deckssurvive from this era from various cities in France, and the most popular pattern of these early printed decks is calledthe Tarot de Marseille such as the Jean Dodal Tarot (Lyon) and the Jean Noblet Tarot (Paris) for example.

Tarot, tarock and tarocchi gamesMain article: Tarot, tarock and tarocchi gamesThe original purpose of tarot cards was for playing games, the first basic rules appearing in the manuscript ofMartiano da Tortona before 1425, and the next from the year 1637. The game of tarot has many cultural variations.In Italy the game has become less popular. One version named Tarocco Bolognese: Otocento has survived and thereare still others played in Piedmont; but the number of games outside of Italy is much higher. The French tarot gameis the most popular in its native country and regional tarot games—often known as tarock, tarok, or tarokk—arewidely played in central Europe.

Divinatory, esoteric, and occult tarotMain article: Divinatory, esoteric and occult tarotEach card possesses a pictogram and title that represents a specific concept. The belief in divination associated withTarot focuses on the prospect that whatever cards are dealt to the participant will be revelatory.Divination using playing cards is in evidence as early as 1540 in a book entitled The Oracles of FrancescoMarcolino da Forlì which allows a simple method of divination, though the cards are used only to select a randomoracle and have no meaning in themselves. But manuscripts from 1735 (The Square of Sevens) and 1750 (PratesiCartomancer) document rudimentary divinatory meanings for the cards of the tarot as well as a system for laying outthe cards. Giacomo Casanova wrote in his diary that in 1765 his Russian mistress frequently used a deck of playingcards for divination.Antoine Court de Gébelin, a French-born Protestant pastor and Freemason, published a dissertation on the origins ofthe symbolism in the Tarot in volume VIII of his unfinished fifteen volumes of the Le Monde Primitif. De Gébelin,who never knew the Tarot as the Tarot de Marseille (a name which came much later), thought the Tarot representedancient Egyptian Theology, including Isis, Osiris and Typhon (the Greek name for Seth), but never mentions Thoth.For example, he thought the card he knew as the Papesse and known today as the High Priestess represented Isis. Healso related four Tarot cards to the four Christian Cardinal virtues: Temperance, Justice, Strength and Prudence. Herelates The Tower to a Greek fable about avarice. Although Egyptian had not yet been deciphered by Champollion,Gébelin asserted the name "Tarot" came from the Egyptian words Tar, "path" or "road", and the word Ro, Ros orRog, meaning "King" or "royal", and that the Tarot literally translated to the Royal Road of Life.

Tarot 36

Varieties

Le Chariot, from Nicolas Conver's1760 deck.

A variety of styles of tarot decks and designs exist and a number of typicalregional patterns have emerged. Historically, one of the most important designsis the one usually known as the Tarot de Marseille. This standard pattern was theone studied by Court de Gébelin, and cards based on this style illustrate his LeMonde primitif. The Tarot de Marseille was also popularized in the 20th centuryby Paul Marteau.Wikipedia:Citation needed Some current editions of cards basedon the Marseille design go back to a deck of a particular Marseille design thatwas printed by Nicolas Conver in 1760. Other regional styles include the "Swiss"Tarot. This one substitutes Juno and Jupiter for the Papess, or High Priestess andthe Pope, or Hierophant. In Florence an expanded deck called Minchiate wasused. This deck of 96 cards includes astrological symbols including the fourelements, as well as traditional tarot motifs.

Some decks exist primarily as artwork; and such art decks sometimes containonly the 22 trump cards.

French suited tarots

French suited tarot cards began to appear in Germany during the 18th century.The first generation of French suited tarots depicted scenes of animals on thetrumps and were thus called "Tiertarock" decks ('Tier' being German for 'animal'). Card maker Göbl of Munich isoften credited for this design innovation. French suited tarot cards are a modern deck used for the tarot/tarock cardgames commonly played in France and central Europe. The symbolism of French suited tarot trumps departconsiderably from the older Italian suited design. With very few exceptional recent cases such as the Tarocchi diAlan, Tarot of Reincarnation and the Tarot de la Nature, French suited tarot cards are nearly exclusively used forcard games and rarely for divination.

Example of 18th century "Tiertarock"or animal tarot.

Central European 54 card Tarockdeck.

French Tarot Nouveau circa 1910

Tarot 37

Non-occult Italian-suited tarot decks

Tarocco Piemontese: the Fool.

These were the oldest form of tarot deck to be made, being first devised in the15th century in northern Italy. The occult tarot decks are based on decks of thistype. Four decks of this category are still used to play certain games:• The Tarocco Piemontese consists of the four suits of swords, batons, cups and

coins, each headed by a king, queen, cavalier and jack, followed by numerals10 down to 1. The trumps rank as follows: The Angel (20—although it onlybears the second-highest number, it is nonetheless the highest), the World (21),the Sun (19), the Moon (18), the Star (17), the Tower (16), the Devil (15),Temperance (14), Death (13), the Hanged Man (12), Justice (11), the Wheel ofFortune (10), the Hermit (9), Strength (8), the Chariot (7), the Lovers (6), thePope (5), the Emperor (4), the Empress (3), the Popess (2) and the Bagatto (1).There is also the Fool (Matto).

• The Tarot de Besançon and the Swiss Tarot 1JJ are similar, but are of adifferent graphical design, and replaces the Pope with Jupiter, the Popess withJuno, and the Angel with the Judgement. The trumps rank in numerical orderand the Tower is known as the House of God.

• The Tarocco Bolognese omits numeral cards two to five in plain suits, leaving it with 62 cards, and hassomewhat different trumps, not all of which are numbered and four of which are equal in rank. It has a differentgraphical design.

• The Tarocco Siciliano changes some of the trumps, and replaces the 21 with a card labeled Miseria (destitution).It omits the Two and Three of coins, and numerals one to four in batons, swords and cups: it thus has 64 cards.The cards are quite small and, again, of a different graphical design.[9]

Occult tarot decksEtteilla was the first to issue a revised tarot deck specifically designed for occult purposes rather than game playing.In keeping with the belief that tarot cards are derived from the Book of Thoth, Etteilla's tarot contained themesrelated to ancient Egypt. The 78-card tarot deck used by esotericists has two distinct parts:• The Major Arcana (greater secrets), or trump cards, consists of 22 cards without suits: The Magician, The High

Priestess, The Empress, The Emperor, The Hierophant, The Lovers, The Chariot, Strength, The Hermit, Wheel ofFortune, Justice, The Hanged Man, Death, Temperance, The Devil, The Tower, The Star, The Moon, The Sun,Judgement, The World and The Fool.

• The Minor Arcana (lesser secrets) consists of 56 cards, divided into four suits of 14 cards each; ten numberedcards and four court cards. The court cards are the King, Queen, Knight and Page/Jack, in each of the four tarotsuits. The traditional Italian tarot suits are swords, batons/wands, coins and cups; in modern tarot decks, however,the batons suit is often called wands, rods or staves, while the coins suit is often called pentacles or disks.

The terms "major arcana" and "minor arcana" were first used by Jean-Baptiste Pitois (also known as Paul Christian)and are never used in relation to Tarot card games.Tarot is often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabalah.[8] In these decks all the cards are illustrated in accordance with Kabbalistic principles, most being under the influence of the Rider-Waite-Smith deck and bearing illustrated scenes on all the suit cards. The images on the "Rider-Waite" deck were drawn by artist Pamela Colman Smith, to the instructions of mystic and occultist Arthur Edward Waite, and were originally published by the Rider Company in 1910. This deck is considered a simple, user friendly one but nevertheless its imagery, especially in the Major Arcana, is complex and replete with esoteric symbolism. The subjects of the Major Arcana are based on those of the earliest decks, but have been significantly modified to reflect Waite and Smith's

Tarot 38

view of tarot. An important difference from Marseilles style decks is that Smith drew scenes with esoteric meaningson the suit cards. However the Rider-Waite wasn't the first deck to include completely illustrated suit cards. The firstto do so was the 15th century Sola-Busca deck.[9]

Older decks such as the Visconti-Sforza and Marseilles are less detailed than modern esoteric decks. A Marseillestype deck is usually distinguished by having repetitive motifs on the pip cards, similar to Italian or Spanish playingcards, as opposed to the full scenes found on "Rider-Waite" style decks. These more simply illustrated "Marseilles"style decks are also used esoterically, for divination, and for game play, though the French card game of tarot is nowgenerally played using a relatively modern 19th century design of German origin. Such playing tarot decks generallyhave twenty one trump cards with genre scenes from 19th century life, a Fool, and have court and pip cards thatclosely resemble today's French playing cards.The Marseilles style tarot decks generally feature numbered minor arcana cards that look very much like the pipcards of modern playing card decks. The Marseilles' numbered minor arcana cards do not have scenes depicted onthem; rather, they sport a geometric arrangement of the number of suit symbols (e.g., swords, rods/wands, cups,coins/pentacles) corresponding to the number of the card (accompanied by botanical and other non-scenicflourishes), while the court cards are often illustrated with flat, two-dimensional drawings.A widely used modernist esoteric tarot deck is Aleister Crowley's Thoth Tarot (Thoth pronounced /ˈtoʊt/ or /ˈθɒθ/).Crowley, at the height of a lifetime's work dedicated to occultism, engaged the artist Lady Frieda Harris to paint thecards for the deck according to his specifications. His system of tarot correspondences, published in The Book ofThoth and Liber 777, are an evolution and expansion upon that which he learned in the Hermetic Order of theGolden Dawn.[10]

In contrast to the Thoth deck's colorfulness, the illustrations on Paul Foster Case's B.O.T.A. Tarot deck are black linedrawings on white cards; this is an unlaminated deck intended to be colored by its owner.Other esoteric decks include the hermetic Golden Dawn Tarot, which claims to be based on a deck by S.L.MacGregor Mathers.The variety of decks presently available is almost endless, and grows yearly. For instance, cat-lovers may have theTarot of the Cat People, a deck replete with cats in every picture. The Tarot of the Witches and the Aquarian Tarotretain the conventional cards with varying designs. The Tree of Life Tarot's cards are stark symbolic catalogs; andThe Alchemical Tarot, created by Robert M. Place, combines traditional alchemical symbols with tarot images.These contemporary divination decks change the cards to varying degrees. For example, the Motherpeace Tarot isnotable for its circular cards and feminist angle where the male characters have been replaced by females. The Tarotof Baseball has suits of bats, mitts, balls, and bases; "coaches" and "MVPs" instead of Queens and Kings; and majorarcana cards such as "The Catcher", "The Rule Book", and "Batting a Thousand". In the Silicon Valley Tarot, majorarcana cards include The Hacker, Flame War, The Layoff and The Garage; the suits are Networks, Cubicles, Disksand Hosts; the court cards CEO, Salesman, Marketeer and New Hire. Another tarot in recent years has been theRobin Wood Tarot. This deck retains the Rider-Waite theme while adding some very soft and colorful Pagansymbolism. As with other decks, the cards are available with a companion book written by Wood which details all ofthe symbolism and colors utilized in the Major and Minor Arcana.Unconventionality is taken to an extreme by Morgan's Tarot, produced in 1970 by Morgan Robbins and illustratedby Darshan Chorpash Zenith. Morgan's Tarot has no suits, no card ranking and no explicit order of the cards. It has88 cards rather than the more conventional 78, and its simple line drawings show a strong influence from thepsychedelic era. Nevertheless, in the introductory booklet that accompanies the deck Robbins claims spiritualinspiration for the cards and cites the influence of Tibetan Buddhism in particular.

Tarot 39

Deck-specific symbolism

Many popular decks have modified the traditional symbolism to reflect the esoteric beliefs of their creators.

Rider-Waite-Smith deck

The tarot created by A. E. Waite and Pamela Coleman Smith departs from the earlier tarot design with its use ofscenic pip cards and the alteration of how the Strength and Justice cards are ranked.

Crowley-Harris Thoth deck

Each card in the Thoth deck is intricately detailed with astrological, zodiacal, elemental and Qabalistic symbolsrelated to each card. Colours are used symbolically, especially the cards related to the five elements of Spirit, Fire,Water, Air and Earth. Crowley wrote a book, The Book of Thoth, to accompany, describe and expand on his deck andthe data regarding the pathways within. Unlike the popular Waite-Smith Tarot, the Thoth Tarot retains the traditionalorder of the trumps but uses alternative nomenclature for both the trumps and the courts.

Hermetic Tarot

Hermetic Tarot utilizes the tarot imagery to function as a textbook and mnemonic device for teaching and revealingthe gnosis of alchemical symbolical language and its profound and philosophical meanings. An example of thispractice is found in the rituals of the 19th-century Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. In the 20th century,Hermetic use of the tarot imagery as a handbook and revealer of perennial wisdom was further developed in thework of Carl Gustav Jung and his exploration into the psyche and active imagination. A 21st-century example of aHermetic rooted tarot deck is that of Tarot ReVisioned, a black and white deck and book for the Major Arcana byLeigh J. McCloskey.[11]

References[1] François Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel, ch. 22, "Les Jeux de Gargantua"[2] Cassandra Eason, Complete Guide to Tarot, p. 3 (Crossing Press, 2000; ISBN 1-58091-068-8)[3] Etymology for Tarot (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?search=tarot& searchmode=none), Douglas Harper - The Online Etymology

Dictionary[4] Donald Laycock in Skeptical—a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal, ed Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon

Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0-7316-5794-2, p. 67[5] Tarot and its History (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20091027063534/ http:/ / www. geocities. com/ autorbis/ boiardolife. html) - Autorbis[6] The oldest Tarot deck (http:/ / www. darktarot. com/ the_oldest_tarot_deck. php), Photos, history, and more information on the oldest tarot

deck.[7] Robert Steele. A Notice of the Ludus Triumphorum and some Early Italian Card Games; With Some Remarks on the Origin of the Playing

Cards." Archaeologia, vol LVII, 1900: pp 185-200.[8][8] Israel Regardie, "The Tree of Life", (London, Rider, 1932)[9] The new encyclopedia of the occult (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=xAmMNnJlfnoC& pg=PA442& dq=solar+ busca+ deck+ tarot&

lr=& hl=cs#v=onepage& q=& f=false), John Michael Greer pg. 442 - Llewellyn Publications (2003) ISBN 1-56718-336-0[10] Tarot for Your Self: A Workbook for Personal Transformation (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=YJD93CFeDIAC& pg=PA285&

dq=Aleister+ Crowley+ system+ of+ Tarot+ correspondences& lr=& hl=cs#v=onepage& q=Aleister Crowley system of Tarotcorrespondences& f=false), Mary K. Greer pg. 285 - New Page Books (2002) ISBN 1-56414-588-3

[11] McCloskey, Leigh, Tarot ReVisioned, adpress

Tarot 40

External links• Tarotpedia (http:/ / www. tarotpedia. com/ wiki/ Main_Page)

Further reading• Nichols, Sallie, Jung and Tarot: an Archetypal Journey (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=43vymTMJKrsC& printsec=frontcover), York Beach : Weiser, 1980• Douglas Alfred The Tarot Penguin Books 1972• Robert Mazlo, A la recherche du Tarot perdu. Les tablettes d'Hermès, Ramuel Ed., 1998, ISBN 2910401863.

Article Sources and Contributors 41

Article Sources and ContributorsPlanets in astrology  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=614595535  Contributors: ***Ria777, A. Parrot, Acalamari, Achillu, Afam1986, Afrikidstar, AgentPeppermint,Agestevez, Aitias, Ajraddatz, Alansohn, Alensha, Aleytons, Alfio66, All Is One, Anaraug, Anika7, Antithesys, Antomes, Art LaPella, Astrobhadauria, Astrologist, Avillia, BCLH, BD2412,Barrysanders.com, Barticus88, Beggarsbanquet, Billinghurst, Brandmeister, CalicoCatLover, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cancerboyish, CapitalR, Capricorn42, ChanDMan2010,ChangeChange, Chris Brennan, Chrsyl, Cimon Avaro, Ckatz, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, ConfessedSockPuppetJunior, Crystallina, Curps, Cyktsui, Cynwolfe, DCSmythe, DMacks,DVdm, Dan Guan, Daniel.o.jenkins, Darkstarastrology, Davidiad, Dbachmann, Deeptrivia, DenisMoskowitz, Dmetric, Doctor Ruud, Doradus, Download, Dr.Luke.sc, Drmies,Dudethatchangesstuff, Dusty777, Edward321, Elcalen, Eleassar777, Enchanter, Epbr123, Ericleb01, Ernobe, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Fractain, Gary, Georgia guy, Gerbrant, Giro720, Gonzofever88,Grafen, GrzegorzWu, Gsnaveen, Gwernol, Harishsubramanian, Harlock81, Haruth, Harvestdancer, Helios solis, Hmains, Howcheng, Icairns, Iconoclast.horizon, IdLoveOne, Imorthodox23,Irishsadhbh101, Italia333, J04n, Jack Greenmaven, Jamie Funk, Jaxcp3, Jmpunit, Joeblakesley, John, John of Reading, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kazrak, Khazar2, Killerserv, Kinst, Krelnik,KuRiZu, Kugland, Kutera Genesis, Lar, Ldude38, Leopold Stotch, Lexicon, Lighthead, LittleWink, Loyalist Cannons, Lugia2453, Lumos3, MONGO, Macalves, MakeSense64, Mandarax,Manisero399, Marek69, Mark Arsten, Martarius, Master shepherd, Michaelbarreto, Michelebradford, Midos, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mogism, Mordicai, MrMarmite, Mrwuggs, MystRivenExile,Nagelfar, Nakon, Nandore8, Nathanael Bar-Aur L., NaySay, Neier, Nihonjoe, Ninney, Noformation, Novangelis, O^O, Ospalh, Panchita 34, Paul August, Paulinhapamplona, Paxsimius, PedroPamplona, Pengo, Peter M. Brown, Philip Trueman, Pigman, Pisces Venus, Plasticup, Pluto77, PocketOfCowboys, Priyanath, Psiphim6, RA0808, RJHall, RL0919, RainMoon, Rcsprinter123,Redheylin, Rentaferret, Rentzepopoulos, Rgbea, Rjwilmsi, Robert Happelberg, Rossheth, Rothorpe, Rrburke, Rursus, Saedon, Samuel Grant, SarahStierch, Sbrison, Sceptre, ScottyBerg, SecondQuantization, Serendipodous, Sexyz, Silence, Slartibartfast, Slightsmile, Slowking Man, Someguy1221, Something14, Sonjaaa, Squids and Chips, Ssastronaut, Stebulus, Stephenb,Stevenmitchell, SuperHamster, Susan107, Sviolante, Sweeno7, Syrthiss, Systemizer, T.O. Rainy Day, TOttenville8, TallNapoleon, TeaDrinker, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Tom,Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tinss, Todfox, Tom, Tony1, Tonyfaull, True Pagan Warrior, Ultatri, Urhixidur, UtDicitur, VIRUS CDEF, Valenciano, VasilievVV, Vuo, Wassermann, Wavelength,Well, girl, look at you!, Welsh, Widr, Wiki alf, WilliamKF, Wintceas, Wjejskenewr, Wtmitchell, Wwagner, Xangel, Zachariel, Zeusnoos, Zowie, Zsinj, 816 anonymous edits

Stars in astrology  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611420202  Contributors: Arpingstone, Astrologist, Bazonka, Bumm13, Curb Chain, Dmcq, Drbreznjev, Ihcoyc,Itsmejudith, Jeepday, John254, Jojalozzo, Jyril, Kogge, Lifeline14, MakeSense64, Matt Deres, RJHall, RandomCritic, RickLive, Second Quantization, Selket, ShelfSkewed, Shouriki, Vgent,Zachariel, 14 anonymous edits

Palmistry  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612395301  Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 1exec1, A2800276, A8UDI, Acsenray, Aeon1006, Agel to alive, Aisteco, Akarkera, Alagadic,Amitch, Andrewsfraserd, Angelicfrancine, Anthony Appleyard, Antonymous2, Aquarius Rising, Aquarius rising, Arenarax, Arthena, Astrologist, Balmz, Beetstra, Belovedfreak, BevvyB,Bgwhite, Bigpeteb, Bihco, Biker Biker, Blackmagicfish, Boing! said Zebedee, BoloBouncer, Bomac, Bonadea, BostonMA, Bsadowski1, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canterbury Tail,Catherineyronwode, Cathper, Chealer, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Christopheranton, CobraWiki, Colin99, CommonsDelinker, Cremepuff222, DanD, Danielle.Hernandez208, Dasani,DerHexer, Deville, Discospinster, Djinn112, Dolda2000, Download, Dreaded Walrus, DreamGuy, Drestros power, Dust Filter, Elaverick, Emmanouil 3, Eurosong, Excirial, Feminence,Fiddlersmouth, Flyer22, FordPrefect42, Fraggle81, Freelove1977, Gandydancer, Gary D, Genya Avocado, Geoferythefreerangehousecat, Gfoley4, Gillyweed, Glasnt, Godgivenglyphs,Golfandme, Gordonrox24, GraemeL, Graham87, Green Giant, Grrrlriot, Gtrmp, Guffydrawers, Guoguo12, HMSSolent, HS2o, Haham hanuka, HalfShadow, Harivishnu, Hephaestos, Hoaw,Infrogmation, J.delanoy, J04n, J36miles, Jackooram, JaconaFrere, Jaksmata, JamesBWatson, Jerzy, Jessiedesmond, John Price, Johnmperry, JonLake, Jschnur, JustAMuggle, KatherineHowie,Keegan, Keilana, Khads, Khazar2, Kuak, Kurri, Kuru, Kwamikagami, Lamro, LaniGirl, Leandrod, LeaveSleaves, Lee, Lehain, Lemon-s, Liberia88, Liface, LilHelpa, Lkj 123 456 omg o i c,Lokal Profil, M2Ys4U, MER-C, MMS2013, Mac, Magnus Jackson, Manish4 4, Mankar Camoran, Martijn van Mensvoort, Materialscientist, Matt57, Mattisse, McSly, Memory Matt,MichealStreees, Michel BUZE, Milowent, Minderbinder, Minime8, Minna Sora no Shita, MithrandirAgain, Model Citizen, Morningstar2651, Moseyman, Mprusty, Mr Christopher, MrSomeone,Mrspalmreader, Mwr0, NHRHS2010, NawlinWiki, Neo-Jay, Nick Number, Nimwegen, Nitajk, Nitinkumarpalmist, Nk, Noodleki, Norwikian, Notheruser, Nymf, Ocaasi, Oerjan, Ohnoitsjamie,Ollj, Palmistindian, Peachypoh, Piano no who, Piano non troppo, Piglop, Pinethicket, Pleclech, PlusDrawn, Presidentluis, Qwerty Binary, R'n'B, R. S. Shaw, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block,Rjwilmsi, Rmawhorter, Rockydomains, Rostowicz, RuSTy1989, Ruxda, Rāmā, SIMVHA, Sandover, Sapphic, Sbmeirow, Scott Burley, Sengkang, ShadeofTime09, Shadowjams, Shantavira,Shiju2010, Shirik, Singularity, SiobhanHansa, Skeptic on the web, Skurani, Spicysmoke, Spookey1312, Stephenb, Steven J. Anderson, Sunnylagoon, TR Wellng, Tagishsimon, Taranet,TariRocks, The Anome, TheRingess, Thestraycat57, Tnxman307, Tommyjb, Topher385, UU, Ulric1313, Unmerklich, Updatebjarni, UtDicitur, Verbal, Versageek, Vrenator, Vriullop,Vwasveiler, Webbj74, Welsh, Weregerbil, Wikipelli, Wilfridselsey, Will Beback, Willking1979, Wjhonson, Woody, Yagazuzy, Zappa1777, Zvn, Μυρμηγκάκι, 506 anonymous edits

Reflexology  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=614308916  Contributors: 10metreh, 2over0, 4msgao, 79alexyuen, 80jimmylouie, 81 Leung Hoi Yan Rachel, 81christina,81karenfung, 81vienchoi, 82oscarfong, 83christywong, 84denniswong, A3 nm, AGToth, Aarktica, AbcXyz, Abuskell, Acather96, Achillu, Acroterion, Admittedbeliever, AhMedRMaaty,Ahoerstemeier, Akeron, All Is One, Altenmann, Andy Dingley, Arrivisto, Ashmoo, Ask123, Backin72, Benjaminong, Bobo192, Bobrayner, Borgx, Bronayur, BullRangifer, Bumbaze, Butko,CDN99, Callumazoo, Canderson7, Carbon-16, Chantelj20, Cheifsguy, Chillum, Cordless Larry, Crusella dawn, Crusella dawn2, Cuaxdon, Curb Chain, Cynthia B Hill, Danfuzz, Daverocks,Deannaramage, Dmholmes, DoctorIsOut, Donhoraldo, Dpbsmith, Dreaded Walrus, Drmies, Duke33, Dukeofomnium, Eatcacti, Ebehn, Ebizbydab, Ed Poor, Edward, El C, Eleland, Ellbro95,Elwikipedista, EnglishEfternamn, Fabiform, Farseer, Footc, Fuzheado, GBA136, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Geni, Gillharley, Glenn Magus Harvey, Goswell, GraemeL, HOUZI, Hammersm,Haremail, Harryboyles, Haukurth, Headscratcher, Healthyreality, Hede2000, HendrixEesti, Hhellish, Hopie, Hritcu, Huge Bananas, Hummingbirdstudios, Hydroflexology, I dream of horses,Ilkali, Intelati, Irismeister, Itsrsu, J.delanoy, JFlav, Jacek FH, JamesStewart7, Jandalhandler, Jcsutton, Jim1138, Jimmythefox, Jla, Jmh649, John Cline, JohnOwens, Josteinn, Jp-hickson,KConWiki, Kalgari, KatAnd, Keno, Kenyon, Kkenya, Kkonechny, KnightLago, LWD1234, LafinJack, Lara bran, LeadSongDog, LeeHunter, Levin, Liao, Linas, LittleWho3, Lottiotta, Lucinos,Lumos3, Lvova, MGray98, Magioladitis, Mala.pupa, Malika 4468, Marcumjunk, Martinphi, Maustrauser, Mccready, Megaliitto, Michael Essmeyer, Michaelfavor, Mikeo1938, Mindfulness22,Mirv, Miss kati, MissJG71, Mkwalton, Moreschi, Moshekruchik, Mr-Natural-Health, MrBill3, MrOllie, Mumbo jiggy, Mwanner, Nakon, Naudefj, Noformation, Nohat, Nutriworkshk,Ohnoitsjamie, Ollj, Orangemarlin, Organica, Osdsubzero, Ospalh, Oxymoron83, PaperTruths, Pattyface, Peter-ZA, Phaedrus86, Phil Sandifer, Philip Trueman, Phuzion, Pigman, Plasticup,Polluxian, Q Valda, QuackGuru, Queenmomcat, Qxz, Random user 39849958, Rasmus Faber, Rawr, Rebthered, Redwoodhealth, Reflexologyist, Rfl, Rich Farmbrough, RoadieRich, Ronz,Rosecilmi, RoyBoy, Rrburke, Rubendehaas, Sacud, SandyGeorgia, Sapphic, Sardanaphalus, Senyor Nuclear, Shotwell, SiobhanHansa, Skapur, Skeptic za, SlackersHammer, Smalljim, SmithJones, Somedifferentstuff, Spencer, Spock of Vulcan, Squc, Stev0, Stibu, Sticky Parkin, StoatBringer, Suffusion of Yellow, SummerPhD, Sverdrup, Sylviadac, Tabletop, Template namespaceinitialisation script, TenOfAllTrades, TheJJJunk, TheKMan, Theresa knott, Tikiwont, TimBentley, Tocksin, Treecko 09, TrivialWriter, Tswyatt, Unclejuniorsoprano, Vanished user, VickiRosenzweig, WLU, Wadems, Waywood, WikHead, Wilybadger, Woyzzeck, XTerminator2000, Xs3icyfd, Yerpo, Yobol, Zhollett, Zoemae, 432 ,پسر یاس anonymous edits

Tarot  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=613758334  Contributors: *drew, 1337monger, 1gnostic, 2005, 666cgislvl666, 999, A gx7, A.V., Aa arquiza, Adistius, Adrianjkpg, Aeusoes1, AidoWedo, Alchemicalegg, Aleister Wilson, Aleph1, AlexR, Alexwatson, Alligator77002, AlphaPyro, AncientNova, Andycjp, Anna Lincoln, Anonymous from the 21st century, Aoidh, Aquarius Rising, Aquarius rising, Arnobarnard, Arteitle, Arthena, Asbestos, Ashami, Asktheanswer, Astrologist, Atrempance, Attilios, Austriacus, Averizi, AwkwardSocks, B00P, B7T, BD2412, Backed Turd76, BarkMe, Barticus88, Bastique, Battezu, Bbcweaver, BenBaker, BenSamples, Bender235, Benten, Bern1000, BethNaught, Bgwhite, Bignose, Bihco, BillMoyers, Blanche of King's Lynn, Blaziken rjcf, Blotwell, Blueboar, Bluejay Young, Bob247, Bobo192, Bogus.Koszalka, Bookmarc, BorgQueen, Bougearel, Branddobbe, Bsmuc64ger, Buddhipriya, BunsenH, Burdel, CSWarren, CambridgeBayWeather, Carl Logan, Carlainz, Cassowary, Chalst, Christianw7, Chuckiesdad, Cindybeerspsy, Classicmilds, Clint317, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, Coffee, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, ConfessedSockPuppetJunior, Conversion script, CorbinSimpson, Cough, CowboySpartan, Crag, Creatcher, CryptoDerk, Cuchullain, Cwobeel, Cx3 lalonde, DMoore74028, DNewhall, DVdm, Dacic, Daduzi, Danausi, Daniel Bonniot de Ruisselet, DanielCD, DanielDeibler, Danielcz, Datepalm17, David.Monniaux, DavidLeighEllis, Dax Carlisle, Deconstructhis, Deeptarot, Deflective, Delbertpeach, Delhovlyn, Deli nk, Dell Adams, Digital infinity, Dina, DocWatson42, Dogface, Don Leon, DoorsAjar, Doug Pardee, Douglasw30, Download, Dr X, Dr. John Gold, Dr.Sosteric, Dr.Sunlight, DreamGuy, Dreamsilver, Droachllc, Dtgriscom, Dtremenak, EdBever, Edgehawk, Eeekster, El C, ElSmacko, Eliz81, Elizzan, Ellie Nash, Emc2, EmmaJ78, Emsnba, Emurphy42, Enfors, Enviroboy, Epicgenius, Estmere, Everyking, FayssalF, Fences and windows, Filpaul, Fiziker, Fjbfour, Flammifer, Flopsy Mopsy and Cottonmouth, Flygongengar, Fourchette, Francoferret, Frater enoc, Fratrep, Fredbauder, Fredstreet, Furrykef, Fuzzypeg, Fæ, Gabyabed, Gaius Cornelius, Galo1969X, Garik, GarrieIrons, Gavin Moodie, Geni, Geniac, GentlemanGhost, George100, Gerbrant, Gillyweed, Glenn, Gnosis1185, Goblin, Goddessshira, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, GraemeL, Graphitus, Greenbailiwick, Grim23, Gtrmp, Gwalla, Gwswicord, HalfShadow, Hans Adler, Hargrimm, Haukurth, Hede2000, Hephaestos, Hide&Reason, Hippocrates, Hlund05, Holly golightly202, HullIntegrity, Hunterreborn, Hyperturbine, ILFoxtrot, Ian.thomson, Iancb1, Icairns, Igiffin, Ihcoyc, InTheLapofMorpheus, Infosocialist, Issuesixty soulsgreat, Ixfd64, Iyyobh, J S Ayer, J.delanoy, JHVipond, JLD, Jack Cox, JackofOz, James26, Jamesmcmahon0, Jannice454, Jaque Hammer, Jay Gatsby, Jayen466, Jb-adder, Jcardoza22, Jeltz, JerryFriedman, Jestermonkey, Jesup, Jiang, Jinkinson, Jkelly, Jklin, Jo Esoteric, Johanna-Hypatia, John Broughton, John of Reading, John254, Jojomanee, JorgeGG, Jorunn, Josh Parris, Jossi, Jperrylsu, Jph, Julesd, JustAMuggle, Kaldari, Kantiandream, Kaobear, Katblack, Katekathryn, Katieh5584, KazakhPol, Keilana, KellyAna, Kereal, Kiko812, KitMarlowe2, KitMarlowe3, Kkarma, Klemen Kocjancic, Kosunen, Krenakarore, Kuru, Kvdveer, Kvng, Kwamikagami, Kylu, Kyorosuke, L'aubergine, L-Zwei, LOL, LaMenta3, Lacrimosus, Last1in, Laura majestic, Lbkaley, Leovizza, LeslieAnne, Liftarn, Liko81, Loicduros, Lolknuth, Lowellian, Luk, Lumos3, Lylefor, M4lomb, M7, MER-C, MadameSeaqueen, Madddomaw, Madmumbler, Maggotx, Magioladitis, Majabjekovic, Malachi Romano-Fermin, Manbu, Mantegna t, Manytexts, Maproom, Mark Arsten, MarkinBoston, Massjit, Masssiveego, Master Of Ninja, Master shepherd, Maurice Carbonaro, Maximus Rex, McMarcoP, McSly, Mean as custard, MecnunTurgay, Meco, Mentifisto, Mercury McKinnon, Mercurywoodrose, Meteorit, Mets501, Mhking, Micha L. 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Article Sources and Contributors 42

SchuminWeb, Seano1, Seba5618, Self-ref, ServiceableVillain, Seusomon, Shadowjams, Shrish11, Signalhead, Silverthorn, Sin-man, Singularity, Siukin, Sledgeh101, Sleightflow, Slowking Man,Smelialichu, Smiloid, Sommers, Sparkit, SpiderMum, Sprhodes, Stacyjj, Staffelde, StaticGull, Stelpa, Stephenb, Stephencummins, Steve-Raymore, Stormerne, Sun Creator, SuperStarAD,Surturz, Surv1v4l1st, Susanlevitt999, Synergy, TBliss, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Tabletop, TantalusIX, Tanthalas39, Temporal Dissonance, Teqmc2, Texture, Tgeairn, Thanos6, TheCunctator, The Fat Man Who Never Came Back, The Nut, The Ogre, The Thing That Should Not Be, The-Watermammal, Theo10011, Thephotoman, Tide rolls, TimNelson, Tobias Hoevekamp,Tomolder10, TonyW, Topbanana, Topory, TracyRenee, Tranquility of Soul, Tristanb, Tsemii, Twp, Typritc, Ulises Sarry, Unyoyega, Utada27, VNNS, Vae victis, Vanished userdkjsdfkljeritekk4, Vanished user fj0390923roktg4tlkm2pkd, Varlaam, Velkr0, Verbal, Versageek, Vrkaul, Walter, Wapcaplet, Warrenokeefe, Wasted Sapience, Wayne Miller, WazzaMan,Weapon X, Wednesday Next, WereSpielChequers, Wes!, Wetman, Weyes, Whitelighttarot, Who then was a gentleman?, WhyBeNormal, Wik, Wiki-uk, Wikidudeman, Wikiklrsc, Wikinger,Wikiscribe, Wikiy2k, Wilfredo Martinez, WillMall, Willking1979, Wilson44691, Wisdawn, Wknight94, Wogga31, Woohookitty, Xpi6, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yanclae, YishE, Yworo, Yyem,Zaharous, Zawersh, Вasil, ДП, יונה בנדלאק, ㍐, 1068 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 43

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Astrological_Chart_-_New_Millennium.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Astrological_Chart_-_New_Millennium.JPG  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: Cflm001, Gerbrant, Jkelly, Kordas, Liftarn, Maksim, Samuel Grant, 4 anonymous editsFile:Astrologia-tynkä.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Astrologia-tynkä.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Hautala, Theoteryi, Waldir, WolfgangRiegerFile:Sun symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_symbol.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Andrea Coppola, AnonMoos, Aquantrum, Artem Karimov,Bobcats, Bvs-aca, Don-vip, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Gabrielchihonglee, Juiced lemon, Liftarn, Luccas, MAXXX-309, Melian, Nagy, Orrling, Roomba, Rursus, Samuel Grant, Sarang, SergeyLiverko, WolfgangRieger, Wst, 18 anonymous editsFile:Moon symbol crescent.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moon_symbol_crescent.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LexiconFile:Mercury symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mercury_symbol.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Aquantrum, Badseed, Basilicofresco, Cathy Richards,Don-vip, Herbythyme, Lexicon, Mrcht, Rursus, Ruslik0, Sarang, Sergey Liverko, Stanmar, Starwiz, Urhixidur, WolfgangRieger, 6 anonymous editsFile:Venus symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Venus_symbol.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Kyle the hackerFile:Mars symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mars_symbol.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ahmadi, Aquantrum, Ariv photography, Cathy Richards,Chmee2, Don-vip, Fibonacci, Galphi, Herbythyme, Juiced lemon, Missionary, Rursus, Sarang, Savh, Sergey Liverko, Snow Blizzard, TFCforever, Tlusťa, Urhixidur, W559, WolfgangRieger, 10anonymous editsFile:Ceres symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ceres_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aquantrum, Crei0, Galphi, Lexicon, Ramiy, Ruslik0,Sarang, Sarilho1, Urhixidur, 4 anonymous editsFile:Jupiter symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jupiter_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LexiconFile:Saturn symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saturn_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LexiconFile:Uranus's astrological symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uranus's_astrological_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LexiconFile:Neptune symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neptune_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Amit6File:Pluto symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pluto_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LexiconFile:Cellarius ptolemaic system.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cellarius_ptolemaic_system.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Loon, J. van (Johannes), ca.1611–1686.File:Ilion---metopa.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ilion---metopa.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: original file by GryffindorFile:Sun920607.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun920607.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASAFile:Patera di Parabiago - MI - Museo archeologico - Diana - Luna - 25-7-2003 - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 25-7-2003.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg  License:Attribution  Contributors: Giovanni Dall'OrtoFile:FullMoon2010.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FullMoon2010.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Gregory H. ReveraFile:Giambologna-mercurio6.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giambologna-mercurio6.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:TetraktysFile:Mercury in color - Prockter07 centered.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07_centered.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington. Edited version of Image:Mercury in color - Prockter07.jpg by Papa Lima Whiskey.File:Cardiff castle - Turm 3 Venus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cardiff_castle_-_Turm_3_Venus.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Wolfgang SauberFile:Venus-real.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Venus-real.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: NASA/Ricardo NunesFile:Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - Symbol of Mars - Walters W65914B - Full Page.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-'i_Nathani_-_Symbol_of_Mars_-_Walters_W65914B_-_Full_Page.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: Cirt, JarektFile:Mars Hubble.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mars_Hubble.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)File:Fotothek df tg 0004463 Astronomie ^ Planet ^ Symbol.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fotothek_df_tg_0004463_Astronomie_^_Planet_^_Symbol.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: ShakkoFile:Jupiter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jupiter.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA/JPL/USGSFile:The Seven Planets - Saturn.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Seven_Planets_-_Saturn.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Scan by Yellow LionFile:Saturn during Equinox.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA / JPL / Space ScienceInstituteFile:Aion mosaic Glyptothek Munich W504.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:Bibi Saint-PolFile:Uranus2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uranus2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA/JPL/Voyager missionFile:Neptune.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neptune.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA/JPLFile:Caravaggio Jupiter Neptune Pluto vertical.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caravaggio_Jupiter_Neptune_Pluto_vertical.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: CaravaggioFile:Pluto's astrological symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pluto's_astrological_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LexiconFile:Pluto2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pluto2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Pat Rawlings / NASAFile:Martial Reymond - Ceres with torch.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Martial_Reymond_-_Ceres_with_torch.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MartialReymondFile:Ceres optimized.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ceres_optimized.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA, ESA, J. Parker (Southwest ResearchInstitute), P. Thomas (Cornell University), and L. McFadden (University of Maryland, College Park)File:Pallas symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pallas_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Basilicofresco, Lexicon, Sarang, UrhixidurFile:Vesta symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vesta_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: G.dallorto, Lexicon, Rmhermen, Sarang, UrhixidurFile:Juno symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Juno_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lexicon, Sarang, Urhixidur, 1 anonymous editsFile:Chiron symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiron_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lexicon, Ruslik0, Samuel Grant, Sarang, UrhixidurFile:Thema Mundi.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thema_Mundi.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: MeredithGarstinFile:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FastfissionFile:Tapestry of bayeux10.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tapestry_of_bayeux10.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnonMoos, Arnomane, Cherubino,ElRaki, GDK, Harp, Jappalang, Morgan Riley, Olivier, Tttrung, Urban, 5 anonymous editsFile:Scorpius constelacion.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Scorpius_constelacion.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Johann BayerFile:Aldaboram (Agripa 1531).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aldaboram_(Agripa_1531).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: SelketFile:Algol symbol (Agripe 1531).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Algol_symbol_(Agripe_1531).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors:SelketFile:Agrippa1531 alaCorui.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Agrippa1531_alaCorui.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: HenrykusFile:Agrippa1531 Canisminor.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Agrippa1531_Canisminor.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Liné1, Lusanaherandraton,Renebeto

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 44

File:Sirius - Agrippa.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sirius_-_Agrippa.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lusanaherandraton at en.wikipediaFile:Agrippa1531 Vulturcadens.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Agrippa1531_Vulturcadens.png  License: Public domain  Contributors: Angusmclellan, Leyo,Lusanaherandraton, PoppyFile:Paranatellonta.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paranatellonta.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Smerdis of Tlön, 2 anonymous editsImage:Michelangelo Caravaggio 031.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Michelangelo_Caravaggio_031.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AndreasPraefcke,DenghiùComm, EDUCA33E, G.dallorto, Infrogmation, Lalupa, Leyo, Mattes, Miniwark, Polarlys, Wst, 1 anonymous editsFile:Enrique Simonet - La buenaventura - 1899.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura_-_1899.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ixtzib, Smnt, 1 anonymous editsFile:Cheiroy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cheiroy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drakonicon, MwannerImage:Les lignes de la main Artlibre.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Les_lignes_de_la_main_Artlibre.png  License: Free Art License  Contributors: FSII, Jean-no,WstImage:Mounts-melbourne-hand-analysis.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mounts-melbourne-hand-analysis.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SaraSirolliImage:Foot Chart1 small.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Foot_Chart1_small.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader wasTarcísioTS at pt.wikipediaImage:Reflexology of the Hand.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Reflexology_of_the_Hand.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: ARBAY, Asr, Brainy J, 1 anonymous editsFile:Viscontisforzatarot.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viscontisforzatarot.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bonifacio Bembo (original)File:Jean Dodal Tarot trump 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_01.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader wasFuzzypeg at en.wikipediaFile:Nicolas Conver Tarot trump 07.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nicolas_Conver_Tarot_trump_07.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FuzzypegFile:Tiertarock Mannheim ca 1778.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tiertarock_Mannheim_ca_1778.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cards: anonymous;Photo: Andreas PraefckeFile:Tarockkarten in der Hand eines Spielers.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tarockkarten_in_der_Hand_eines_Spielers.jpg  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: Blotwell, Ervinpospisil, Sevela.p, SpiderMumFile:Oudlers1910.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oudlers1910.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Foroa, OudlerFile:Tarot Piedmont 0.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tarot_Piedmont_0.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gian-

License 45

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/