PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIrepository.usd.ac.id/33712/2/056332002_Full.pdf · kepada Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,

GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL FEATURES OF JOB

ADVERTISEMENTS IN KOMPAS

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements

to obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum) Degree

in English Language Studies

by

NUGROHO JOKO SASONO

Student Number: 056332002

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2011

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

APPROVAL PAGE

August 22, 2011


iii

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

August 26, 2011


iv


v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :

Nama : NUGROHO JOKO SASONO

Nomor Mahasiswa : 056332002

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL FEATURES OF JOB

ADVERTISEMENTS IN KOMPAS

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam

bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan

secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk

kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan

royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 23 Agustus 2011

Yang menyatakan

Nugroho Joko Sasono


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I realized that the writing of this thesis cannot be separated from the role

of certain persons who help me in the form technical guidance, moral support, and

useful advice.

I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, MA for his advice

and technical direction in the process of my research. I would also like to thank

FX. Mukarto, M.S., Ph.D., the Head of Graduate Program in English Language

Studies for his understanding and his support.

I would like to thank to all Graduate Program in English Language Studies

lecturers: Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., Dr. J. Bismoko, Prof. Dr. Soepomo

Poedjosoedarmo, Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A.(Hons), who have given me some

useful suggestions during their lectures.

I would like to give my special thanks to my lovely family for being

patient and supportive.

Finally, I would direct my thankfulness to all my classmates in the English

Language Studies in Sanata Dharma University for their friendship and solidarity.

Yogyakarta, 23August 2011

Nugroho Joko Sasono


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................ i

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. ii

BOARD OF EXAMINERS ................................................................................ iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ x

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Problem Identification ................................................................................ 4

1.3 Problem Limitation ..................................................................................... 5

1.4 Problem Formulation .................................................................................. 6

1.5 Research Goals and Objectives ................................................................... 6

1.6 Research Benefit......................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................ 9

2.1 Theoretical Review ..................................................................................... 9

2.1.1. Grammatical Features .................................................................................... 9

2.1.2. Lexical Features ........................................................................................... 10

2.1.3. Phrase .......................................................................................................... 11

2.1.4. Clause .......................................................................................................... 12

2.1.5. Sentence ...................................................................................................... 13

2.1.6. Ellipsis......................................................................................................... 15

2.1.7. Advertising .................................................................................................. 16

2.2. Related Research ..................................................................................... 20

2.3. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 21

2.4. Kompas Newspaper ............................................................................. 21

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 23

3.1 Research Data ........................................................................................... 23

3.2 Data Collection ......................................................................................... 24

3.3 Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER IV .................................................................................................... 26

4.1. Grammatical Features of Job Advertisement Text .................................... 26

4.1.1. Grammatical Features 1: Ellipsis .................................................................. 26


viii

4.1.2. Modals......................................................................................................... 45

4.1.3. Imperatives .................................................................................................. 46

4.1.4. Passive Voice .............................................................................................. 47

4.2. Lexical Features of Job Advertisement Text ............................................ 48

4.2.1. Adjective ..................................................................................................... 48

4.2.2. Verbs ........................................................................................................... 49

4.2.3. Nouns .......................................................................................................... 49

4.2.4. Adverbs ....................................................................................................... 50

4.2.5. Abbreviation ................................................................................................ 51

4.2.6. Compound ................................................................................................... 51

4.2.7. Shortening ................................................................................................... 52

4.2.8. Degree of formality ...................................................................................... 53

CHAPTER V ..................................................................................................... 54

5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 54

5.2. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 58

APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 60

Appendix 1 Advertisement Text Section ............................................................ 60

Table 1.1. World Bank Text, Date: November 22, 2008 ................................. 60

Table 1.2. Mitsui Text. Date: January 18, 2009 ............................................... 61

Table 1.3. Multinational Company Text. Date: January 18, 2009 .................... 61

Table 1.4. Raksa Pratikara Text. Date: January 18, 2009 ................................ 62

Table 1.5. Everbesindo Text. Date: January 18, 2009 ..................................... 63

Table 1.6. Pharmaceutical Company Text. Date: January 18, 2009 ................. 64

Table 1.7. Tupperware Text. Date: January 17, 2009 ...................................... 65

Table 1.8. Sentosa Text. Date: July 31, 2010 .................................................. 65

Table 1.9. Chinatrust Text. Date: July 31, 2010 .............................................. 66

Table 1.10. Rehau Text. Date: July 31, 2010 .................................................. 67

Table 1.11. UMN Text. Date: August 1, 2010................................................. 68

Table 1.12. Miura Text. Date: August 1, 2010 ................................................ 69

Appendix 2 Elliptical Text ................................................................................. 70

Table 2.1. World Bank Text ........................................................................... 70

Table 2.2. Mitsui Text .................................................................................... 71


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Table 2.3. Multinational Company Text ........................................................ 72

Table 2.4. Raksa Pratikara Text ...................................................................... 75

Table 2.5. Everbesindo Text ........................................................................... 76

Table 2.6. Pharmaceutical Company Text ....................................................... 77

Table 2.7. Tupperware Text ............................................................................ 78

Table 2.8. Sentosa Text .................................................................................. 79

Table 2.9. Chinatrust Text .............................................................................. 79

Table 2.10. Rehau Text .................................................................................. 81

Table 2.11. UMN Text ................................................................................... 83

Table 2.12. Miura Text ................................................................................... 84

Appendix 3. Lexical Features Classification ....................................................... 85

Table 3.1. Word Bank Text ............................................................................ 85

Table 3.2. Mitsui Text .................................................................................... 85

Table 3.3. Multinational Company Text ......................................................... 86

Table 3.4. Raksa Pratikara Text ...................................................................... 86

Table 3.5. Everbesindo Text ........................................................................... 87

Table 3.6. Pharmaceutical Company Text ....................................................... 87

Table 3.7. Tupperware Text ............................................................................ 88

Table 3.8. Sentosa Text .................................................................................. 88

Table 3.9. Chinatrust Text .............................................................................. 89

Table 3.10. Rehau Text .................................................................................. 89

Table 3.11. UMN Text ................................................................................... 90

Table 3.12. Miura Text ................................................................................... 90


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ABSTRACT

Nugroho Joko Sasono. 2011. Grammatical and Lexical Features of Job

Advertisements in Kompas. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate

Program, Sanata Dharma University

There are two aspects of language that becomes the main issue of this

research. These issues are the grammatical and lexical features contained in the

text of job advertisement. The main focus of the research is finding these features.

Another important point of the research is finding the answers on how these

features provide specific characteristics in the composition of job advertisement

texts.

In discussing these two main issues, the supporting variables for

grammatical and lexical features were explored. The supporting variables for

grammatical aspects are sentence, phrase, clause, and ellipsis. The supporting

variables for lexical aspects are adjective, noun, and verb. Subsequently, the

answers regarding the role of these variables in job advertisement texts were

obtained. The exploration on the grammatical aspects focussed on the use of

certain sentence structure, tenses, and their relation to grammatical rules in the

composition of job advertisements. The exploration related to lexical aspects was

emphasized on the use of certain words, phrases, diction which contained certain

meanings and messages.

There were some steps taken in the data analysis. The first one was

collecting the data from Kompas newspaper. Second, the selected data were

rewritten and compiled into tables. Each of the data was identified according to its

parts namely the opening, the body, and the closing. Then, each part was observed

to find certain features or characteristics related to grammatical and lexical aspects

of the composition.

Based on the data analysis, there were some answers to the questions

stated in the problem formulation. The lexical items used in the job advertisement

texts are the ones which correlate with the domain of job advertising and contain

certain features to meet the efficiency and the effectiveness of advertisement

writing style. The words used in the job advertisement are characterized by words

that contain positive image the company and positive qualities of the required

applicants.

The grammatical features of the job advertisement texts include elliptical

patterns, imperative, modals, and passive voice. The grammatical features are like

the supporting bridges between the words in the advertisement text so that the

message to the reader can be fully understood.


xi

ABSTRAK

Nugroho Joko Sasono. 2011. Fitur Gramatikal dan Leksikal dalam Iklan

Lowongan Pekerjaan di Harian Kompas. Yogyakarta: Kajian Bahasa Inggris,

Program magister, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Judul tesis ini adalah Grammatical and Lexical Features of Job

Advertisements in Kompas. Dalam tesis ini terdapat dua aspek bahasa yang

menjadi isu utama penelitian yaitu karakteristik gramatikal dan karakteristik

leksikal yang terdapat dalam teks lowongan pekerjaan. Penemuan akan kedua

karakteristik ini menjadi fokus utama penelitian. Selanjutnya juga akan digali

tentang bagaimana karakteristik tersebut memberikan ciri tersendiri dalam

penulisan iklan lowongan pekerjaan.

Untuk mendalami kedua aspek yang menjadi isu utama tersebut, hal

pertama yang dilakukan adalah dengan mengeksplorasi variabel-variabel yang

mendukung. Variabel pendukung aspek gramatikal adalah sentence, clause,

phrase, ellipsis. Sedangkan variabel pendukung aspek lexical adalah adjective,

noun, verb. Langkah berikutnya adalah mencari jawaban atas pertanyaan mengapa

dan bagaimana peran variabel-variable tersebut dalam iklan lowongan pekerjaan.

Dalam tataran yang lebih praktis, eksplorasi yang dilakukan pada aspek

gramatikal berkaitan dengan analisis pada penggunaan pola-pola tertentu dari

struktur kalimat, tenses, dan kepatuhan aturan tata bahasa dalam penyusunan iklan

pekerjaan. Sedangkan eksplorasi yang berkaitan dengan aspek leksikal

menekankan pada penggunaan kata-kata tertentu, penggunaan frase dan diksi

tertentu.

Langkah-langkah dalam analisa data adalah, pertama-tama dengan

mengumpulkan data dari surat kabar Kompas. Data yang dipilih ditulis ulang dan

disusun ke dalam tabel. Setiap data diidentifikasi menurut bagian-bagiannya yaitu

bagian pembuka, bagian tubuh, dan penutup. Selanjutnya dilakukan observasi

pada masing-masing bagian sehingga dapat ditemukan ciri-ciri tertentu yang

mengarah pada karakteristik aspek gramatikal dan aspek leksika dalam teks iklan

lowongan pekerjaan.

Berdasarkan analisis data ada beberapa jawaban atas pertanyaan-

pertanyaan yang dinyatakan dalam rumusan masalah. Item leksikal yang

digunakan dalam teks iklan pekerjaan adalah kata-kata yang berkorelasi dengan

domain iklan pekerjaan dan berisi fitur tertentu untuk memenuhi efisiensi dan

efektivitas gaya penulisan iklan. Kata-kata yang digunakan dalam iklan pekerjaan

yang ditandai dengan kata-kata yang mengandung citra positif perusahaan dan

kualitas positif dari para pelamar yang dibutuhkan. Ciri tata bahasa dari teks iklan

pekerjaan meliputi pola elipsis, pola imperatif atau perintah, pola modals, dan

kalimat pasif. Ciri tata bahasa berfungsi seperti penjembatan yang mendukung

komposisi kata-kata dalam teks iklan sehingga pesan untuk pembaca dapat

dipahami sepenuhnya.


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In recent years, where various kinds of global relations emerge and

expand, the role of English as an international language is getting extensive. It

meets the global need of a global language, as the world may become

interconnected areas in term of communication. Being the global mass

communication language, English becomes a common practice in many fields

such as education, business, and mass media. In the rapid development of human

civilization, mass media plays important role as a medium of information to

publish and report the phenomenon. Mass media can take various types: audio

such as radio, audio-visual such as television, and printed mass media such as

newspaper.

Nowadays, it is common to find English newspapers published in

countries where English is not their native language. Indonesia is one of these

countries where one can easily find international English newspapers displayed

side by side with national and local newspapers. Some national publishers also

publish English newspapers to meet the need of expatriate readers who stay or

work in Indonesia. The widespread use of English in local and national

newspapers shows the extensiveness of English in printed media. Accordingly, it

implicates in the way the national newspapers publishers present their media

contents. Such of the implication is that they receive advertisement texts written

in English.


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Advertisement is a form of non personal or mass presentation and

promotion of ideas, goods, and services in mass media which are financed by

particular sponsors (C.M. Lingga Purnama, M.M.; 2002:156). The presentation

and promotion is meant to present and to promote the ideas, goods, and services

of particular company. Clear and correct presentation and promotion may boost

the image of the company. Therefore, the advertisement should be written in clear

and correct sentences. Clear and correct sentences make sure that the readers may

easily understand the message of the advertisement.

One of the English written advertisements in newspapers is job vacancy,

as found in Kompas. It may have some reasons. One of the reasons is probably the

necessity to aim or select particular readers or applicants with particular level of

skills and education. The job advertisements which are written in English may be

intended as a way of selecting the prospective applicants on a preliminary basis.

Another reason may relate to strategies of brand imaging or ways to present

corporate images to the public domain. Thus, the choice of using English may not,

merely, because English is an international language. Other reasons may lie

beyond it. The preference to English may also deal with the aspects of credibility,

prestige, and the like. The need of targeting specific readers or applicants along

with sustaining the company‟s prestige may become some of the reasons of

writing the advertisements in English.

However, problems may occur at the textual level considering that not all

English-written job advertisements are meeting the standard of writing. The

following are some examples of the errors found in some English written job

advertisements published in Kompas. The errors are underlined.


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“ …..There are some opportunities for experience people to joint our professional

people….. “ (PT. Madani Talatah Nusantara / Kompas, June 7. 2008)

“…..The role will also involve of farm activities, data compilation and

integration, working with the technical team to plan future work programs within

the project area, and also some component of grid based exploration …..” (PT.

Indo Multi Niaga / Kompas, June 7.2008)

“…..We invited strong candidates who fulfill these below qualifications with the

capability to lead a team of HR personnel to create a comprehensive HR services

to designated company business areas and contributing to the overall

performance.” ([email protected] / Kompas, June 7.2008)

In other occasions the errors occur since it is commonly known that the

writers of advertisements sometimes deliberately produce sentences that are not

complete (R.A. Close; 1975:1). Consequently, the writers of the advertisements

mau have to observe and check the composition to meet the standard of English

usage.

There are some requirements in order to meet the standard of English

usage. First, an English sentence should have subject and verb. Some sentences

below show examples of English sentences.

(1) She looks pretty with her blue dress.

(2) They are great fire fighters.

(3) The man with a red hat is my uncle.

Second, there is an agreement between the subject and the verb as they are shown

in these following examples

(4) a. They looks strong in that game.

b. They look strong in that game.

(5) a. The collection of books are stored in the museum.

b. The collection of books is stored in the museum.


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`The examples in (4) a. and (5) a. are incorrect. Their subjects and their verbs do

not show any agreement. In (4) a. They looks strong in that game, the verb looks

is incorrect. It should be look because looks does not show agreement with subject

they since they is a pronoun for third person plural. Therefore, looks should be

replaced with look. In (5) a. The collection of books are stored in the museum, the

verb are is incorrect. It should be is because are does not show agreement with

subject the collection of books since the head of subject here is collection, which

is singular, while of books is the post modifier. Therefore, the appropriate verb is

is. Third, English sentence should meet the agreement between verb and time

which is expressed in the form of tenses. Some sentences below show some of the

agreements between verb and time.

(6) He went to Jakarta last week.

(7) She walks and jogs every day.

(8) My father will get a new position next week.

Another requirement is related to the word form. An English sentence should

consist of appropriate words in order to build a good sentence. There are some

factors need to be considered in word form. They are the form of irregular verbs,

the correct use of verbs, and the use of articles, prepositions, and pronouns.

1.2 Problem Identification

This research deals with the linguistic features used in job advertisement in

Kompas. It is focused on the grammatical and lexical features used in job

advertisement. This deals with the standard of accuracy in using the verbs in

accordance with the tenses used in the sentence, for example simple past tense,


5

simple present tense, present perfect tense, or the voice. Another standard related

to verbs usage accuracy is the agreement between the subject of the sentence and

the form of the verbs. Articles, plurality, prepositions, and pronouns are also some

other focuses which need to be concerned.

This research also deals with question of how are grammatical and lexical

features meet the advertisement requirement. It is something to do with the

language use in advertisement in term of the message content, the effectiveness of

language, and the fascination of the advertisement language form. By observing

and analyzing job advertisements collected from Kompas, the standard factors of

good job advertisement may be discovered.

1.3 Problem Limitation

This research is limited to analyzing job advertisement since there are

many kinds of advertisements published in newspaper. The job advertisements

that are used as the data research are written in English since this research is

intended to analyze the English use in job advertisement.

An example of textual composition of a classified advertisement is provided

below.

URGENTLY REQUIRED

A reputable company in property industry in South Jakarta seeks a:

Marketing Manager

The ideal candidate will be 35 – 40 years of age, service oriented and possess

strong management organizational and communication skill with at least 5 years

experience as a Property Manager. A university degree in a related discipline as

well as proficiency in the English language is required.

Please send your complete application letter, CV and photo within 7 days to

PO Box 1230 Jakarta 10310

(Kompas, 19/01/2008)


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The other limitation is that the advertisements are selected and collected

from daily newspaper, Kompas. This newspaper is chosen since Kompas is a

reputable newspaper in Indonesia. Another reason is that Kompas always

publishes job advertisement in English from many reputable companies.

Since many parties may get involved in the advertisement creation

process, the information needed in order to meet the goal of this writing will be

gathered from relevant resources such as advertising agencies and some experts in

public communication when needed.

1.4 Problem Formulation

This research will discuss the use of grammatical and lexical features in

job advertisement dealing with the language use in job advertisements in a daily

national newspaper, Kompas. In doing so, some research questions related with

the object being observed are proposed. They are:

1. What are the grammatical features of job advertisements?

2. What are the lexical features of job advertisements?

1.5 Research Goals and Objectives

The first goal, which is attempted to obtain in this research, is to discover

the grammatical features in job advertisements written in English. In order to

achieve this goal, some theories of English grammar should be explored to

elaborate the grammatical features in job advertisements.


7

The second goal is to discover the lexical features in job advertisements

written in English. In order to achieve this goal, some theories of English lexical

should be explored to elaborate the lexical features in job advertisements.

The last goal is to discover the contribution of grammatical and lexical

features in job advertisements written in English. The use of grammatical and

lexical features in job advertisements might be discovered by observing the

grammatical and lexical features in job advertisements in English. In order to

support this observation, theories of advertisements are explored because the

theories also state about the requirements of good advertisements. By elaborating

the theories of English grammar, English lexical, and the theories of

advertisements, it is expected that the requirements for good advertisements in

English are discovered.

1.6 Research Benefit

The research, theoretically, may give a contribution to English language

studies concerning the discussion that goes around grammatical and lexical issues.

It is hoped that the study would also enrich any academic discourse related to the

notion of lexis and grammar and give rise to further research since there are some

different views that lexis and grammar should be considered as interdependent,

rather than as two separate entities and vice versa.

Practically, the results of this research should be useful for Indonesian who

read English written advertisements, English users, and particularly for those who

are involved in advertisement business. They are the advertising agencies in terms

of developing advertisements in English properly, the editors in the newspapers


8

company in conducting screening and editing before the newspaper is published,

and the job seekers in understanding job advertisement written in English.

Generally, the results of this research may contribute to any activities

related to English writing lessons, where the emphasis is to write sentences

effectively, clearly, and proper correctly. In addition, it may improve the ability of

any English users in writing properly. This research should also be useful for

further research and investigations, serving as an additional reference or

supporting materials.


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents some literature information including theories

related to the study. Some notes and critical opinions will be presented also in

order to evaluate these information and theories. Three main discussions are

presented in this chapter which concern about theoretical review, related research,

and theoretical framework.

2.1 Theoretical Review

2.1.1. Grammatical Features

As the study of the thesis is about grammatical and lexical features in job

advertisement, this section will elaborate the definition and aspect regarding the

terms called grammatical and lexical features. Finch (2000: 20) defines feature as:

A term which refers to any typical or noticeable property of

spoken or written language. Like many such terms in linguistics it

can be used in either a general or a precise sense. Using it

generally, we could say, for example, that a feature of spoken

language is the use of INTONATION because intonation is a typical

property of speech, or that complete grammatical structures are a

feature of written language, on similar grounds. Used more

precisely, however, „feature‟ refers not simply to typical but to

distinctive linguistic properties.

About grammar, Finch (2000: 20) defines as:

The grammar of a language consists of a set of rules which

native speakers intuitively follow in the production of WELL-

FORMED constructions. So, for example, knowing that regular

VERBS form their past tense by adding 'ed', is a rule of English

MORPHOLOGY, and knowing that „ed‟ may be pronounced as /t/,

/id/, or /d/, depending on the environment, is a rule of English

PHONOLOGY. The term `rule' has a special sense here:…They are

better understood as principles by which the language operates.


10

In accordance with the two statements, grammatical features is defined by

Kibort and Corbett (2008) in their website on grammatical features as “In

attempting to understand language, many researchers use features, the elements

into which linguistic units, such as words, can be broken down. Examples of

features are number (singular, plural, dual ...), person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), and tense

(present, past ...).” It means that identifying grammatical features of a text means

to observe what features of grammar such as tenses, prepositions, and the like, are

used in the text and how they are used.

2.1.2. Lexical Features

The term lexical is the adjective form of the term lexis. According to

Leech et al. (2001: 264) lexis means the use of vocabulary, or the choice of words,

in a language or a text.

Finch (2000: 102) adds the discussion on these terms where he

elaborates,”The „lexis‟ of a language is its vocabulary or word. You will usually

come across the term in its adjectival form, lexical. A lexical item, for example, is

a vocabulary unit, or lexeme; in other words, something you will find in a

dictionary”. Therefore, it can be said that the discussion on lexical features is

related with the use of certain words.

About feature, Finch (2000: 20) defines as: “A term which refers to any

typical or noticeable property of spoken or written language. Like many such

terms in linguistics, it can be used in either a general or a precise sense. Using it

generally, we could say, for example, that a feature of spoken language is the use

of intonation. Intonation is a typical property of speech, or that complete

grammatical structures are a feature of written language, on similar grounds. Used


11

more precisely, however, „feature‟ refers not simply to typical but also to

distinctive linguistic properties.”

2.1.3. Phrase

Finch (2000: 112) defines a phrase as “a syntactic unit which typically

consists of more than one word, and is intermediate between word and clause

level in sentences.” Finch adds that phrases are formed out of the main lexical

word classes. Leech et al. (2001: 396) states, “We build clauses and sentences out

of phrases. A phrase may consist of one or more word.” Therefore, the

combination of two words such as the cat can be said as a phrase. A single word

like man, woman, children can also be called a phrase. A phrase then has no

subject or predicate, and can be a part of a sentence.

Leech et al. (2001: 396) add that there are five kinds of phrase namely

noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, and adverb

phrase. A noun phrase has a noun as its main word or head word, as in these

examples: (a). expensive bags, (b). his book. In each of these examples, the nouns

bags and books is the main word. The word expensive is the modifier of the noun

bags, the word his is the modifier of the noun books. The elaboration of other

kinds of phrase is as follows: A verb phrase has a verb as its main word, as in (a).

has come. (b). is working. The verbs come and working are main words with the

modifiers has and is. A prepositional phrase has a preposition as its first word, as

in (a). at night. (b). from London. The words at and from are prepositions coming

before the nouns night and London. An adjective phrase has an adjective as its

main word, as in as in (a). very small. (b). so cold. The words small and cold are


12

adjectives modified by very and so. An adverbial phrase has an adverb as its main

word, as in (a). too often. (b). very frequently. The words often and frequently are

adverbs modified by too and very.

2.1.4. Clause

According to Leech et al. (2001: 80), clauses are the main structures of

which sentences are built. He adds that a sentence contains at least one main

clause, and may also contain subordinate clauses. Finch (2000: 88) explains that

the distinctive feature of clauses is that they have a subject-predicate structure.

Leech et al. (2001: 81) elaborate that a clause itself contains one or more

elements. He mentions the elements that can be contained in a clause which are

conjunction, subject, verb phrase, object, complement, and adverbial.

Another terms for main and subordinate clauses are independent and

dependent clauses as already discussed in the previous section. Long (1961: 60)

states, “Main clauses have characteristics that make them freely usable as

sentences. Subordinate clauses, on the other hand, are normally incorporated

within other clauses, and many of them have characteristics which ordinarily

make them seem unacceptable as sentences.” It means that a main clause can

stand as a sentence and independent while subordinate clause cannot stand as a

sentence and dependent.

In line with Long are Young and Strauch (2006: 183) who mention that

“Dependent clauses cannot be sentences on their own. They depend on an

independent clause to support them. The independent clause in a complex


13

sentence carries the main meaning, but either clause may come first. When the

dependent clause comes first, it is always followed by a comma.”

There are some points of discussion regarding clauses. First, a clause can

be independent or dependent and each of them contains a subject and a predicate.

The meaning carried in the dependent clause, although structurally meets the

grammatical standard in that it contains a subject and a predicate, cannot be

understood without referring the context carried by the independent clause. So, it

can be said that the dependent clause can be meaningful only if a reader relate it to

the independent clause. In the sentence, yesterday I went to the supermarket

where I met my old friend, the meaning of the clause where I met my old friend

is not clear without relating it to the clause yesterday I went to the supermarket.

Therefore the clause where I met my old friend is dependent.

2.1.5. Sentence

Ralph B. Long (1961: 9) states, “Sentences are linguistic units of a certain

magnitude”. He adds that in written discourse, “sentences are ordinarily the most

clearly marked units smaller than paragraphs and larger than words, beginning

with capital letters, completed by periods or equivalent marks end them, and there

is characteristic spacing before and after”. Stated in his remarks are that

sometimes a single word can be a sentence, and even a paragraph; but the

distinction in magnitudes is a real one nevertheless. He also mentions that most

sentences are dependent on the context of preceding sentences or of situation for

some of their meaning.


14

Regarding the structural form of sentences, there are three main kinds of

sentences; which are simple sentence, compound sentence, and complex sentence.

Baack (2011) states, that a simple sentence contains a subject and verb and

expresses a complete thought. But they can also contain a compound subjects or

verbs. Baack gives examples on simple sentences as in (a) some students like to

study in the mornings. (b). Juan and Arturo plays football every afternoon. (c).

Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. Baack states that those three

sentences are written in simple sentences. In (b) the sentence contains a compound

subject: Juan and Arturo, and in (c) contains a compound verb: goes and studies.

The other structure of sentence is compound, which Baack mentions as

“containing two independent clauses joined by a coordinator”. The coordinators

are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Baack gives examples that in the sentence I

tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English, there are two

independent clauses: I tried to speak Spanish and My friend tried to speak

Spanish. The coordinator that joins these clauses is and. Another use of

coordinator such as so can be seen in the sentence Alejandro is sick, so he doesn’t

go to school. There two independent clauses in the sentence, the first clause is

Alejandro is sick, the second clause is Alejandro doesn’t go to school. When these

sentences are joined using coordinator so the pronoun he is used in the second

clause to avoid repeating the subject Alejandro and in that context, the pronoun he

is known as referring to Alejandro.

Another kind of structure which is complex sentence, as mentioned by

Baack, has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. Baack

elaborates that a complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because,


15

since, after, although, or when. In the sentence the students are studying because

they have a test, there is a subordinate because joining the independent clause the

students are studying, with the dependent clause they have a test. Another

example of complex sentence is the sentence when he left my house, he forgot to

bring his bag. There is a dependent clause when he left my house and an

independent clause he forgot to bring his bag. The subordinator used in that

complex sentence is when. In the complex sentence the position of the clauses can

be interchanged. The sentence when he left my house, he forgot to bring his bag

can be rewritten as he forgot to bring his bag when he left my house. In the latter

sentence there is no comma after the independent clause.

2.1.6. Ellipsis

Leech et al. (2001: 141) explain ellipsis as the omission of words in

grammar. As an example, Leech et al show that in the sentence “We went to Rome

last year, and [we] really enjoyed it”, the word in the brackets is the one which

can be omitted. Leech et al. add that ellipsis can be very useful because it allow us

to omit words, instead of repeating them.

The use of elliptical forms is common in advertising for economical reason

as mentioned by Goddard (2002: 125). By using elliptical forms, a subject of a

sentence may be omitted so that it may only contain a verb and other words.

Referring to the above example given by Leech et al as in the sentence we went to

Rome last year, and really enjoyed it, the omitted word is we which functions as

the subject of the sentence. Therefore, it can be said that the sentence we went to

Rome last year, and really enjoyed it is subject ellipsis. The subject we is omitted


16

because it is already understood or implicit by the context provided in the

sentence.

There are other forms of elliptical sentences such as sentences with

omitted verbs or verb phrases. In the sentence, John bought some books and Jack

some folders, there is an omission of the verb bought since it is implicit by the

context. Another example of ellipsis is the omission of certain phrases as in the

sentence, John wears a jacket, but Jack didn’t [wears a jacket]. The verb phrase in

the bracket which is omitted is already understood by the context in the sentence,

that Jack did not wear a jacket as John does.

2.1.7. Advertising

Weilbacher states, “Advertising is communication” (1984: 470). Referring

to Weilbacher‟s statement, it can be said that advertising is related to giving

messages. In the matter of advertising, there are certain media that are commonly

used by advertisement companies to put their messages. In conveying the

advertising message, each of these media has some advantages and disadvantages.

Televisions rely on both audio and visual advantages, radios on their audio

advantages while newspapers on the textual aspect of the message. Advertising

messages in television and radio are more punctual and real time then the ones in

newspaper. However, people can not easily trace back the data. Whereas

advertising messages in newspaper can easily be traced back because they are

printed.

Being a printed material, an advertisement needs enough space in the

newspaper to deliver the comprehensive message. In advertisement,


17

comprehensive messages are not always composed in long sentences. Goddard

(2002: 125) writes, “Advertising language often attempts to reproduce the

elliptical nature of spoken language…” Goddard also states that ellipsis is used for

economical reason. Sentences such as “We need applicants to join our team” can

be shortened into “Join our team”. Since the subject “we” and the object

“applicants” are already known, the use of ellipsis is possible. However, ellipsis

may not reduce the point of the message. Therefore, since the form of classified

advertisement provides limited space, the use of ellipsis is necessary. Besides

ellipsis, Goddard mentions that the message of an advertisement is especially

clear at the beginning of a text, often by using bold or large type for the

“headline” or “slogan” to capture the attention of the reader.

According to Goddard (2002: 10), “…advertising is not just about the

commercial promotion of branded products, but can also encompass the idea of

texts whose intention is to enhance the image of an individual, group or

organization”. Hence, the use of certain words or lexical items may fulfill the

intention to enhance the image of individual, organization, or the company that

put the advertisement.

Other feature that characterizes advertising language is proposed by Grey

(2011). He notes that these features among others are the frequent use of

adjectives and adverbs, long noun phrases, frequent use of pre and post modifiers

for descriptions, the use of short sentences for impact on the reader. The use of

adjective and adverb can be seen in the phrase such as “highly motivated

individual”. The adverb highly modifies the adjective motivated. The example of

long noun phrases can be seen in the sentence “The candidates who have


18

significant experience in the related field….” The use of pre modifier can be seen

in the sentence “A fast growing company is looking for ….” The phrase a fast

growing modifies the noun company. The phrase makes the sentence more

concise since the other form of sentence can be “We are a fast growing company

which is looking for ….” The use of post modifier can be seen in the sentence

“We are a joint venture company with Mitsubishi Corporation Japan is looking for

….” The phrase with Mitsubishi Japan modifies the noun company. The phrase

makes the sentence more concise since the other form of sentence can be “We are

a joint venture company having a relation with a Japanese company namely

Mitsubishi”.

In accordance with the use of short sentences in advertising, Chapman

(2001: businessballs.com) suggests some tips of writing a job advertisement.

Included in his suggestions are:

Make the advert easy to read. Use simple language, avoid complicated

words unless absolutely necessary… Less is more…. Use language that

your reader uses. ….and limit your vocabulary to that found in the

newspaper. Use short sentences. More than fifteen words in a sentence

reduce the clarity of the meaning.

Thus, sentence construction is important in advertising because it deals with

creating messages to the readers. Weilbacher (1984: 462) writes that “…message

content does matter…” he also adds, “…sales do go up when particularly effective

advertising messages are introduced, and sales do fade when weaker advertising

messages are run…. much more emphasis would presumably be placed upon

media planning and the fine tuning of message delivery procedures”.

The need to be economical in using language for advertising is not

restricted to the advertisement of commercial brands or commodities. As


19

mentioned by Goddard (2002: 8) that “…advertising is not just about the texts

whose intention is to enhance the image of an individual, group or organization”.

This means that the concept of advertising also goes for job vacancy.

To impress the message, the choice of word or diction in advertising is

important. Proper choice of word may trigger the reader to find out more about the

information as stated in the advertisement. In other words, the use of appropriate

diction can attract the attention of readers. This is in accordance with Goddard‟s

statement (2002: 74) that “Vocabulary is carefully chosen to promote positive

associations in the minds of the target audience”.

In relation to vocabulary matters, Sells and Gonzalez (2002) in their

website presents Leech‟s findings about the frequency of words taken from a

sample of television advertisements. These words fall into twenty adjective and

twenty verbs. The twenty most frequent adjectives are: new, good/better/best,

free, fresh, delicious, full, sure, clean, wonderful, special, crisp, fine, big, great,

real, easy, bright, extra, safe, rich. The twenty most frequent verbs are: make, get,

give, have, see, buy, come, go, know, keep, look, need, love, use, feel, like, choose,

take, start, taste.

It is interesting to see that most of those words, especially the verbs, are

monosyllabic which make them also easier to be pronounced. Those monosyllabic

words as listed by Leech may meet the need to be economical when writing

advertising texts. From Leech‟s finding it is shown that word choice is important

in making advertisement message.

The idea is also mentioned by White (1988: 78) about making an

advertisement text, “In general, words should not be wasted: they should be used


20

if they are needed. What is more, there is no harm in writing English”. Thus, it is

quite apparent that beside word choice, the use of brief and concise writing is also

crucial in advertisement.

2.2. Related Research

There are several research conducted on the study of reading strategies. As

we know that literary reading research is not well-documented, most of the

existing reading researche focused to investigate reading strategy used by college

students to read the academic texts. They are varied in using the research

methodologies. Some of those studies used qualitative method and they mostly

used quantitative method or even mix-methods.

One of the findings that Dattamajumdar (2006) found on her research

paper about the linguistic patterns of advertising text is that messages are often

being shortened or reduced. She also found that short phrases are also used.

In his research paper, Heilman et al.(2007) mention, “Second language

learners are learning both vocabulary and grammar concurrently, and reading

materials for this population are chosen or authored according to both lexical and

grammatical complexity. Therefore, the authors predict that a readability measure

for texts intended for second language learners that incorporates both grammatical

and lexical features could clearly outperform a measure based on only one of

these two types of features”.


21

2.3. Theoretical Framework

Advertisement means communication and delivering messages. It also

goes to various kinds of advertisement including job vacancy. The language of job

advertisement written in English is composed as brief as possible without ignoring

the communicative aspect and the aspect of effective message. Two important

aspects in the textual composition of English job vacancy advertisement are

grammatical and lexical features. Grammatical features deal with the required

elements to compose sentences orderly. Lexical features deal with particular

words used in the composition.

This study aims to find out and discuss these features. In doing so some

linguistic theories are used. This study includes the theory of sentence, clause,

phrase, elliptical construction, and other related principles. The point of this study

is that grammatical and lexical features are complementary to each other in the

construction of textual composition of English job advertisement.

2.4. Kompas Newspaper

Kompas daily newspaper is the name of Indonesian newspaper which is

headquartered in Jakarta. The newspaper is part of the Kompas Gramedia Group.

Kompas began to rise in 1965 in Jakarta. Since 1969, Kompas began the leading

national newspaper. The readers of this newspaper reach up to around 2.25

million people across Indonesia. Like most other newspapers, the daily Kompas

page is divided into three parts, namely the front that includes national and

international news, business and financial news section, as well as the sports


22

news. Kompas also issued e-paper or digital newspaper which is an electronic

version of the newspaper.


23

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In conducting this research, some procedures are emplyoed. First, the data

are collected. The data used in this research are obtained from the daily newspaper

namely Kompas. Beside data collection some other processes regarding the

treatment of the data are also conducted. This chapter explains the methodology

used in this research.

3.1 Research Data

The collected data used in this research were in the form of advertisement

texts published in daily newspaper Kompas. This research was on lexical and

grammatical aspects of texts used in job advertisements. The data used in this

research were published in the year of 2008 to 2010. Referring to advertising

terminology, the advertisement texts taken for this research were categorized into

classified display advertisement. Classified display advertisements usually have

larger columns than classified advertisements.

Since the research was related to the field of English language studies, the

writer selected the classified display job advertisements written in English to be

used as the research data. All of the data used in this research were taken from

Kompas newspaper.

The research data are presented in tables 1.1 – 1.12 in Appendix 1 and

tables 2.1 – 2.12 in Appendix 2. The sentences taken and presented for the

discussion are referred according to the tables. Sentence 1.3.1, for example, is

taken from table 1.3 number 1.


24

3.2 Data Collection

The process of data collection also included the selection of the collected

data. The writer selected the data which have three sections in their textual

presentation. These three sections were heading, body, and closing. Sentences,

clauses, phrases, words used in the three sections were observed and studied. At

first, there were thirty job advertisements to be studied for this research. The

writer decided to reduce the number to twelve job advertisements to be used for

this research because from the thirty job advertisements all shared the same

patterns grammatically and lexically in that there were no new findings other than

these patterns.

3.3 Data Analysis

The selected data were rewritten and arranged into tables in order to ease

the presentation and analysis. Each of the data was converted into a table which

was divided into three parts namely heading, body, and closing. In analyzing the

selected data, the writer referred to the two questions stated as the research

questions. The research questions were:

1. What are the grammatical features of job advertisements?

2. What are the lexical features of job advertisements?

By referring to those questions, the writer used the grammar and lexical

theories to analyze the selected data. Each of the data was observed and analyzed

by its parts. Hence, the analysis started from the opening section or opening part

of the job advertisement followed by the body section, and closing section. This

was conducted to show the sectional identification found in the presentation of job

advertisement texts.


25

Observation and analysis were also conducted on any pattern of

preferential use of certain lexis or words including nouns, verbs, adjectives,

adverbs, and phrases used in the job ads. The writer would find out if there was

any omission of certain clauses or phrases, and whether the omission made the

advertisements message less clear or not.

After the analysis, concerning with the sectional identification of job

advertisement texts was done the writer continued with another analysis to

identify grammatical and lexical features found in the data. In this matter, each of

the points contributing to grammatical aspect of job advertisement texts was

identified and discussed.

The next discussion dealt with the lexical items found in the data of this

research. The discussion focused on the use of certain words belonging to the

classes of adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverbs that were found in the

composition of job advertisement texts. The use of certain phrases was also

discussed. The discussion was provided with the corresponding tables presented

in the appendix that could be referred to.


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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

The questions that should be answered in this research are what are the

grammatical and the lexical features of job advertisements advertised in Kompas?

To find the answer of the questions, in this chapter all collected data is presented,

analyzed, and discussed. There are two steps in presenting, analyzing, and

discussing the data. The first step is transforming the data into tables having

three main sections of job advertisement text: opening, body and closing. In this

step, the writer is also dividing the sentences in the data into numbers. The

second step is analyzing the grammatical and lexical features in the data.

4.1. Grammatical Features of Job Advertisement Text

The grammatical features of a text may have some aspects such as, tenses,

prepositions, and other function words. These aspects are observed and identified

through the use of other textual forms presented in the job advertisement. These

textual forms are ellipsis, modal patterns, imperative patterns, and passive voice.

4.1.1. Grammatical Features 1: Ellipsis

Ellipsis refers to the omission of certain words or elements of sentences

from writing. In general, elliptical form is found in most of job advertisement text

used as the research data. The use of this elliptical form is generally applied

regardless of the company line of business, type of work field, or type of

applicant‟s qualifications. The use of ellipsis in job advertisement is clearly

noticeable.


27

Elliptical forms are generally used in the body section of job advertisement

texts to explain the job requirements and job applicant‟s qualification. Elliptical

forms are also used to explain job description.

There are some reasons for using ellipsis in the job advertisement texts.

First, generally, the reader already knows the context of the elliptical sentence.

Second, it is used to avoid repetition of words which accordingly would spare

more space. Third, the readers usually only seek important points of the

advertisement, hence they read by scanning the texts. Finally, from the business

viewpoint, using ellipsis would be more efficient and economical as it uses less

space.

In advertising, the use of ellipsis is common in order to make use the

limited advertising column or space efficiently. In newspaper, there are elliptical

forms found in the job advertisement texts as shown in the collected data. The

omitted forms or structure are clauses and phrases with certain patterns. These

patterns are S + modal should + be, S + modal should + possess/have, S + modal

should, S + who + have/has, S + be + v1 (+ing) + preposition, noun phrase +

modal would be.

4.1.1.1. The elliptical sentence pattern 1: S + modal should + be

As discussed previously, parts of a sentence may be omitted by applying

ellipsis structures. After the omission, the reduced sentence may only consist of

adjectives, verbs and other words. The following are the sentences in the job

advertisement that are written in ellipsis structure. There is an omission of clauses

as shown by the brackets. Each of the omitted clauses has the pattern consisting of


28

subject (S) followed by should and be. The clause the applicant should be is

logically understood by the context presented in the opening section of the

advertisement. Sentence agreement test is also used to determine the appropriate

pattern that would come before the elliptical sentence. From the examples, it can

be seen that each of the elliptical texts (1), (2), (3), and (4) begins with an

adjective. These adjectives are experienced, able, graduated, and fluent. The

pattern that would appropriately come before these adjectives is the clause with

the pattern of S + modal should + be. The modal should expresses obligation that

should be fulfilled related to the job position requirements. The pattern contains a

lexical item applicant since by the context of the job advertisement it refers to the

person who would apply for the job position.

Example:

1) [The applicant should be] experienced in financial modeling and analysis.

(2.1.5).

2) [The applicant should be] able to manage and complete multiple projects

simultaneously and to meet deadlines under pressure. (2.1.11)

3) [The applicant should be] graduated from a reputable university. (2.2.3)

4) [The applicant should be] fluent in English and Japanese. (2.2.4)

4.1.1.1.1. Grammatical Features of Ellipsis pattern 1

The following are the examples of the job advertisement texts in their

elliptical forms.

1) Experienced in financial modeling and analysis.


29

2) Able to manage and complete multiple projects simultaneously and to

meet deadlines under pressure.

3) Graduated from a reputable university.

4) Fluent in English and Japanese.

In text (1) the full structure is The applicant should be experienced in

financial modeling and analysis. The function words in this structure are the,

should, be, in, and and. This structure is written in the present tense consisting of

the subject the applicant which is consisting of the as determiner and applicant as

noun. The function of the limits the subject applicant. The subject applicant

means the one that applies for the vacancy advertised by the company. The modal

should is used to indicate a condition that should be possessed by the applicant.

The verb be is in the basic form of agreeing with the tense of the texts which is

written in the simple present. The preposition in carries the idea of inclusion or

involvement related to the applicant expertise in certain field of work. The

conjunction and is actually joins two phrases which are also elliptical; financial

modeling and financial analysis. The content word financial is omitted in the

second phrase, because it is already understood by the context.

In text (2) the full structure is The applicant should be able to manage and

complete multiple projects simultaneously and to meet deadlines under pressure.

The function words in this structure are the, should, be, to, and. This structure is

written in the present tense consisting of the subject the applicant which is

consisting of the as determiner and applicant as noun. The determiner the limits

the subject applicant, which means only the one who applies for the vacancy

advertised by the company. The modal should is used to indicate a condition that


30

should be met by the applicant. The verb be is in the basic form of agreeing with

the tense of the texts which is written in the simple present. The preposition to

follows the content word able. The use of this preposition is to introduce two

verbs which are complete and meet.

In text (3) the full structure is The applicant should be graduated from a

reputable university. The function words in this structure are the, should, be, from,

and a. This structure is written in the present tense consisting of the subject the

applicant which is consisting of the as determiner and applicant as noun. The

determiner the limits the subject applicant, which means only the one who applies

for the vacancy advertised by the company. The modal should is used to indicate a

condition that should be possessed by the applicant. The verb be is in the basic

form of agreeing with the tense of the texts which is written in the simple present.

The preposition from follows and co-occur with the content word graduated.

In text (4) the full structure is The applicant should be fluent in English

and Japanese. The function words in this structure are the, should, be, in and and.

The tense of the structure is simple present tense. The subject the applicant

consists of the as determiner and applicant as noun. The determiner the limits the

subject applicant, which means only the one who applies for the vacancy

advertised by the company. The modal should is used to indicate a condition that

should be possessed by the applicant. The verb be is in the basic form of agreeing

with the tense of the texts which is written in the simple present. The preposition

in follows and co-occur with the content word fluent. The preposition in carries

the idea of inclusion or involvement related to the applicant expertise in certain

skills.


31

The features of elliptical patterns can be elaborated as follows:

Elliptical Pattern 1:

a. The head of the sentence uses particular phrases indicating the

applicants‟ qualification such as master degree, university degree,

S1/S2 degree, diploma degree.

b. Other words and phrases are adjectives indicating specific skills,

gender, academic status, and applicant‟s personality such as

experienced in, able to, male, fluent in, computer literate, self driven,

graduated, excellent, willing, attractive, proportional, goal oriented,

hard worker.

4.1.1.2. The elliptical sentence pattern 2: S + modal should + possess/have

Below are the sentences in the job advertisement that are written in ellipsis

structure with the omission of clauses. The omitted clauses have the pattern of

S + modal should + possess/have. The elements in the brackets indicate that they

are omitted. Each of the omitted clauses has the pattern consisting of subject (S)

followed by should followed by either have or possess.

The clause the applicant should have/posses is logically understood by the

context presented in the opening section of the advertisement. Sentence agreement

test is also used to determine the appropriate pattern that would come before the

elliptical sentence. In these examples below, each of the elliptical texts (1), (2),

(3), and (4) begins with noun phrases. These noun phrases are (1). at least 5 years

professional experience, (2). good knowledge. (3). excellent communication. (4).

product knowledge. Each of the underlined words is the noun which also


32

functions as the main word or the headword of each phrase. The words that come

before the underlined nouns are modifiers.

The pattern that would appropriately come before these noun phrases is the

clause with the pattern of subject + modal should + possess/have. The main word

of the phrase is the noun experience which is also an object that needs a predicate

possess/have.

Examples:

1) [The applicant should posses] at least 5 years professional experience in

private participation in infrastructure. (2.1.2)

2) [The applicant should have] good knowledge of Indonesia public private

partnership, project management and project financing. (2.1.4)

3) [The applicant should have] excellent communication and presentation

skills in English and Bahasa Indonesia. (2.1.11)

4) [The applicant should have] product knowledge in windows, door, and

curtain-wall. (2.1.17)

4.1.1.2.1 Grammatical Features of Ellipsis pattern 2

In text (1) the full structure is The applicant should possess at least 5 years

professional experience in private participation in infrastructure. The function

words in this structure are the, should, in. This structure is written in the present

tense. The subject is the applicant consisting of the as determiner and applicant as

noun. The determiner (the) limits the reference only to the subject applicant

applying for the advertised position. The modal auxiliary should is used to

indicate a condition that should be had by the applicant. The preposition in carries


33

the idea of inclusion or involvement related to the applicant activities of related

work field. There is the use of at least which is a phrase, which means at the

minimum.

In text (2) the full structure is The applicant should have good knowledge

of Indonesia public private partnership, project management and project

financing. The function words in this structure are the, should, of, and. This

structure is written in the present tense consisting of the subject The applicant

which consists of the as determiner and applicant as noun. The determiner the

limits the reference related to the subject applicant. The modal auxiliary should is

used to indicate a condition that should be possessed by the applicant. The

preposition of shows a relation of reference between two content words,

knowledge and Indonesia. The coordinate conjunction and connects the words and

phrases of the same idea which stated in the phrase good knowledge of.

In text (3) the full structure is The applicant should have excellent

communication and presentation skills in English and Bahasa Indonesia. The

function words in this structure are the, should, and, in, and. This structure is

written in the present tense consisting of the subject The applicant which is


the reference of the subject applicant. The modal auxiliary should is used to

indicate a condition that should be met by the applicant. The preposition in carries

the idea of inclusion or involvement related to the applicant activities or work

field.

In text (4) the full structure is The applicant should have product

knowledge in windows, door, and curtain-wall. The function words in this


34

structure are the, should, in, and. This structure is written in the present tense

consisting of the subject the applicant which consists of the as determiner and

applicant as noun. The determiner the limits the reference of the subject applicant

to the one that applies for the vacancy advertised by the company. The modal

auxiliary should is used to indicate a condition that should be met by the

applicant. The preposition in carries the idea of inclusion or involvement related

to the applicant work field or activities. The coordinate conjunction and connects

the words and phrases of the same idea which stated in the phrase product

knowledge in.



a. The ellipsis in this pattern begins with a noun phrase.

b. The ellipsis in this pattern are written in the present tense.

4.1.1.3. The elliptical sentence pattern 3: S + modal should

In this pattern the clauses in brackets are omitted. Each of the omitted

clauses has the pattern consisting of subject (S) followed by modal should. The

clause the applicant should be is logically understood by the context presented in

the opening section of the advertisement. Sentence agreement test is also used to

determine the appropriate pattern that would come before the elliptical sentence.

In these examples below, each of the elliptical texts (1), (2), (3), and (4) begins

with a verb. These verbs are posses, have, demonstrate, and understand.

The pattern that would appropriately come before these verbs is the clause

with the pattern of S + modal should. The modal should expresses obligation that


35

should be fulfilled related to the job position requirements. The pattern contains a

lexical item applicant since by the context of the job advertisement it refers to the

person who would apply for the job position.

Examples:

1) [The applicant should] possess strong interpersonal skills and the ability to

work effectively with senior government officials in the areas of

infrastructure and finance. (2.1.6)

2) [The applicant should] have experience in dealing with government

institutions related to PMA. (2.3.14)

3) [The applicant should] demonstrate good interpersonal and

communication skills. (2.12.5)

4) [The applicant should] understand the technical basic knowledge. (2.12.6)


In text (1) the full structure is The applicant should possess strong

interpersonal skills and the ability to work effectively with senior government

officials in the areas of infrastructure and finance. The function words in this

structure are the, should, and, to, with, in, of. This structure is written in the

present tense consisting of the subject the applicant which consists of the as

determiner and applicant as noun. The determiner the limits the reference of the

subject applicant. The modal auxiliary should is used to indicate a condition that

should be met by the applicant. The preposition to suitably comes after the noun

ability connecting to the content word work.


36

In text (2) the full structure is The applicant should have experience in

dealing with government institutions related to PMA. The function words in this

structure are the, should, in, with, to. This structure is written in the present tense

consisting of the subject the applicant consisting of the as determiner and

applicant as noun. The determiner the limits the reference of the subject applicant.

The modal auxiliary should is used to indicate a condition that should be met by

the applicant. The preposition in carries the idea of inclusion or involvement

related to the applicant work field or activities.

In text (3) the full structure is The applicant should demonstrate good

interpersonal and communication skills. The function words in this structure are

the, should, and. This structure is written in the present tense consisting of the

subject the applicant which consists of the as determiner and applicant as noun.

The determiner the limits the reference of the subject applicant. The modal

auxiliary should is used to indicate a condition that should be met by the

applicant. The coordinate conjunction and connects two phrases of the same idea.

These phrases are good interpersonal and communication skills.

In text (4) the full structure is The applicant should understand the

technical basic knowledge. The function words in this structure are the, should,

This structure is written in the present tense consisting of the subject The

applicant which is consisting of the as determiner and applicant as noun. The

determiner the limits the reference of the subject applicant. The modal auxiliary

should is used to indicate a condition that should be met by the applicant.




37

a. The ellipsis begins with transitive verbs like have, possess,

demonstrate, understand followed by objects that specify the required

skills.

b. The elliptical patterns are written in the present tense.

4.1.1.4. The elliptical sentence pattern 4: S + who + have/has

There is another pattern of omitted clause. The clause consists of subject

(S) followed by relative pronoun who. This clause implicitly precedes the phrase

written in the body section of job advertisement. In the following examples the

clauses in brackets are omitted and implicitly understood. Sentence agreement test

is also used to determine the appropriate patterns that would come before the

elliptical texts. In these examples below, each of the elliptical texts (1), (2), (3),

and (4) begins with a noun phrase. There are modifiers that precede the nouns.

These noun phrases are good knowledge. (2). wide network. (3). good experience.

(4). some experience.

The pattern that would appropriately come before these noun phrases is the

clause with the pattern of S + who + have/has. The modal should expresses

obligation that should be fulfilled related to the job position requirements. The

pattern contains a lexical item applicant since by the context of the job

advertisement it refers to the person who would apply for the job position.

Examples:

1) [The applicant who possesses] good knowledge of World Bank

operational procedures and procurement process is desirable. (2.1.3)


38

2) [The applicant who possesses] wide network among government officials

in the infrastructure sector is desirable. (2.1.7)

3) [The applicant who has] good experience in reputable Public Accountant

Firm is preferred. (2.3.8)

4) [The applicant who possesses] some experience in reputable Law Firms or

as Company Secretary is preferred. (2.3.13)


In text (1) the full structure is The applicant who possesses good

knowledge of World Bank operational procedures and procurement process is

desirable. The function words in this structure are the, who, of, and. This structure

is written in the present tense consisting of the subject The applicant which is


the reference of the subject applicant. The relative pronoun who refers to the noun

applicant. The preposition of suitably comes after the noun knowledge. The

coordinate conjunction and connects the words and phrases of the same idea

which stated in the phrase good knowledge of.

In text (2) the full structure is The applicant who possesses wide network

among government officials in the infrastructure sector is desirable. The function

words in this structure are the, who, among, in. This structure is written in the

present tense consisting of the subject the applicant which consists of the as

determiner and applicant as noun. The determiner the limits the reference related

to the subject applicant. The preposition in carries the idea of inclusion or

involvement related to the applicant work field or activities.


39

In text (3) the full structure is The applicant who has good experience in

reputable Public Accountant Firm is preferred. The function words in this

structure are the, who, in. This structure is written in the present tense consisting

of the subject the applicant which consists of the as determiner and applicant as

noun. The determiner the limits the subject applicant. It only refers to the

applicant who applies for the position advertised by the company. The preposition

in conveys the idea of inclusion or involvement related to the activities or work

field of the applicant.

In text (4) the full structure is The applicant who possesses some

experience in reputable Law Firms or as Company Secretary is preferred. The

function words in this structure are the, who, some, in, or, as. This structure is

written in the present tense consisting of the subject The applicant, which is


the reference related to the subject applicant. The preposition in brings the idea of

inclusion or involvement related to the applicant activities.



a. The elliptical patterns are written in the present tense.

b. The elliptical patterns begin with noun phrases.

c. The omitted elements contain relative pronoun who.

d. The elliptical patterns are found in the body of (2.1.3), (2.1.7), (2.3.8)

(2.3.13), (2.4.17), (2.7.6), (2.9.5) and (2.9.8).


40

4.1.1.5. The elliptical sentence pattern 5: S + be + v1 (+ing) + preposition

Another pattern related to elliptical structures used in job advertisement

texts is the omission of a clause from a full sentence. When the clause is omitted,

the other part of the sentence becomes a phrase as written in the body section of

the job advertisement. Below are the texts that are written in ellipsis structure. The

clauses in brackets are omitted and implicitly understood. Each of the omitted

clauses has the pattern consisting of subject (S) followed by be and verb in present

progressive form with a preposition as in we are looking for.

In these examples below, each of the elliptical texts (1), (2), (3), and (4)

begins with a noun phrase. These noun phrases are (1). a consumer business

division staff. (2). an assistant accounting manager. (3). an assistant legal

manager. (4). an accounting officer. Each of the underlined nouns is the main

word of the phrase.

Examples:

1) [We are looking for] a Consumer Business Division Staff. (2.2.1)

2) [We are looking for] an Assistant Accounting Manager. (2.3.1)

3) [We are looking for] an Assistant Legal Manager. (2.3.2)

4) [We are looking for] an Accounting Officer. (2.3.3)


In text (1) the full structure is We are looking for a Consumer Business

Division Staff. The function words in this structure are for, are, a. This structure is

written in the present progressive tense with the subject we as noun followed by

be verb are that connects the subject we with the complement looking for a

Consumer Business Division Staff. The preposition for is commonly co-occur


41

with the verb look. The article a clarifies the quantity of the object being looked

for which is Consumer Business Division Staff

In text (2) the full structure is We are looking for an Assistant Accounting

Manager. The function words in this structure are for, are, an. This structure is


be verb are that connects the subject we with the complement looking for an

Assistant Accounting Manager. The preposition for is commonly co-occur with

the verb look. The article an clarifies the quantity of the object being looked for

which is Assistant Accounting Manager.

In text (3) the full structure is We are looking for an Assistant Legal

Manager. The function words in this structure are for, are, an. This structure is


be verb are that connects the subject we with the complement looking for an

Assistant Legal Manager. The preposition for is commonly co-occur with the

verb look. The article an clarifies the quantity of the object being looked for which

is Assistant Legal Manager.

In text (4) the full structure is We are looking for an Accounting Officer.

The function words in this structure are for, are, an. This structure is written in the

present progressive tense with the subject we as noun followed by be verb are that

connects the subject we with the complement looking for an Accounting Officer.

The preposition for is commonly co-occur with the verb look. The article an

clarifies the quantity of the object being looked for which is Accounting Officer.




42

a. Written in present progressive tense.

b. The ellipsis begins with a noun phrase that indicates the type of job

position.

c. The pattern is found in (2.2.1), (2.2.1), (2.2.2), (2.2.3), (2.2.4), (2.2.5)

and (2.12.1).

4.1.1.6. The elliptical sentence pattern 6: noun phrase + modal would be

In this pattern, the omission applied to a clause which also consists of a

noun phrase the successful candidate followed by would be. The underlined word

is the noun which also the headword of the phrase the successful candidate.

Below are the texts that are written in ellipsis structure. The clauses in brackets

are omitted and implicitly understood. Each of the omitted clauses in the bracket

has the pattern consisting of noun phrase followed by would be as in the

successful candidate would be. The following are the sentences in the job

advertisement that are written in ellipsis structure. The phrases in brackets are

omitted. Each of the omitted phrases has the pattern consisting of noun followed

by would be.

In these examples below, each of the elliptical texts (1), (2), (3), and (4)

begins with the same adjective. The adjective is responsible. The pattern that

would appropriately come before these elliptical texts is the clause with the

pattern of noun phrase + would be.


43

Examples:

1) [The successful candidate would be] responsible for developing and

implementing national marketing and business development strategies. .

(2.10.1)

2) [The successful candidate would be] responsible for creating new key

client accounts. (2.10.2)

3) [The successful candidate would be] responsible for presenting and

promoting Rehau window products. (2.10.3)

4) [The successful candidate would be] responsible for ensuring Rehau

window products specified in the targeted project tender documents.

(2.10.4)


In text (1) the full structure is The successful candidate would be

responsible for developing and implementing national marketing and business

development strategies. The function words in this structure are the, would, be,

for, and. This structure is written in the present tense consisting of the subject The

successful candidate which is consisting of the as determiner, successful as the

adjective, candidate as noun. The determiner the and the adjective successful limit

the reference related to the subject candidate. The modal would, which is

followed by be, is used to indicate a possibility that could be assigned to the

candidate who meets the qualification. The preposition for commonly comes after

the adjective responsible. The coordinate conjunction and connects two phrases


44

national marketing and business development strategies. The conjunction is also

used to connect two ideas introduced by the verb developing and implementing.


responsible for creating new key client accounts. The function words in this

structure are the, would, be, for. This structure is written in the present tense

consisting of the subject the successful candidate which is consisting of the as

determiner, successful as the adjective, candidate as noun. The determiner the and

the adjective successful limit the reference related to the subject candidate. The

modal would, which is followed by be, is used to indicate a possibility that could

be assigned to the candidate who meets the qualification. The preposition for

commonly coms after the adjective responsible.


responsible for presenting and promoting Rehau window products. The function

words in this structure are the, would, be, for, and, to. This structure is written in

the present tense consisting of the subject The successful candidate which consists

of the as determiner, successful as the adjective, candidate as noun. The

determiner the and the adjective successful limit the reference related to the

subject candidate. The modal would, which is followed by be, is used to indicate a

possibility that could be assigned to the candidate who meets the qualification.

The preposition for is commonly coming after the adjective responsible. The

coordinate conjunction and connects two verbs presenting and promoting which

each has the same object; Rehau window products.


responsible for ensuring Rehau window products specified in the targeted project


45

tender documents. The function words in this structure are the, would, be, for, in.

This structure is written in the present tense consisting of the subject The

successful candidate which is consisting of the as determiner, successful as the

adjective, candidate as noun. The determiner the and the adjective successful limit

the reference related to the subject candidate. The modal would, which is

followed by be, is used to indicate a possibility that could be assigned to the

candidate who meets the qualification. The preposition for is commonly coming

after the adjective responsible.



a. The ellipsis begins with an adjective followed a gerund form or verb

functions as a noun.

b. The omitted element consists of a noun phrase followed by would be.

c. The pattern is only found in (2.10.1) to (2.10.13).

4.1.2. Modals

The application of modals in the job advertisement texts collected in this

study is to express obligation and possibility related to prospective applicants.

The modals found in the data are should and would. The modal should is mostly

followed by the main verb such as have or possess as in the sentence the applicant

should possess the following characteristics. In most of the texts the modal should

functions as an auxiliary helping the main verb that come after it to give a certain

emphasis. Accordingly, in the sentence the applicant should possess the following

characteristics the modal should gives emphasis on the main verb possess by


46

suggesting a mood of necessity or requirement that should be fulfilled. Another

modal auxiliary such as would like in the sentence only short listed candidates

would be notified, helps in suggesting a mood of possibility that could happen to

the selected applicants.

Below are the examples.

1) The applicant should possess the following characteristics….. . (1.1.3)

2) Application should be submitted no later than…. . (1.1.16)

3) Interested applicant should send their application….. . (1.3.38)

4) Only short listed candidates would be notified….. (1.3.41)

The complete data of the modal in the advertisement texts can be looked up in the

appendix.

4.1.3. Imperatives

The term imperatives refers to sentence patterns in which certain verbs are

used to give orders, commands, warning or instructions. The imperatives that are

found in the job advertisement texts mostly begin with the words write or send as

in write the position that you apply on the upper left of the envelope or send your

application to. These imperatives are found in the closing section of the job

advertisement texts. Each of these imperative patterns is written without a subject

because the subject which is the job applicant is implied by the context.

There are some imperative patterns found: the one that uses base verb or

V1 followed by phrases, the one that uses base verb followed by a noun phrase,

and the one that preceded by the adverb please. The use of please before the


47

imperative verb adds the mood of politeness. Below are the examples of these

patterns.

1) Write the relevant code of the position on the upper left of the envelope.

(1.3.40)

2) Write the position that you apply on the upper left of the envelope. (1.11.8)

3) Send your application to human resource department of Miura (1.11.5)

4) Please write the position “Sales Staff” as the subject. (1.12.14)

4.1.4. Passive Voice

In the collected data of this research there are patterns which use passive

voice formation. These passive voice patterns are found in the closing section of

the job advertisement texts in the form of clauses. The following are the examples

of clauses which use the passive formation.

1) Application should be submitted within a week

(S + modal should + be + past participle)

2) Late submission will not be considered

(S + modal will + not + be + past participle)

3) Only short listed candidates would be notified

(S + modal will/would + be + past participle)

4) Qualified candidates are invited (S + be + past participle)

All these passive voice patterns are intended to give emphasis on the

subjects, which are application, submission (of the application letter), short listed

candidate, and qualified candidates, as the most important points that should be

noticed by the applicants. If a pattern is rewritten in active voice, for example, as


48

in the applicants should submit application within a week, the point application is

then turned into an object and becomes less emphasized.

4.2. Lexical Features of Job Advertisement Text

This section discusses the lexical aspects of texts contained in the job

advertisements. There two main issues in this discussion which are lexical items

and lexical features. Lexical items refer to the use of certain words in the job

advertisement texts, while lexical features refer to the characteristic of the words

used in the texts.

The following are the lexical items and features used in the job

advertisement texts in Kompas.

4.2.1. Adjective

Adjective is one of the lexical items found in the opening, body, and

closing section of the job advertisement texts. The lexical items which grouped as

adjectives are: experienced, professional, able, dynamic, excellent, fluent,

talented, qualified, dedicated, graduated, leading, motivated, strong, interested,

challenged, smart, international, worldwide, eligible, challenging, honest,

largest, creative, progressive, reputable, well-established, fast-growing, self-

driven, successful, short listed. These adjectives have the characteristics or

features as follows:

Compound adjective, as in fast-growing, well-established, short-listed,

self-driven; compound word as in worldwide; and other adjectives convey positive

quality as in fluent, good, dedicated, experienced, excellent, dynamic, leading,


49

professional, reputable. Other adjectives such as challenging and attractive, as in

challenging career and attractive remuneration, convey a demanding condition

but also entice the prospective applicants with a promising future and

compensation.

Most of these adjectives refer to the potential quality of the job applicant

required by the company. Other adjectives are used to carry the positive

impression regarding the company‟s activities and reputation to the prospective

applicants.

4.2.2. Verbs

The verbs used in job advertisement texts are the ones that are common

and have high degree of familiarity to the readers. These verbs among others are

have, seek, look for, open, join, offer, assist, manage, operate, work, send, and

write. These verbs are also can be categorized as core words or high frequency

words. The verbs assist, manage, work are in context to the description of job

that would be assigned to the prospective employees. Another verb is posses

used to refer to certain skills of the prospective applicants. The verb join is also

frequently used in the texts to refer an idea that the company is inviting

prospective applicants to apply for the vacant positions. Other verbs such as

send and write are also used in the form of imperatives.

4.2.3. Nouns

The nouns in the job advertisement texts among others are classified as

proper nouns which refer to the company‟s name. Other nouns in the texts are


50

mostly common nouns. The common nouns that are frequently used in the texts

are the ones that deal with job vacancies such as company, opportunity, career,

position, requirements, candidate, applicant, application, qualification, vacancy,

staff, skill, job, salary, remuneration, management, team, project, finance,

business, ability, experience, resume. These words support and are in line with

the contexts dealing with job advertisement.

4.2.4. Adverbs

Generally, an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. The

adverbs that are found in the job advertisement texts belong to the adverbs of

manner. Each of these adverbs has a suffix –ly and all of them are simple

adverbs. The lexical items which are classified as adverbs found in the job

advertisement texts are: highly, effectively, rapidly, suitably, and individually.

These adverbs mostly explain the verbs and the adjectives in that they give

strong and positive emphasis stated by the adjectives used in the job

advertisement texts.

The use of these adverbs is to convey the importance of certain qualities

or qualifications that are favorable and should be possessed by the prospective

applicants when dealing with the assigned jobs. As stated in the body section of

the job advertisement, the positive and favorable qualities of the applicant‟s

personality and competency are emphasized in the phrases such as highly

motivated and qualified candidates, highly competent graduate, highly qualified

candidates, and suitably qualified person for the position. The positive and

favorable qualities of the applicant related to the manner of working are


51

emphasized in the phrases such as work effectively with senior government

officials, work smartly in a team and individually, and learn rapidly about

particular sectors.

4.2.5. Abbreviation

Abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or a phrase used in writing to

represent the complete form. The use of abbreviation is found in job

advertisement texts. The use of abbreviation is in accordance with the need to

compose effective and efficient texts and to minimize the budget of the company

related to the recruitment of new employees. Below are the types of abbreviations.

Abbreviation for job field:

IT for Information Technology

EDP for Entry Data Processing

ICT for Information and Computing Technology

ERP for Enterprise Resource Planning

Abbreviation for familiar things:

CV for Curriculum Vitae

Co. Ltd for Company Limited

HRD for Human Resource Department

4.2.6. Compound

The use of compound words in job advertisement text is intended to

simplify long phrases or sentences and spare more space. The compound words


52

below are found in the collected data of the research. In the brackets are the long

versions of the compounds.

infrastructure development (the development of the infrastructure)

application procedure (procedure of the application)

interested applicants (applicants who are interested)

Other compounds are: result oriented, high achiever, fresh graduate,

under pressure, goal oriented, hard worker, high integrity, wide network. These

compounds refer to preferable qualities of prospective applicants required by the

company.

4.2.7. Shortening

The shortening of certain words in job advertisement text is intended to

spare more space due to the limited space. The application textual shortening

meets the necessity to compose effective and efficient texts and to minimize the

company‟s financial spending related to the recruitment of new employees. Below

is the shortened word found in the collected data of the research.

Div. for Division

Dept. for Department

The shortening of certain words in advertising is usually applied to words

that are already known and understood by the public in general so as not to cause

confusion. The advertiser apparently put special consideration regarding the

words that need to be shortened. The structural aspect of words is taken into

consideration especially regarding the number of syllables contained in the words.


53

As shown in the collected data, the words division and department both consist of

three syllables. The advertiser regards these words as being common and familiar

to the targeted readers of the job advertisement; therefore the shortening applied

to these words will not affect the clarity related to their meanings.

4.2.8. Degree of formality

Another finding related to lexical characteristics is the degree of

formality of certain words used in the texts. There are some words that are more

formal than the others. For example the word possess is more formal than have

as in [The applicant should] possess strong interpersonal skills…

There is an alternate use of formal and less formal words in the job

advertisement texts. The word send sometimes is used to replace the word

submit and vice versa. Other words are manage/handle,

recruiting/seeking/looking for, competent/able, state/write, demonstrate/show,

comprehend/understand, notify/inform, maintain/keep, assist/help, create/make,

develop/build, operate/use.

Hence, there is no consistency in the preferential use related to more

formal or less formal words. In certain part of the text, a company uses formal

words items while in the other part uses less formal words.


54

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

introduction

5.1. Conclusions

The aim of this study is to find the grammatical and lexical features used

in job advertisements and how these features are applied in the advertisement text.

The research data was taken from a daily newspaper namely Kompas. In order to

find the answer, there are some steps taken in the data analysis.

The writer firstly put the data into tables. In the first type of the tables each

of the advertisement texts is divided in three sections which are opening, body,

and closing. In the next table the text in the body section is divided in two

columns to show the application of elliptical sentences, and the complete version.

Grammatical and lexical analyses are done to find the pattern of sentence structure

and the use of certain words in the text. The analyses lead to the conclusion that

stresses some important points regarding the characteristic of job advertisement

text.

The data collected are job advertisement texts. The composition of each

data is analyzed and there are three sections contained in each of the

advertisement which are opening, body, and closing.

The texts in the opening section are written in complete sentences. The

combination of present tense and present continuous is also used. Some sentences

consist of two clauses. The first part is a dependent clause. The second is an

independent clause written in the present continuous tense. The use of certain

nouns and adjectives can be found in the opening.


55

The nouns and adjectives in the opening section often refer to the positive

image of the company that put the job advertisement. Sometimes there is bridging

or connecting sentences using a colon that connect the opening to the body

section.

The texts in the body section are written in elliptical sentences. Certain

verbs that refer to the skills and professional quality of the job applicants are used.

The texts in the body section also use positive adjectives that refer to the

professional quality required for the job applicants. Certain phrases that refer to

challenging work condition are also used.

The texts in the closing section are written in complete sentences. The

closing section often uses imperative verbs preceded by a polite request word

please. Certain nouns that refer to application and submission procedure are used

in the closing section. Some sentences in the closing section are also written in

passive voice form.

Since composing a job advertisement deals with the limited space in the

newspaper and also the economical factor, the use of elliptical sentences is

common. Grammatical rule is fulfilled earlier at the opening section of the

advertisement. Elliptical sentences are applied in the body section and should be

understood contextually to the texts in the opening section.

The lexical aspect supports the understanding of job seekers targeted by

the company with the use of the certain word classes or familiar words or

adjectives that contain positive impression and image of the company that put the

advertisement and the quality of the applicants needed by the company.


56

In conveying the message to job advertisement readers, the texts of job

advertisements cannot rely only on the choice of a particular vocabulary. The role

of grammar is also important because the grammatical features are like the

supporting bridges between the words in the advertisement text so that the

message to the reader can be fully understood.

Most lexical items found in the job advertisement texts are intended to

carry the positive image of the company that open the vacancy and to emphasize

positive qualities that should be possessed by the job applicants who want to be

recruited by the company. Through the selection of appropriate lexical items

which correlates with the domain of job advertising then the delivery of

messages contained in the text would be more effective to the readers who are

also the prospective job seekers.

5.2. Suggestions

The following are some suggestions regarding the use of English in job

advertisement.

1. Job advertisement texts in English can be used as the lesson material in

English language class for discussing grammatical and vocabulary issue.

Teachers can explore aspects of sentence structure through advertising texts,

including elliptical sentences and certain words selected in the advertisement.

2. For English language learners, job advertisement texts can be used to

introduce one variety or genre of text in addition to discussing the aspects of

grammar and lexical found in the text.


57

3. It would be beneficial for the practitioners of advertising, especially those

who use English texts to study grammatical and lexical aspects of

advertisements, especially the advertisements which are related to job

vacancies.

4. The companies that often advertise job vacancies in English should have their

own English language division that specialized in matters relating to the use

of the English language including the writing of the text of job advertisements

in which grammatical and lexical aspects can be a major consideration.

5. Language researchers should do more in-depth research in job advertisement

written in English especially in relation to the application of grammar and

vocabulary.


58

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59

Weilbacher, W.M. (1984) Advertising. New York: Macmillan

White, R. (1988). Advertising: what it is and how to do it. London: MacGraw-Hill

Young, R. (2006). Nitty Gritty Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.


60

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Advertisement Text Section

Table 1.1. World Bank Text, Date: November 22, 2008

Opening

(1) Infrastructure development is a priority for supporting

economic growth and helping with the alleviation of

poverty.

(2) To assist the development and the implementation of the

Infrastructure Guarantee Fund, the World Bank Office in

Jakarta is recruiting for the position of: Infrastructure

Specialist.

(3) The applicant should possess the following characteristics:

Body (4) Master degree in Engineering, Finance, Business or

Accounting or equivalent professional experience;

(5) At least 5 years professional experience in private

participation in infrastructure;

(6) Good knowledge of World Bank operational procedures

and procurement process is desirable; Good knowledge of

Indonesia public private partnership, project management

and project financing;

(7) Experienced in financial modeling and analysis;

(8) Possess strong interpersonal skills and the ability to work

effectively with senior government officials in the areas of

infrastructure and finance;

(9) Wide network among government officials in the

infrastructure sector is desirable

(10) Good overall knowledge of infrastructure sector and

ability to learn rapidly about particular sectors (transport,

housing, and water);

(11) Able to manage and complete multiple projects

simultaneously and to meet deadlines under pressure;

(12) Possess strong analytical and problem solving skills,

complimented with sound judgment to identify issues and

provide creative and practical solutions;

(13) Excellent communication and presentation skills in

English and Bahasa Indonesia.

Closing (14) This locally hired appointment shall be for a period of two

year coterminous contract.

(15) Application procedure is available at our website:

www.worldbank.org.

(16) Application should be submitted no later than 5 December

2008.

(17) Late submission will not be considered.


61

Table 1.2. Mitsui Text. Date: January 18, 2009

Opening (1) PT. MITSUI INDONESIA, a well-established company

with worldwide network, is recruiting a Sales and

Marketing staff for its Consumer Business Division.

(2) The successful candidate will be part of a dedicated team

of various products related business and projects of the

Division.

Body (3) Consumer Business Div. Staff (MCS

(4) Male 25 – 30 years old.

(5) Graduated from a reputable university. Bachelor‟s Degree

(S1) or Master‟s (S2) is an advantage.

(6) Fluent in English & Japanese both written and oral.

(7) Computer literate (MS Office)

(8) Fresh graduate or minimum 2 years experience in related

field is advantageous.

(9) Travel on business trip to Kalimantan, Papua or Sulawesi

is required.

Closing (10) Please submit application letter with detailed resume,

trancscript of Diploma & recent photograph within 7

(seven) days after this advertisement to : HRD

DEPARTMENT PO.BOX 3456 JKT PUSAT 10350

(11) Please put code of position on the upper left side of the

envelope

Table 1.3. Multinational Company Text. Date: January 18, 2009

Opening

(1) We are a well-established multinational Group of

Companies focusing on the Agribusiness and

Manufacturing industries, offering an excellent career

opportunity to dynamic and committed individuals to join

our team.

Body

(2) Assistant Accounting Manager (Code: AAM)

(3) Qualifications:

(4) University degree in Accounting

(5) Minimum 7 years or relevant working experience

(6) Preferably with some experiences in reputable Public

Accountant Firm

(7) Good communications and interpersonal skills.

(8) Has ability to meet deadline and work in a dynamic

working environment.

(9) Assistant Legal Manager (Code: ALM)

(10) Qualifications:

(11) S1/S2 degree in law.

(12) Minimum 7 years in managing foreign company legal

contracts, MOU, legal & commercial agreements and other

legal documents in English version.


62

(13) Preferably with some experiences in reputable Law Firms

or as Company Secretary

(14) Has experience in dealing with government institutions

relating to PMA\

(15) Good communications and interpersonal skills

(16) Accounting Officer (AO)


(18) University degree in Accounting



(21) Purchasing Officer (PO)

(22) Qualification

(23) University degree in any discipline



(26) Good negotiation skill

(27) IT Officer (IT)


(29) University degree in IT



(32) Good knowledge of LAN, WAN, outer, Firewall, Lotus

(33) Notes Mail System and Desktop Troubleshooting

(34) General Requirements for All Positions:

(35) Good computer knowledge in MS Office applications

(excel/word/power point)

(36) Good communication and writing skills in English

(37) Self-driven, hands-on and willing to learn in new working

environment

Closing

(38) Interested applicants should send their application letter,

complete CV, academic transcript and latest color

photographs to: PO Box 3867 JKP 10038.

(39) Or e-mail to: [email protected]

(40) Write the relevant code of the position on the upper left of

the envelope or on the e-mail subject.

(41) Only short listed candidate would be notified.

Table 1.4. Raksa Pratikara Text. Date: January 18, 2009

Opening

(1) A fast growing financial company in Indonesia offers

career opportunities to young and talented people to be

positioned as:

Body

(2) Management Trainee (Code: MT)

(3) Male / Female, age not more than 25 years.

(4) S1 freshly graduated from reputable university with min.

GPA 3.00,

(5) excellent analytical, communication and interpersonal


63

skill,

(6) computer literate (MS Office),

(7) excellent English language skill (proficiency in Mandarin

will be an advantage),

(8) willing to be located outside Jakarta / branch office.

(9) Accounting / Finance staff (Code : AC)

(10) Male / Female, age not more than 25 years, \

(11) S1 freshly graduated from reputable university with min.

GPA 3.00,

(12) excellent analytical, communication and interpersonal

skill,


(14) excellent English language skill (proficiency in Mandarin

will be an advantage)

(15) Customer Service (Code : CS)

(16) Female, age not more than 23 years,

(17) Min D# graduated from any discipline,

(18) attractive,

(19) proportional,

(20) excellent communication and interpersonal skill,


(22) proficiency in English / Mandarin would be an advantage.

Closing

(23) If you are qualified for the above position, please send

your complete resume and two recent photographs within

two weeks to : HRD Department PT. Asuransi Raksa

Pratikara, 3rd

Floor Wisma BSG, Jl. Abdul Muis, No. 40

Jakarta 10160 www.araksa.com

(24) Please put the position code on the top left of the envelope.

(25) Only short listed candidates will be notified.

(26) A competitive remuneration package will be disclosed

upon job offers.

Table 1.5. Everbesindo Text. Date: January 18, 2009

Opening (1) Everbesindo is a leading retailer with brand equity beyond

the product and service.

(2) Our culture rewards people with creativity and initiative.

(3) We are currently looking for motivated individuals to join

our team as

(4) Visual Merchandise (VM)

(5) Inventory Control (IC)

(6) Human Resources Executive (HRE)

(7) Assistant Buyer (AB)

(8) Management Trainee (MT)

Body (9) Requirements

(10) Male / Female, min 23 years old, max 32 years old

(11) S-1 / Degree from reputable university local / overseas,


64

major in Design (VM & AB), Accounting (IC),

Management / Psychology (HRE), any discipline (MT)

(12) Excellent interpersonal & communication skill both oral &

written English

(13) Able to work with computer program MS Word, Excel,

Internet, Power point

(14) Strong Leadership, Managerial, Problem solving skill

(15) Min 1 (one) year related work experiences at retail

business company (MT, IC, AB)

(16) Min 3 (three) years related work experiences (HRE & VM)

Closing (17) Interested candidates should send an application letter with

CV and copies of references and recent photograph before

January, 31, 2009 to:

Jl. Bukit Gading Raya Blok F/19, Jakarta Utara 14240 or

email to [email protected]

Table 1.6. Pharmaceutical Company Text. Date: January 18, 2009

Opening (1) A fast growing Distribution Pharmaceutical Company is

seeking for highly motivated & qualified candidates in

order to fulfill the following positions:

(2) Operation Manager (OM)

(3) EDP / IT Programmer (EDP)

(4) Senior Medical Representatives (SMR)

Body (5) General Requirements :

(6) Male/Female, max 30 years old, S1 degree in

Economic/Pharmacist/Management information (1&2), S1

or D3 (3)

(7) At least 2 years experience in the position (1,2 & 3)

(8) Good command of English and computer (1 & 2)

(9) Able to operate Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, Seagate

Crystal Report 7/9 & Microsoft SQL Server 2000/2005 (2)

(10) Able to work independently as well as in a team

(11) Strong leadership/orientation & interpersonal skill

(12) Based in JAKARTA, SURABAYA & DENPASAR

Closing (13) If you are challenged to this position, please send your

application letter and CV in English/Indonesian with

recent photographs enclosed, 14 days from the date of the

advertisement to :

Human Resources Department PO. Box 1438 JKT 13024


65

Table 1.7. Tupperware Text. Date: January 17, 2009

Opening (1) Tupperware is an international name of premium

household products.

(2) We are looking for result oriented, high achiever

professionals to fill the following positions:

(3) ACCOUNTING SUPERVISOR (AS)

(4) ACCOUNTING OFFICER (AO)

Body (5) Specific Requirements

(6) S1 Accounting degree from a reputable university

(7) At least 3 years Accounting experience in a trading

company (AS)

(8) At least 5 years Accounting experience in a trading

company (AO)

(9) Excellent working skills with Excel spreadsheets

(10) Posses good interpersonal skill.

(11) Knowledge of ERP application is a big plus.

(12) Willing to travel accross Indonesia

Closing (13) Qualified candidates are invited to e-mail comprehensive

resume along with latest photos within 2 (two) weeks after

the issue of this advertisement, to the following address:

hrd [email protected]

(14) Please write the position code on the subject line

(15) All applications are treated confidentially.

(16) Only a short-listed candidates will be contacted.

Table 1.8. Sentosa Text. Date: July 31, 2010

Opening (1) A well-established power providing company specializes

in the supply of power generator and transformers has

immediate vacancy for Technicians

Body (2) ITE/ Diploma Electrical/ Mechanical Engineering with

minimum 2 years working experience

(3) Experience in service, maintenance and trouble shooting of

power generators

(4) English literacy (written & oral)

(5) Attractive basic salary and remuneration package

(6) Working area: Bitung, Manado (North Sulawesi)

Closing (7) Interested applicants should submit detailed resumes to:

PT. UE Sentosa (Mr. Anton S.) Wusma Tugu 6th floor. Jl>

Rasuna Said Kav C 7-9 Jakarta Selatan

Email: [email protected]


66

Table 1.9. Chinatrust Text. Date: July 31, 2010

Opening

(1) Bank Chinatrust Indonesia is a subsidiary of Chinatrust

Commercial Bank in Taiwan.

(2) We have been operating in Indonesia since the year of

1997.

(3) The result of our achievement shows in many awards from

Infobank Magazine and was appreciated as “Very Good”

since1998 – 2010.

(4) We invite candidates who have willingness to work with

good quality and integrity for positions in our bank as,

Body (5) Financial Advisor Trainee (code : FAT)

(6) Qualification :

(7) Fresh Graduate (S1) majoring in business or economy is

preferable; however other majors are also welcome.

(8) Able to work smart in a team and individually.

(9) Able to work under pressure, goal oriented and possess

high integrity.

(10) Secured Loan Sales (code : SLS)

(11) Qualification :

(12) Bachelor degree (S1) majoring in Finance. Accounting,

Marketing or other relevant discipline.

(13) Preferably possess minimum 1-year experience in selling

mortgage products (KPR).

(14) Good interpersonal and communication skill, goal oriented

and possess high integrity.

(15) Financial Advisor (code : FA)

(16) Qualification :

(17) Bachelor degree (S1) majoring in Finance. Accounting,

Marketing or other relevant discipline.

(18) Preferably possess minimum 1-year experience in selling

various founding products.

(19) Good interpersonal and communication skill.

(20) Goal oriented, hard worker, honest and possess high

integrity.

Closing (21) Eligible candidates will be offered a challenging career in

multinational working environment as well as attractive

remunerations and benefits package.

(22) If you have the qualification to take the challenge, we

invite you to send your application and CV (max. 200kb/e-

mail) by the 15th August 2010 to either to :

[email protected] or PO Box 1949, Jakarta 10019

(23) Please state the position code in your application.

(24) All applicants will be handled in strict confidence and only

short-listed candidates will be notified.

(25) No telephone call will be entertained.


67

Table 1.10. Rehau Text. Date: July 31, 2010

Opening (1) As a premium brand for Polymer-based solution, Rehau is

a worldwide leader in construction, automotive and

industry.

(2) You encounter our systems every day, without noticing

them.

(3) While they may be invisible, their benefits are always

tangible.

(4) More than 14,000 employees at 170 locations around the

globe apply their expertise and innovative skills to ensure

the continuous growth of our independent, privately-held

company.

(5) As part of our regional expansion plans, we are seeking a

suitably qualified person for the position of: National Sales

Manager for window products

Body (6) Responsibilities:

(7) Develop & implement national marketing and business

development strategies. Create new key client accounts.

(8) Present & promote Rehau window products to Developers,

Architects, Consultants.

(9) Ensure Rehau window products are specified in the

targeted project tender documents (Drawings,

Specification, Bill of Quantities, etc)

(10) Collect / analyze market intelligence.

(11) Track competitors, business partners‟ activities &

processes.

(12) Research customer needs and satisfaction feedback.

(13) Initiate marketing events / activities to promote product

branding and acceptance.

(14) Organize marketing / sales support through product

training, promotion brochures, demonstrations, samples,

technical updates, fabricators training, etc.

(15) Assess, negotiate & establish successful windows

fabricators contracts.

(16) Maintain good relationships with government bodies and

local authorities as well as senior management of Key

Accounts.

(17) Ensures Rehau quality standards specified by authorized

customers/fabricators.

(18) Assist with developing product-pricing strategy by

providing input to Company regarding customer buyer

values and competitive forces in the marketplace.

(19) Plan growth of the distribution/fabrication channels.

(20) Requirements:

(21) Diploma / Degree in Engineering / Architecture / Civil /

Material technology / Chemical / Business / Economy.

(22) Min. 5 years of relevant Sales experience of building /


68

construction materials / preferably in windows / door and

curtain wall technology

(23) Product knowledge in windows / door / curtain-wall

(24) Industry knowledge in building / construction

(25) Selling skills and specifying products to developers

/architects/fabricators

(26) Key account Management (Projects / fabricators)

(27) Negotiation & Value proposition

(28) Presentation

(29) Communication and inter-personal

(30) MS Office

Closing (31) Interested candidates could send the application by email

with detailed resume providing education background,

experience and recent photographs not later than 2 weeks

after this advertisement to [email protected]

(32) Only short listed candidates will be notified

Table 1.11. UMN Text. Date: August 1, 2010

Opening (1) Universitas Multimedia Nusantara (UMN), a fast growing

university and member of Kompas Gramedia, has a vision

to become a leading university in information &

Communication Technology, to deliver highly competence

graduate with technopreneurship & good character.

(2) In the new and modern campus in Summarecon Serpong,

UMN offers career opportunity for highly qualified

candidates as Full time and Part Time Lecturer in:

(3) Visual Communication Design (Desktop Publishing,

Nirmana 2D - 3D, Colour Theory, Drawing, Illustration,

Motion Graphic, Font Design, West Art History).

(4) Communication Science (Mass Communication,

Communication Technology, Indonesian Law, Media

Management, Lobby & Negotiation Technique).

(5) ICT (Discrete Math, Calculus, Algorithm & Programming,

Internet Technology, Multimedia Technology),

(6) Management (Fundamental of Investment, Organizational

Design & Behaviour, Entreprenuer Finance, Capital

Market Analysis).

(7) General Science (Indonesian Language, Civics)

Body (8) Candidates for other subjects but related to those

department may apply.

(9) Master and Doctor degree from reputable university,

overseas graduate is an advantage.

(10) Has experience in teaching at university.

(11) Fluent in English.

Closing (12) Send your application, CV, academic transcript & recent

photos before 7 August 2010 to:


69

(1) HR Department UMN

(2) E-mail: [email protected]

(3) Write the position that you apply on the upper left side of

the envelope.

Table 1.12. Miura Text. Date: August 1, 2010

Opening (1) MIURA Co. Ltd was founded in Japan in 1959 and has

grown to be one of the largest boiler manufacturers in the

world.

(2) PT. MIURA INDONESIA is a subsidiary of MIURA Co.

Ltd and was established in 2009.

(3) To fulfill the progressive demand, PT. MIURA

INDONESIA has a great opportunity for the right

candidates and joins the team.

Body (4) SALES STAFF

(5) Male, age 20 - 30 years old

(6) Graduate from reputable High School/Academy/

University

(7) Computer Literacy (MS Office)

(8) Demonstrate a good interpersonal and communication

skills

(9) Understand technical basic knowledge

(10) Fluent in English both written and spoken.

(11) Able to work under pressures and independent

(12) Willing to travel

Closing (13) Send your application to: [email protected], before

August 13 2010.

(14) Please write the position “Sales Staff” as the subject.


mailto:[email protected]

70

Appendix 2 Elliptical Text

Table 2.1. World Bank Text

The Elliptical Sentence The Complete Sentence

(1) Master degree in

Engineering, Finance,

Business or Accounting or

equivalent professional

experience.

(2) At least 5 years

professional experience in

private participation in

infrastructure.

(3) Good knowledge of World

Bank operational

procedures and

procurement process is

desirable.

(4) Good knowledge of

Indonesia public private

partnership, project

management and project

financing.

(5) Experienced in financial

modeling and analysis.

(6) Possess strong

interpersonal skills and the

ability to work effectively

with senior government

officials in the areas of

infrastructure and finance.

(7) Wide network among

government officials in

the infrastructure sector is

desirable.

(8) Good overall knowledge

of infrastructure sector

and ability to learn rapidly

(1) The applicant should be a holder of

Master degree in Engineering,

Finance, Business or Accounting or

possess equivalent professional

experience.

(2) The applicant should possess at least

5 years professional experience in

private participation in infrastructure.

(3) The applicant who possesses good

knowledge of World Bank operational

procedures and procurement process

is desirable.

(4) The applicant should possess

knowledge of Indonesia public private

partnership, project management and

project financing.

(5) The applicant should be experienced

in financial modeling and analysis.

(6) The applicant should possess strong

interpersonal skills and the ability to

work effectively with senior

government officials in the areas of

infrastructure and finance.

(7) The applicant who possesses wide

network among government officials

in the infrastructure sector is

desirable.

(8) The applicant should possess good

overall knowledge of infrastructure

sector and ability to learn rapidly


71

about particular sectors

(transport, housing, and

water).

(9) Able to manage and

complete multiple projects

simultaneously and to

meet deadlines under

pressure.

(10) Possess strong analytical

and problem solving

skills, complimented with

sound judgment to

identify issues and provide

creative and practical

solutions.

(11) Excellent communication

and presentation skills in

English and Bahasa

Indonesia

about particular sectors (transport,

housing, and water).

(9) The applicant should be able to

manage and complete multiple

projects simultaneously and to meet

deadlines under pressure.


analytical and problem solving skills,

complimented with sound judgment to

identify issues and provide creative

and practical solutions.

(11) The applicant should have excellent

communication and presentation skills

in English and Bahasa Indonesia.

Table 2.2. Mitsui Text


(1) Consumer Business Div.

Staff (MCS).

(2) Male 25 – 30 years old.

(3) Graduated from a

reputable university.

Bachelor‟s Degree (S1) or

Master‟s (S2) is an

advantage.

(4) Fluent in English &

Japanese both written and

oral.

(5) Computer literate (MS

Office)

(1) We are looking for a Consumer

Business Division Staff.

(2) The applicant should be a male whose

age is 25 to 30 years old.

(3) The applicant should be graduated

from a reputable university. It is an

advantage for the applicant who holds

a Bachelor (S1) or Master (S2)

degree.

(4) The applicant should be fluent in

English and Japanese both oral and

written.

(5) The applicant should be skillful in

working with computer, especially in

MS Office.


72

(6) Fresh graduate or

minimum 2 years

experience in related field

is advantageous.

(7) Travel on business trip to

Kalimantan, Papua or

Sulawesi is required.

(6) Fresh graduate applicant or has a

minimum of 2 years experience in

related field would be an advantage.

(7) It is required for the successful

candidate to travel on business trip to

Kalimantan, Papua or Sulawesi.

Table 2.3. Multinational Company Text


Job Position:

(1) Assistant Accounting

Manager

(2) Assistant Legal Manager

(3) Accounting Officer

(4) Purchasing Officer

(5) IT Officer

The qualifications for Assistant

Accounting Manager

(6) University degree in

Accounting.

(7) Minimum 7 years or

relevant working

experience.

(8) Preferably with some

experiences in reputable

Public Accountant Firm.

(9) Good communications

and interpersonal skills.

(1) We are looking for Assistant

Accounting Manager.

(2) We are looking for Assistant Legal

Manager.

(3) We are looking for Accounting

Officer.

(4) We are looking for Purchasing

Officer.

(5) We are looking for IT Officer.


university degree in Accounting.

(7) The applicant should possess a


Accounting or possess experience in

relevant working field.

(8) The applicant who possesses

experience in reputable Public

Accountant Firm is preferred.


communication and interpersonal

skills.


73

(10) Has ability to meet

deadline and work in a

dynamic working

environment

Qualifications for Assistant

Legal Manager

(11) S1/S2 degree in law

(12) Minimum 7 years in

managing foreign

company legal contracts,

MOU, legal &

commercial agreements

and other legal documents

in English version

(13) Preferably with some

experiences in reputable

Law Firms or as Company

Secretary.

(14) Has experience in dealing

with government

institutions relating to

PMA

(15) Good communication and

interpersonal skills

Qualification for Accounting

Officer

(16) University degree in

Accounting


relevant working

experience



Qualification for Purchasing

Officer

(10) The applicant should have ability to

meet deadline and to work in a

dynamic working environment.


S1 or S2 degree in Law.


minimum [of] 7 years in managing

foreign company legal contracts,

MOU, legal & commercial

agreements and other legal documents

which are written in English.

(13) The applicant who possesses some

experience in reputable Law Firms or

as Company Secretary [is] preferred.

(14) The applicant should have experience

in dealing with government

institutions related to PMA.



skills.


University degree in Accounting.






skills.


74

(19) University degree in any

discipline.


relevant working

experience



(22) Good negotiation skills

Qualifications for IT Officer

Applicant requirements

(23) University degree in IT


relevant working

experience


interpersonal skills.

(26) Good knowledge of LAN,

WAN, outer, Firewall,

Lotus Notes Mail System

and Desktop

Troubleshooting

General Requirements

(27) Good computer

knowledge in MS Office

applications

(excel/word/power point)


writing skills in English

(29) Self-driven, hands-on and

willing to learn in new

working environment


University degree in any discipline.


minimum of 2 years experience [in‟

relevant working fiekd.



skills.


negotiation skills.


University degree in IT.






skills.


knowledge of LAN, WAN, outer,

Firewall, Lotus Notes Mail System

and Desktop Troubleshooting.


computer knowledge in MS Office

applications especially in excel, word

and power point.


communication and writing skills in

English.

(29) The applicant should be self-driven,

hands-on and willing to learn in new

working environment.


75

Table 2.4. Raksa Pratikara Text


The applicant requirements for

Management Trainee

(1) Male / Female, age not

more than 25 years

(2) S1 degree and a fresh

graduate from reputable

university with minimum

GPA 3.00

(3) Excellent analytical,

communication and

interpersonal skill

(4) Computer skills especially

MS Office.

(5) excellent English

language skill and a

proficiency in Mandarin.

(6) willing to be located

outside Jakarta / branch

office


Accounting / Finance Staff:

(7) Male / Female, age not

more than 25 years

(8) S1 degree and fresh

graduate from reputable

university with min. GPA

3.00

(9) excellent analytical,

communication and

interpersonal skill

(10) computer skills especially

(1) The applicant should be male or

female and not more than 25 years

old.

(2) The applicant should have S1 degree

and a fresh graduate from reputable

university with minimum GPA 3.00.


excellent analytical, communication

and interpersonal skill.

(4) The applicant should have computer

skills especially MS Office.


excellent English language skill and a

proficiency in Mandarin.

(6) The applicant should be willing to be

located outside Jakarta or in branch

office.



old.


and a fresh graduate from reputable

university with min. GPA 3.00.


excellent analytical along with


skill.



76

MS Office

(11) excellent English

language skills


Customer Service

(12) Female, age not more than

23 years

(13) At least a diploma degree

and graduated from any

discipline

(14) Attractive and

proportional physically

(15) excellent communication

and interpersonal skill

(16) Computer skills especially

MS Office

(17) Proficiency in English or

Mandarin would be

preferred



excellent English language skills.

(12) The applicant should be female and

not more than 23 years old.

(13) The applicant should have at least a

diploma degree and graduated from

any discipline.

(14) The applicant should be attractive and

proportional physically.


excellent communication and

interpersonal skill.



(17) The applicant who has proficiency in

English or Mandarin would be

preferred.

Table 2.5. Everbesindo Text



77

(1) Male / Female, min 23

years old, max 32 years

old

(2) S-1 / Degree from

reputable university local /

overseas, major in Design

(VM & AB), Accounting

(IC), Management /

Psychology (HRE), any

discipline (MT)

(3) Excellent interpersonal

and communication skills

both oral and written

English

(4) Able to work with

computer program MS

Word, Excel, Internet,

Power point

(5) Strong Leadership,

Managerial, Problem

solving skill

(6) Minimum one year related

work experience in retail

business company (MT,

IC, AB)

(7) Minimum three years

related work experience

(HRE & VM)


female, minimum 23 years old and

maximum 32 years old.

(2) The applicant should be S1 Degree

from reputable university local or

overseas, majoring in Design (VM &

AB), Accounting (IC), Management /

Psychology (HRE), or any discipline

(MT)

(3) The applicant should have excellent

interpersonal and communication

skills both oral and written in English

(4) The applicant should be able to work

with computer program MS Word,

Excel, Internet, and Power point

(5) The applicant should have Strong

Leadership, Managerial, Problem

solving skill

(6) The applicant for MT, IC, AB should

have a minimum of one year working

experience at retail business company

(7) The applicant for HRE and VM

should have a minimum of three year

working experience at retail business

company

Table 2.6. Pharmaceutical Company Text


(1) Male or Female and not

more than 30 years old

(2) S1 degree in Economic/

Pharmacist/Management



old.

(2) The applicant for position 1 and 2

should have S1 degree in Economic,


78

information (1 and 2), S1

or D3 (3)

(3) At least two years of

experience in the same

position

(4) Good command of

English and have

computer skills

(5) Able to operate Microsoft

Visual Basic 6.0, Seagate

Crystal Report 7/9 &

Microsoft SQL Server

2000/2005 (2)

(6) Able to work

independently as well as

in a team

(7) Strong leadership/

orientation &

interpersonal skill

(8) Based in JAKARTA,

SURABAYA &

DENPASAR

Pharmacist, or Management

information. The applicant for

position 3 should have S1 or Diploma

degree in the same major.

(3) The applicant should have at least two

years of experience in the same

position.

(4) The applicant should have good

command of English and computer

skills.

(5) The applicant for position 2 should be

able to operate Microsoft Visual Basic

6.0, Seagate Crystal Report 7/9 &

Microsoft SQL Server 2000/2005 for

position 2.


independently as well as in a team.


leadership, orientation & interpersonal

skill.

(8) The applicant should be willing to be

based in Jakarta, Surabaya &

Denpasar”.

Table 2.7. Tupperware Text


(1) S1 Accounting degree

from a reputable

university


Accounting experience in

a trading company (AS)


Accounting experience in

a trading company (AO)


in Accounting and graduated from a

reputable university.

(2) The applicant, who applies for

Accounting Supervisor, should have at

least 3 years experience in accounting

in a trading company.

(3) The applicant, who applies for

Accounting Officer, should possess at

least 5 years experience in accounting


79

(4) Excellent working skills

with Excel spreadsheets

(5) Possess good

interpersonal skill

(6) Knowledge of ERP

application is a big plus

(7) Willing to travel accross

Indonesia

in a trading company.


excellent working skill in Excel

spreadsheets.


interpersonal skill.

(6) The applicant who possesses

knowledge of ERP application is a big

plus.

(7) The applicant should be willing to

travel across Indonesia.

Table 2.8. Sentosa Text


(1) ITE/ Diploma Electrical/

Mechanical Engineering

with minimum 2 years

working experience

(2) Experience in service,

maintenance and trouble

shooting of power

generators

(3) English literacy written

and oral

(4) Attractive basic salary and

remuneration package

(1) The applicant should have diploma

degree in ITE, Electrical or

Mechanical Engineering with a

minimum of 2 years working

experience.


in service, maintenance and trouble

shooting of power generators.

(3) The applicant should possess oral and

written English literacy.

(4) The successful candidate will get

attractive basic salary and

remuneration package.

Table 2.9. Chinatrust Text


Qualifications for applicants of

Financial Advisor Trainee


80

(1) Fresh Graduate (S1)

majoring in business or

economy is preferable,

however other majors are

also welcome

(2) Able to work smartly in a

team and individually.

(3) Able to work under

pressure, goal oriented

and possess high

integrity”.


Secured Loan Sales

(4) Bachelor degree (S1)

majoring in Finance.

Accounting, Marketing or

other relevant discipline.

(5) Preferably possess

minimum 1-year

experience in selling

mortgage products (KPR).

(6) Good interpersonal and

communication skill, goal

oriented and possess high

integrity.


Financial Advisor”

(7) Bachelor degree (S1)

majoring in Finance.

Accounting, Marketing or

other relevant discipline.

(8) Preferably possess

minimum 1-year

experience in selling

various founding products

(9) Good interpersonal and

communication skill”.

(1) The applicants should have S1 degree

majoring in business or economy. The

applicant who is a fresh graduate is

preferred. However, the applicant

who is graduated from other majors is

also welcome.


smartly in a team and individually.


under pressure; goals oriented and

possess high integrity.

(4) The applicant should have Bachelor

degree (S1) majoring in Finance,

Accounting, Marketing or other

relevant discipline.

(5) The applicant who possesses a

minimum of 1 year experience in

selling mortgage products (KPR) is

preferred.



skill; high integrity and should be a

goal oriented.

(7) The applicant should have Bachelor

degree (S1) majoring in Finance,

Accounting, Marketing or other

relevant discipline.

(8) The applicant who possesses a

minimum of 1 year experience in

selling various founding products is

preferred.



skill.


81

(10) Goal oriented, hard

worker, honest and


(10) The applicant should be a goal

oriented, hard worker, honest and


Table 2.10. Rehau Text


The Successful candidate

responsibilities:

(1) Develop & implement

national marketing and

business development

strategies.

(2) Create new key client

accounts.

(3) Present & promote

Rehau window products

to Developers,

Architects, Consultants.

(4) Ensure Rehau window

products specified in the

targeted project tender

documents (Drawings,

Specification, Bill of

Quantities, etc)

(5) Collect / analyze market

intelligence.

(6) Track competitors,

business partners‟

activities & processes

(7) Research customer needs

and satisfaction feedback

(8) Initiate marketing events

(1) The successful candidate would be

responsible for developing and

implementing national marketing and

business development strategies


responsible for creating new key

client accounts.


responsible for presenting and

promoting Rehau window products to

the Developers, Architects, and

Consultants.


responsible for ensuring Rehau

window products specified in the

targeted project tender documents

(Drawings, Specification, Bill of

Quantities, etc).


responsible for collecting and

analyzing market intelligence.


responsible for tracking the

competitors, business partners‟

activities & processes.


responsible for researching customer

needs and satisfaction feedback.



82

/ activities to promote

product branding and

acceptance

(9) Organize marketing /

sales support through

product training,

promotion brochures,

demonstrations, samples,

technical updates,

fabricator training, etc.

(10) Assess, negotiate &

establish successful

window fabricators

contracts.

(11) Maintain good

relationships with

government bodies and

local authorities as well

as senior management of

Key Accounts

(12) Ensures Rehau quality

standards specified by

authorized

customers/fabricators

(13) Assist with developing

product-pricing strategy

by providing input to

Company regarding

customer buyer values

and competitive forces in

the marketplace

(14) Plan growth of the

distribution/fabrication

channels

The Applicants Requirements

(15) Diploma / Degree in

Engineering /

Architecture / Civil /

Material technology /

Chemical / Business /

Economy

responsible for initiating marketing

events and activities to promote

product branding and acceptance.


responsible for organizing marketing

and sales support through product

training, promotion brochures,

demonstrations, samples, technical

updates, fabricator training, etc.


responsible for assessing, negotiating

and establishing successful window

fabricators contracts.


responsible for maintaining good

relationships with government bodies

and local authorities as well as senior

management of Key Accounts.


responsible for ensuring that Rehau

quality standards specified by

authorized customers and fabricators.


responsible for assisting with

developing product-pricing strategy by

providing input to Company regarding

customer buyer values and

competitive forces in the marketplace.

(14) The successful candidate is

responsible for planning the growth of

the distribution and fabrication

channels.

(15) The applicant should have Diploma

degree in Engineering, Architecture,

Civil and Material technology,

Chemical, Business or Economy.


83

(16) Min. 5 years of relevant

Sales experience of

building / construction

materials / preferably in

windows / door and

curtain wall technology.

(17) Product knowledge in

windows / door / curtain-

wall

(18) Industry knowledge in

building / construction

(19) Selling skills and

specifying products to

developers

/architects/fabricators

(20) Key account

Management (Projects /

fabricators)

(21) Negotiation & Value

proposition

(22) Presentation skills

(23) Communication and

inter-personal skills

(24) MS Office skills


minimum of 5 years relevant

experience in selling building and

construction materials. The experience

in selling windows, doors and curtain

wall technology is preferred.

(17) The applicant should have product

knowledge in windows, door, and

curtain-wall.

(18) The applicant should have an

Industrial knowledge in building and

construction.

(19) The applicant should possess selling

and specifying products skill to the

developers, architects, and fabricators.

(20) The applicant should have knowledge

of key account management related to

projects and fabricators.

(21) The applicant should possess an

ability to do negotiation and value

proposition.


presentation skill.


communication and interpersonal skill.

(24) The applicant should be skilful in

working with MS Office.

Table 2.11. UMN Text


(1) Candidates of other

subjects but related to

their department may

apply

(1) The Candidates who apply for other

subjects but related to their

departments may apply.


84

(2) Master and Doctor

degree from reputable

university, overseas

graduate is an

advantage.

(3) Has experience in

teaching at university.

(4) Fluent in English

(2) The applicant should have Master and

Doctor Degree from a reputable

university. The applicant who is

graduated from overseas is an

advantage.


in teaching at university.


English.

Table 2.12. Miura Text


(1) Sales staff

(2) Male, age 20 - 30 years

old

(3) Graduate from

reputable High

School/Academy/

University

(4) Computer Literacy

(MS Office)

(5) Demonstrate a good

interpersonal and

communication skills

(6) Understand technical

basic knowledge

(7) Fluent in English both

written and spoken

(8) Able to work under

pressures and

independent

(9) Willing to travel

(1) The company is looking for a sales staff.

(2) The applicants should be male and in

the age of 20 to 30 years old.

(3) The applicants should be Graduate from

a reputable High School, Academy or

University.

(4) The applicants should possess a

Computer Literacy especially in MS

Office.

(5) The applicant should demonstrate good

interpersonal and communication skills.

(6) The applicant should understand the

technical basic knowledge.


written and spoken English.


under pressures and should be

independent.

(9) The applicant should be willing to travel.


85

Appendix 3. Lexical Features Classification

Table 3.1. Word Bank Text

Contexts Lexical Items Section

Adjective Noun Verb Adverb Phrase

Company‟s

image

Fast

growing

Development,

growth

Opening

Employees

duties

assist,

work,

manage

Opening

Applicant qualification

possess Master degree

Opening

Professional,

experienced,

strong, able, analytical,

excellent

Experience,

skill, ability

possess Effectively,

rapidly

Good

knowledge,

wide network

Body

Application procedure

Submission Submitted, Closing

Employment Position recruiting Opening

application Closing

Table 3.2. Mitsui Text



Company‟s

image

Worldwide, Opening

Employees

duties

travel Body

Applicant

qualification

Successful,

dedicated

Opening

Graduated, reputable,

fluent,

advantageous

Master, advantage,

university,

experience

Bachelor‟s degree,

computer

literate,

fresh graduate

Body

Application

procedure resume Submit,

put

Closing

Employment Staff, candidate,

team

recruiting Opening

application Closing


86

Table 3.3. Multinational Company Text



Company‟s

image

well-

established, multinational

Opening

Employees

duties

to meet, to

work

Opening

managing Body

Applicant

qualification

dynamic,

committed,

Opening,

self-driven,

good

experience,

ability, skills,

knowledge

preferably university

degree,

Body

Interested, short listed

Closing

Application

procedure

application send,

write

Closing

Employment Opportunity, team,

applicant

Offering, join

Excellent career

Opening

Table 3.4. Raksa Pratikara Text



Company‟s image

fast-growing

Opening

Employees

duties

Applicant

qualification

young,

talented

Opening,

graduated,

excellent, analytical,

attractive,

proportional

skill,

proficiency, advantage

Fresh

graduate, reputable

university,

computer

literate

Body

short-listed Closing

Application

procedure

send,

put

Closing

Employment offers Career opportunities

Opening

remuneration Closing


87

Table 3.5. Everbesindo Text



Company‟s

image

Leading,

fast-growing

Opening

Employees

duties

to work

(with…)


motivated Opening,

Excellent,

reputable,

able

skill,

experience,

university

S1 degree,

strong

leadership,

Body

Interested, challenged

Closing

Application

procedure

send Closing

Employment Looking for, join

Opening

Candidate,

position, application

Closing

Table 3.6. Pharmaceutical Company Text



Company‟s

image

fast-

growing

Opening

Employees

duties

operate,

work

Body


motivated, qualified

highly Opening,

good, able Experience,

skill

independently S1

degree,

strong leadership

Body

Application

procedure

send Closing

Employment seeking Opening


88

Table 3.7. Tupperware Text



Company‟s

image

international,

premium

Opening

Employees

duties

travel Body

Applicant

qualification

result-

oriented,

high-

achiever,

Opening,

Excellent,

reputable

experience,

skill,

knowledge,

university,

possess S1 degree Body

qualified,

short-listed

Closing


write

Employment Looking

for

Opening

Table 3.8. Sentosa Text



Company‟s

image

well-

established

Opening

Employees

duties

serve,

maintain, shoot the

trouble

Body


Opening,

Diploma,

experience,

literacy

Body

Closing

Application

procedure

submit Closing

Employment vacancy Opening

Salary,

remuneratio

n

Body


89

Table 3.9. Chinatrust Text



Company‟s

image

appreciated Very good Opening

multinational Closing

Employees duties

Body

Applicant

qualification

good, quality,

integrity

Opening,

preferable,

able, good,

honest

experience,

skill

individually,

preferably

fresh

graduate,

goal-

oriented, high

integrity,

hard worker

Body

eligible short-

listed

Closing


send, state Closing

Employment

Table 3.10. Rehau Text



Company‟s image

premium, independent

worldwide-leader,

privately-

held

Opening

Closing

Job

description

Body


Qualified suitably Opening,

experience,

knowledge,

skill

Diploma

degree

Body

Closing

Application

procedure

send

Employment


90

Table 3.11. UMN Text



Company‟s

image

leading,

new, modern

fast-

growing

Opening

Closing

Job

description

Body

Applicant

qualification

Qualified highly Opening,

Fluent experience,

advantage

Master

degree,

reputable university

Body

Closing

Application

procedure

send,

write, apply

Closing

Employment

Table 3.12. Miura Text



Company‟s

image

Largest Opening

Closing

Job

description

Body

Applicant

qualification

Opening,

good, understand,

fluent, able

graduate, literacy,

skill

Reputable school

Body

Closing


send, write

Closing

Employment


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