PLACE- MAKING ATTRIBUTES IN THE STREETS OF INDIAN ......India being rich in religious and cultural heritage consists of many pilgrimage cities which millions of people visit annually

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 1548–1557, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_150

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=11

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME PublicationScopus Indexed

PLACE- MAKING ATTRIBUTES IN THE

STREETS OF INDIAN RELIGIOUS CITIES

Meeta Tandon

Associate Professor

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Integral University, Lucknow, India

Vandana Sehgal

Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalam Technical University, Lucknow,

India

ABSTRACT

The research paper aims to analyse the perception of people about the

components of sense of place in Indian streets leading to the temple complex in

religious cities of Mathura and Vrindavan, both being important places for devotees

of Lord Krishna. The traditional streets on which the temples are located have a

distinct character and there seems to be a strong sense of attachment to the place

amongst the pilgrims and the residents alike. A contemporary street may not have a

similar character but might be more functional. The study of both the traditional

(Mathura) and newer contemporary street (Vrindavan) can help us to arrive at

strategies and learning from both to strengthen and enhance sense of place. To

achieve at the objectives of research, a face to face structured questionnaire survey

was conducted. The results indicate that the contemporary streets have scored high

not only in the physical and functional components but also in socio-cultural and

perceptual components as compared to traditional streets implying that the streets are

more than just a transit to the temple. The believer wants the functional amenities as

much as the religious fervor.

Keyword: Contemporary, Religious cities, Sense of place, Streets, Traditional.

Cite this Article: Meeta Tandon and Vandana Sehgal, Place- Making Attributes in the

Streets of Indian Religious Cities, International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp. 1548–1557.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=11

1. INTRODUCTION

Public open spaces comprise of mainly streets and squares and are an integral part of life. The

street is multifunctional space serving not only as a place for movement but also for

socializing. It is on streets that numerous social, commercial, religious and even political

Meeta Tandon and Vandana Sehgal


activities take place that help in meeting the needs of the people. People tend to walk, sit, eat,

relax, meet friends, shop, watch others on the street, communicate and even sleep. So many

diverse activities tend to happen on the streets and thus the qualities of street spaces have a

direct influence on the quality of life of the users. The streets located in the religious

precincts have an environment that in addition also tends to fulfill the spiritual and sacred

needs of the believers and mostly house commercial activities related to the rituals associated

with the religious complex.

India being rich in religious and cultural heritage consists of many pilgrimage cities

which millions of people visit annually to fulfill their spiritual needs. These pilgrimage cities

have a unique character owing to their historical, cultural, social and religious significance.

Religious and sacred values are at the core of a pilgrimage place [1]. The age old temples

situated on the traditional streets which organically evolved over a period of time mainly in a

dense urban fabric are full of activities, uses pertaining to the rituals and needs of the pilgrims

and thus are assumed to having a strong sense of place. Sivam and Karuppannan [2] state

that, “It is the experience one has within the street that creates a strong connection rather than

the aesthetic value of the street itself”.

The article aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. To explore the components that define sense of place

2. To investigate the perception of residents and pilgrims about the parameters of sense

of place on the selected streets

3. To analyses the components and derive strategies that enhance sense of place in both

traditional and contemporary streets

2. SENSE OF PLACE

Places are created by physical form, activity and meaning [3]. It is the essence of meaning

that converts a space into a place. The perception of people about the place is influenced by

the culture and their experiences of the past. It also leads to association and attachment to a

place and gives an identity to the place or ‘sense of place’. Lynch [4] in his study described

streets as ‘places’ which provide psychological and functional meanings to the life of users.

Sense of place, the ability to recognize places and relationship of people with the physical

settings and the environment can be created by long term connections between people and

place [5]. He also identifies other factors like rituals, myths, traditions and symbols that

enhance sense of place. The streets in religious precincts have a unique character, ‘sense of

place’ and also have meanings associated with the place. This unique character is because of

the street activities pertaining to the rituals related to the religious complex. There might be

age old traditions and beliefs that attract pilgrims on specific days to visit the place and be a

part of the celebrations. The visit thus becomes a memorable one and a feeling of sense of

connection and attachment to the place is generated. Rapoport [6] too stated that meaning and

attachment to a place are influenced by culture and experience. All the senses are actively

engaged in these places.

According to Relph [5], characteristics that define ‘sense of place’ include settings,

activities, meanings and ‘spirit of place’. Steele [7] identified settings, both physical and

social, and psychological factors that describe ‘sense of place’. In the same context, Bott [8]

recognized natural settings, cultural, affective and functional domains and went a step ahead

to measure them by developing psychometric scales.

Ja’afar et.al. [9] Identified four types of elements in traditional streets that give them a

distinctive identity: street activities, physical features, historical significance and circulation

Place- Making Attributes in the Streets of Indian Religious Cities


and parking. Ujang [10] in his research stated familiarity, length of engagement, cultural

features of people, and economic dependency as the key factors that had an influence on

place attachment. He further stated the important attributes of place activity like vitality,

diversity and choice, transaction and interaction, contribute to ‘sense of place’. It is not only

the individual experiences of a person (memories, traditions, history, culture and society)

about a place but also the objective dimensions like design, landscape, smell and sound [11].

The physical setting is significant in the construction of place meaning [12]. As suggested

by Ujang and Shamsudin [13], the physical qualities play an important role in supporting

sense of place, being the first visual feature. The materials, texture, colour, form, help in

developing the environmental character of a place. Bott [8] identified natural settings, built

environment and character of a place as influencing ‘sense of place’. He recognized various

sub-components for each domain such as green areas, natural light, cleanliness, alive,

distinctive, and also the material, colour, aesthetics of the built environment. Further, Lynch

[4]emphasised that a visibly organized and sharply identified environment helps a person to

form his own meanings and connections.

Hidalgo and Hernendez [14] described both physical and social dimensions to be

important for place attachment. Environmental perception is influenced by culture, beliefs

and past experiences [6]. It is also strengthened by the social activities taking place on the

streets. The activities not only enhance liveliness and vitality but also develop sense of

belonging and provide opportunities for social interaction with others.

Meaning, one of the three components that create places, is associated with the perceptual

and psychological aspects of the environmental experience [15]. Altman and Low [16] also

agree to the above statement and state that the affective aspects of environmental meaning are

related to place attachment. Affective aspects include places that are memorable, familiar,

meaningful, valuable, significant, beautiful and full of energy and stimulating all our senses

[8]. There is a strong sense of attachment and connection due to the sacred nature of the place

in a religious precinct.

Stolok& Shumaker [17] stated that place attachment is also reflected in functional

connection between people and places. Safety, comfort, shelter are attributes that are

important for effective usage of place. Similarly legible streets with proper signages,

landmarks, well defined boundaries enable a person to locate himself easily and feel safe. The

expectations that one has in mind and presence of amenities like drinking water, seating,

toilet facilities, etc. needs to be fulfilled for a street to be successful and have a ‘sense of

place’.

3. THE STUDY AREAS

Brajbhoomi, the place associated to Lord Krishna, is situated in Uttar Pradesh and comprises

of two specific parts: the eastern and western part of River Yamuna. Mathura, the centre of

Brajbhoomi, is the western region and consists of Vrindavan, Govardhan, KusumSarovar,

Barsana and Nandagram. Both Mathura and Vrindavan (Figure 1) are important places of

pilgrimage located at a distance of nearly 11km. Pilgrims visit both these places as a part of

their sacred journey.

Mathura, one of the seven holy cities of Hindus (the others being Haridwar, Varanasi,

Ujjain, Kanchi, Puri and Dwarka), is located on the banks of river Yamuna and has a long

history of around 5000 years. The city has a tradition that is associated with the birth of

Krishna and thus comprises of a number of temples in the dense urban fabric of the city. The

city is thronged with numerous pilgrims and has a floating population of about 100,000 to

125,000 persons per day and increases to almost twice the urban population on special



festivals and occasions [18].Dwarkadhish temple is one such temple that is visited by

pilgrims from different parts of the country and is the most visited shrine of Mathura. It is

situated in the core of the city approached by traditional, narrow and winding streets.

Figure 1 Vishram Bazaar, Mathura Figure 2 BhaktivedantaMarg, Vrindavan

Vrindavan, the twin city of Mathura, also known as ‘the city of temples’ was established

in the 15th century and is considered as the cultural capital of Braj region. It too is a

pilgrimage site that has numerous temples dedicated to Krishna, a place where he spent his

childhood. While Mathura, with its narrow and dust laden streets and urban buzz,

overwhelms the visitors to the city, Vrindavan, which is situated a few miles from Mathura,

offers a more secluded and peaceful experience [1]. Due to its location, Vrindavan exudes the

quietude of the country side and the sanctity of a holy place [1]. It is visited by approximately

two million pilgrims annually, an average of three times the local population every

month.Pilgrims who visit Mathura tend to visit Vrindavan also.

Figure 3 Vishram Bazaar street, Mathura Figure 4 Bhakti Vedanta Marg, Vrindavan

Since both these cities are located in vicinity and are dedicated to Lord Krishna, the study

areas selected are the streets in the two cities: Vishram Bazaar street (Figures 1and 3) leading

to Dwarkadhish temple built in 1815and VishramGhat (the most important ghat from where

the traditional BrajMandal Parikrama starts and ends) , a traditional street in Mathura and

BhaktivedantaMarg (Figures 2 and 4), a street leading to the two contemporary temple

complexes i.e. PremMandir, built in 2012 and ISKCON temple built in 1975 in Vrindavan.

Various other temples small and big are also located on these streets enhancing the sacred

character of the streets. Both the study areas are physically different, one being narrow,

located in the heart of the city, the other being wide and designed for both human and

vehicles alike.



4. RESEARCH METHOD

The research focusses on the physical, socio-cultural, perceptual and functional aspects of the

selected streets of Mathura and Vrindavan only. To understand the perception of both, the

pilgrims and residents about sense of place on the streets, a questionnaire survey was

conducted.

4.1. Research process

The present study aims to assess sense of place on streets in Indian pilgrimage cities, a

questionnaire was designed using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from “Completely” (+2) to

“Not at all” (-2), with a mid-point rating (0) meaning that the perceptions are “Moderate”. It

comprised of a few demographic questions related to age, sex, occupation and frequency of

visiting the street, followed by a series of structured questions related to the characteristics

defining sense of place. The same were followed by two open ended questions to understand

any other component related to the street.

The survey was conducted face to face in the months of August and September, during

the mornings and evenings when the outdoor environment was comfortable for the

respondents. 202 respondents, 99 on Vishram Bazaar Street and 103 on Bhakti vedanta Marg,

were randomly selected based on their presence on the street at the time of survey and their

willingness to be a part of the survey. The respondents aged above 18 years were categorized

into five groups: 18-24, 25-30, 31-40, and 41-50 and above 50 years of age.

Since the questionnaire comprised of characteristics related to the four aspects of sense of

place using a Likert scale, it was tested for reliability. Cronbach’s Alpha (ɑ) Value

examination, a reliability test was used to measure the internal consistency of the survey and

how closely related a set of items are as a group. It was considered reliable if the alpha value

was 0.7 and above.

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO test) was used to measure the

validity of the survey. The survey was considered to be valid if the KMO value was 0.6 and

above.

Pearson’s coefficient of correlation measures the strength of association between the

variables of sense of place and was hence used to find the relationship between the four

components defining sense of place. The data collected was then analysed using statistical

measures of mean and standard deviation.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1. Reliability and Validity test

The reliability test results obtained Cronbach’s Alpha value for Vishram Bazaar Street and

BhaktivedantaMarg as 0.872 and 0.940 respectively (Table 1). These values are higher than

the minimum value of 0.7 and are hence significant implying that the survey was consistent

in both the study areas.

Table 1 Cronbach’s Alpha and KMO values

Vishram Bazaar Bhaktivedanta

Cronbach's alpha (> 0.7) 0.872 0.940

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of

sampling adequacy (KMO > 0.6)

0.658 0.744



Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy for validity test has value 0.658 for

Vishram Bazaar Street and 0.744 for BhaktivedantaMarg (Table 1). The survey results are

acceptable for the two streets since the values are higher than the minimum scale i.e. 0.6

thereby indicating the validity of survey conducted.

5.2. Comparative analysis: Questionnaire survey

The respondents on both the streets consisted of approximately 80% pilgrims and 20%

residents almost equally distributed in various age groups as demonstrated in Figure5. 46%

male and 54% females, 57% male and 43% female respondents took part in the survey on

Vishram Bazaar Street and BhaktivedantaMarg respectively, clearly signifying a fair

distribution of sample.

(a) (b)

Figure 5 Percentage of respondents in various (a) age groups and (b) according to sex on Vishram

Bazaar and BhaktivedantaMarg

The results of the respondent’s identification of the characteristics related to physical

aspects (Figure 6a) clearly indicate dissatisfaction on Vishram Bazaar Street. There are no

landscape features or trees on the street though there is a courtyard abutting the street which

is not much visible. At the same time it is not used as an interactive open space but for

parking. Though the street is enclosed by buildings which are historical and architecturally

important, some being in dilapidated condition, people do not seem to notice them and are

more involved with the commercial activities on the street. The activities also enliven the

street. But cleanliness and maintenance is one major issue here and is overlooked by the

concerned authorities and the residents alike. The pilgrims find it difficult to commute on the

street and only visit due to the presence of the temple, as stated by some of the

respondents,“Though the street is unclean and full of dirt, we still come here due to presence

of temple and darshan of Lord” or “The street has cows roaming on the street, traffic jam, are

narrow, congested, nuisance of monkeys, potholes”or“During rainy season, it is filled with

water and it becomes difficult to commute. There is no proper drainage system”and“The

presence of shops on both sides of street makes it lively as well as crowded.”

Bhaktivedantamarg (Figure 6a) on the other hand being a contemporary street scores

better in terms of physical aspects with ample amount of light both natural and street lights.

The positive means of the respondents for all the characteristics signify their satisfaction with

the least being that for cleanliness and maintenance as stated by pilgrims, “Proper streetlights,

parking space, wide streets, greenery, market place, proper management, clean”and“This is a

very beautiful place”.



(a) (b)

Figure 6 Means of responses for (a) physical aspects and (b) socio-cultural aspects on Vishram

Bazaar and BhaktivedantaMarg

Vishram Bazaar has a strong historical importance (Figure 5b) due to location of age old

temples on the street especially Dwarkadhish temple. At the same time the activities on the

street support the rituals related rituals and perform puja like selling of flowers, Prasad, attires

for Lord Krishna and other puja items as responded by the pilgrims, “It is a historical and

beautiful street and is thus different from others but needs to be maintained” and “Old

historical buildings, shops selling puja items add value to the character of street”.

But since the first ritual involves going bare foot inside the temple, there is no specific

space for keeping ones footwear either on the street or inside the premises. It is the shops

selling varied items that provide this facility for the pilgrims in a haphazard way. Though

ample opportunities exist on the street for interaction due to high transparency, pilgrims fail

to perceive them because of large crowd and do not also have a sense of belonging.

The means obtained from the survey of responses, as indicated in Figure 5b, are positive

and indicate that the respondents are very much satisfied with these aspects on Bhaktivedanta

marg. In due course of time, the place has developed providing supporting activities for

rituals, more than the street of Mathura. The place has also evoked a feeling of sense of

belonging among both the pilgrims and residents alike.

The qualities related to perceptual aspects (Figure 6a) are perceived to be positive on

both traditional and contemporary streets. The most important characteristic on both streets is

its sacred nature. As one of the pilgrims on Vishram bazaar responded, “Beautiful place as it

is connected to Lord Jagannath, making it lively with chanting of Radhey-Radhey”.Another

respondent stated,“People here are more religious and respect others” and “It is a historical

and beautiful street and is thus different from others but needs to be maintained”.

Similarly pilgrims on Bhaktivedantamarg stated, “Chanting of Krishna mantra makes it

different from other streets” and “Rickshaw pullers saying Radhe - Radhe to give side to

passer byes is a special feature” signifying a spiritual setting in the precincts.

There is a strong sense of attachment that respondents feel on Bhaktivedantamarg(Figure

7a) and consider their visit to be more memorable, are more familiar with this street and also

have a strong sensory experience, find it more meaningful to be on this street as compared to

Vishrambazaar street. Familiarity with the street is observed to be dependent on the

frequency of visit of the pilgrims. We also see foreigners deep into Krishna Bhakti on the

street and inside the Iskcon temple.



(a) (b)

Figure 7 Means of responses for (a) perceptual aspects and (b) functional aspects on Vishram Bazaar

and BhaktivedantaMarg

The mean values for the features associated with functional aspects (Figure 7b) clearly

signify the dissatisfaction of pilgrims on Vishram bazaar. All the responses are negative and

range from ‘slightly’ to ‘not at all’ for the presence of these characteristics. There seems to be

a consensus as far as this aspect is considered. The respondents do not feel safe or

comfortable though the street is active and lively at almost all times of the day. Most of the

responses were like “I do not feel like walking on this street because it is overcrowded, dirty,

undulating”.Absence of amenities on this street makes it all the more difficult for the

pilgrims. It does have well defined boundaries but pilgrims fail to acknowledge it. Due to the

street being full of temples and also a route to VishramGhat, it is evident that pilgrims feel

like exploring it.

Bhaktivedantamarg (Figure 6b), on the other hand rates high in this aspect as it fulfils the

expectations people have from the place. Since the street is a straight throughfare, it gives a

sense of direction. The pilgrims come to the place with a feeling of spirituality and find it

calm and peaceful as stated by the respondents, “I feel at peace when I come here”.The

temples located on the street act as landmarks and facilities like seating, provisions for eating,

drinking water, stay are present as observed by the pilgrims, “Facilities for tourists are

present on this street”.Another respondent agrees to the above statement but feels

that“Number of tourists using this street is much higher than the residents hence more

facilities for them should be provided”.

Table 2 Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation

Physical Socio-cultural Perceptual Functional

Physical 1

Socio-cultural 0.767 1

Perceptual 0.929 0.946 1

Functional 0.950 0.539 0.781 1

The results of Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (Table 2) indicate that the physical

aspects are comparatively more strongly associated to perceptual and functional facets than to

socio-cultural aspects. Moderate correlation exists between socio-cultural and functional

facets. The strength of association between the physical and functional aspectsis maximum



and that between socio-cultural and perceptual aspects signifying that improving the

characteristics of one can enhance other aspects.

6. CONCLUSION

Vishram Bazaar, Mathura is perceived more in perceptual aspects than physical, socio-

cultural or functional domains and has a negative and moderate sense of place (Table 3). This

is due to the fact that it is associated with Lord Krishna and his stories but at the same time,

the street is heavily encroached upon, has limited width, is overcrowded and accounts for a

number of other problems like, haphazard and inadequate parking, movement of all types of

vehicles, poor drainage system, garbage on the street, dilapilated buildings, overhanging

electrical wires, poor maintenance, and absence of public amenities that deter the spiritual

charm of the place. The street is still visited by pilgrims because of their faith and beliefs.

Table 3 Means of responses of both residents and pilgrims on Vishram Bazaar and

BhaktivedantaMarg

Vishram Bazaar BhaktivedantaMarg

Pilgrims Residents Pilgrims Residents

Physical -0.363 -0.504 0.660 0.467

Socio-cultural -0.267 0.406 0.871 0.845

Perceptual 0.243 0.452 0.912 0.807

Functional -0.655 -1.456 0.595 0.021

On the other hand, Bhaktivedantamarg in Vrindavan, a contemporary street is better in

terms of physical and functional characteristics as indicated in their mean values, and at the

same time also satisfies the perception for socio-cultural and perceptual domains (Table 3).

Overall this street has sense of place close to ‘very much’ whereas Vishram Bazaar has

moderate and negative sense of place. This can be attributed to the fact that Lord Krishna

spent more time here, performed various ‘leelas’ in the forests of Vrindavan and thereby

pilgrims have more sense of attachment and connection to the place implying more sense of

place. The ambience on the street also accounts for this and not even the Indians but a lot of

foreigners can be seen engrossed in Krishna Bhakti. The presence of Iskcon temple on the

street has given an international flavor to the sacred town of Vrindavan.

The study clearly indicates the significance of both tangible and intangible aspects in

determining sense of place. The traditional streets lack in physical and functional aspects and

sense of place on these streets can therefore be enhanced by improving their physical

conditions and providing more infrastructure facilities for the pilgrims. The street shall be

converted into a pedestrian zone and vehicles complying with no pollution shall be allowed in

and around. The streetscape should be improved by conserving the character of buildings

having historical and architectural significance. Signages should also become a part of the

streetscape. The management should come forward to cater to the demands of increasing

number of pilgrims and tourists in these places with strategies for crowd control.

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Documents

PLACE- MAKING ATTRIBUTES IN THE STREETS OF INDIAN ......India being rich in religious and cultural heritage consists of many pilgrimage cities which millions of people visit annually