The traditional "Jolly Roger" of piracy.

Capture of the Pirate Blackbeard, 1718

depicting the battle between Blackbeard

and Lt. Maynard in Ocracoke Bay.

PiracyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Piracy is typically an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. Theterm can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other majorbodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimescommitted against persons traveling on the same vessel as theperpetrator (e.g. one passenger stealing from others on the samevessel). The term has been used throughout history to refer to raidsacross land borders by non-state agents.

Piracy is the name of a specific crime under customary internationallaw and also the name of a number of crimes under the municipallaw of a number of States. It is distinguished from privateering,which is authorized by national authorities and therefore a legitimateform of war-like activity by non-state actors. Privateering isconsidered commerce raiding, and was outlawed by the Peace ofWestphalia (1648) for signatories to those treaties.

Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates. Historically,offenders have usually been apprehended by military personnel andtried by military tribunals.

In the 21st century, the international community is facing many

problems in bringing pirates to justice.[1]

Contents

1 Etymology2 History

2.1 Ancient origins2.2 Middle Ages to 19th century

2.2.1 Caribbean

2.2.2 East Asia

2.2.3 South East Asia

2.2.4 Eastern Europe

2.2.5 Europe

2.2.6 North Africa

2.2.7 North America

2.2.8 South Asia

3 Popular image4 Pirate democracy

5 Treasure

5.1 Rewards

5.2 Punishment

6 Privateers

7 Modern age

7.1 Overview

7.2 Recent incidents

7.3 Successful attempts against piracy

7.4 Legal principles and considerations7.5 Self protection measures and increased patrol

8 Commerce raiders

9 National law

9.1 United Kingdom

10 United States

11 International law

11.1 Effects on international boundaries

11.2 Law of nations

11.3 International conventions

11.3.1 Articles 101 to 103 of UNCLOS

11.3.2 IMB definition11.3.3 Uniformity in Maritime Piracy Law

12 In popular culture13 See also

14 References14.1 Bibliography14.2 Further reading

14.3 Notes15 External links

Etymology

The English "pirate" is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek "πειρατής" (peiratēs), "brigand",[2]

in turn from "πειράομαι" (peiráomai), "I attempt", from "πεῖρα" (peîra), "attempt, experience".[3] The word is also

cognate to peril.[4]

History

Ancient origins

Main article: Ancient Mediterranean piracy

It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce. Theearliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the Aegean and

Mediterranean in the 14th century BC.[5] In classical antiquity, the Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates,as well as Greeks and Romans. During their voyages the Phoenicians seem to have sometimes resorted to piracy,

and specialized in kidnapping boys and girls to be sold as slaves.[6]

Mosaic of a Roman Trireme in

Tunisia.

In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos (city in Anatolia) brought impoverishment. Among some of themost famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantlyraiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic. It was not until 168 BC whenthe Romans finally conquered Illyria and made it a province that their threat was ended.

During the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of theRoman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. On one voyage across the

Aegean Sea in 75 BC,[7] Julius Caesar was kidnapped and briefly heldby Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of

Pharmacusa.[8]

The Senate finally invested with powers to deal with piracy in 67 BC (theLex Gabinia), and Pompey after three months of naval warfare managedto suppress the threat.

Many pirates had roles in Chinese history since the Three Kingdomsperiod. An example includes Gan Ning of Eastern Wu.

As early as 258 AD, the Gothic-Herulic fleet ravaged towns on thecoasts of the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. The Aegean coast suffered

similar attacks a few years later. In 264, the Goths reached Galatia and Cappadocia, and Gothic pirates landed onCyprus and Crete. In the process, the Goths seized enormous booty and took thousands into captivity.

In 286 AD, Carausius, a Roman military commander of Gaulish origins, was appointed to command the ClassisBritannica, and given the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coastsof Armorica and Belgic Gaul.

In the Roman province of Britannia, Saint Patrick was captured and enslaved by Irish pirates.

Early Polynesian warriors attacked seaside and riverside villages. They used the sea for their hit-and-run tactics – asafe place to retreat to if the battle turned against them.

Middle Ages to 19th century

Caribbean

Main article: Piracy in the Caribbean

In 1523, Jean Fleury seized two Spanish treasure ships carrying Aztec treasures from Mexico to Spain.[9] Thegreat or classic era of piracy in the Caribbean extends from around 1560 up until the mid-1720s. The period duringwhich pirates were most successful was from 1700 until the 1730s. Many pirates came to the Caribbean after theend of the War of the Spanish Succession, staying in the Caribbean and becoming pirates. Others, the buccaneers,arrived in the mid-to-late 17th century and made attempts at earning a living by farming and hunting on Hispaniolaand nearby islands; pressed by Spanish raids and possibly failure of their means of making a living (wild herdshaving been deliberately wiped out by the Spanish) they turned to a more lucrative occupation. Caribbean piracyarose out of, and on a smaller scale mirrored, the conflicts over trade and colonization among the rival Europeanpowers of the time including the empires of Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and France. Most of thesepirates were of English, Dutch and French origin, but occasionally Spaniards turned to piracy as well. Because

Cartagena (Colombia) is the city most

associated with pirates in the Caribbean, and

the world.

French pirate Jacques de Sores

looting and burning Havana in 1555

François l'Olonnais was

nicknamed Flail of the

Spaniards and had a

reputation for brutality –

offering no quarter to

Spanish prisoners

Spain controlled most of the Caribbean, many of the attackedcities and ships belonged to the Spanish Empire and along the Eastcoast of America and the West coast of Africa. Dutch shipscaptured about 500 Spanish and Portuguese ships between 1623

and 1638.[5] Some of the best-known pirate bases were New

Providence, in the Bahamas from 1715 to 1725,[10] Tortugaestablished in the 1640s and Port Royal after 1655. Among themost famous Caribbean pirates are Edward Teach orBlackbeard, Calico Jack Rackham, Henry Morgan andBartholomew Roberts. Another famous pirate of this era wasHendrick Lucifer, who fought for hours to acquire Cuban gold,becoming mortally wounded in the process. He died of his wounds

hours after having transferred the booty to his ship.[11] Mostpirates were eventually hunted down by the Royal Navy and killedor captured; several battles were fought between the brigands and thecolonial powers on both land and sea.

Piracy in the Caribbean declined for the next several decades after 1730,but by the 1810s many pirates roamed American waters though they werenot as bold or successful as their predecessors. Throughout the firstquarter of the 19th century, the United States Navy repeatedly engagedpirates in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and in the Mediterranean. Severalwarships were designed specifically for the task. The most successfulpirates of the era were Jean Lafitte and Roberto Cofresi. Lafitte's shipsoperated primarily in the Gulf of Mexico but Cofresi's base was in PuertoRico where he was considered a type of Robin Hood by many PuertoRicans. Eventually he was defeated by the schooner USS Grampus andcaptured in 1825. The United States landed shore parties on several islands in theCaribbean in pursuit of pirates; Cuba was a major haven. By the 1830s piracyhad died out again, and the navies of the region focused on the slave trade.

In 1827, Britain declared that participation in the slave trade was piracy, a crimepunishable by death. The power of the Royal Navy was subsequently used tosuppress the slave trade, and while some illegal trade (mostly with Brazil andCuba) continued, the Atlantic slave trade would be eradicated by the middle ofthe 19th century.

In the 20th century, one notable pirate active in the Caribbean was Boysie Singh.He operated off northern South America. He and his pirate gang killed several

people and plundered their ships from 1947 to 1956.[12]

Recently, with the proliferation of small private yachts cruising the Caribbean,piracy is again on the rise with many yachts being plundered and their crews oftentortured, raped or slain.

East Asia

Main article: Wokou

Sixteenth century Japanese pirate

raids.

By the ninth century, populations centered mostly around merchantactivities in coastal Shandong and Jiangsu provinces. Wealthybenefactors, including Jang Bogo established Silla Buddhist temples in theregion. Jang Bogo had become incensed at the treatment of his fellowcountrymen, who in the unstable milieu of late Tang often fell victim tocoastal pirates or inland bandits. After returning to Silla around 825, andin possession of a formidable private fleet headquartered at Cheonghae(Wando), Jang Bogo petitioned the Silla king Heungdeok (r. 826–836)to establish a permanent maritime garrison to protect Silla merchantactivities in the Yellow Sea. Heungdeok agreed and in 828 formallyestablished the Cheonghae (淸海, "clear sea") Garrison at what is todayWando island off Korea's South Jeolla province. Heungdeok gave Jangan army of 10,000 men to establish and man the defensive works. Theremnants of Cheonghae Garrison can still be seen on Jang islet just offWando's southern coast. Jang's force, though nominally bequeathed bythe Silla king, was effectively under his own control. Jang became arbiter

of Yellow Sea commerce and navigation.[13]

South East Asia

For the period January-March (1st quarter) of 2013, a total of 28 incidents comprising 27 actual incidents and oneattempted incident were reported in Asia. Of the 27 actual incidents, five were Category 2 (moderately significant)incidents, eight were Category 3 (less significant) incidents and 14 were petty theft incidents (minimum significant).No Category 1 (very significant) incident was reported during the 1st quarter of 2013. Compared to the same

period in 2010-2012, there has been a decrease in the number of incidents and its severity.[14]

From the 13th century, Wokou based in Japan made their debut in East Asia, initiating invasions that would persistfor 300 years.

Piracy in South East Asia[15] began with the retreating Mongol Yuan fleet after the betrayal by their Javanese allies(who, incidentally, would found the empire of Majapahit after the Mongols left). They preferred the junk, a shipusing a more robust sail layout. Marooned navy officers, consisting mostly of Cantonese and Hokkien tribesmen,set up their small gangs near river estuaries, mainly to protect themselves. They recruited locals as common foot-soldiers known as 'lang' (lanun) to set up their fortresses. They survived by utilizing their well trained pugilists, aswell as marine and navigation skills, mostly along Sumatran and Javanese estuaries. Their strength and ferocitycoincided with the impending trade growth of the maritime silk and spice routes.

During the mid-Qing dynasty, Chinese pirate fleets grew increasingly powerful throughout the early 19th century.The effects large-scale piracy had on the Chinese economy were immense. They preyed voraciously on China'sjunk trade, which flourished in Fujian and Guangdong and was a vital artery of Chinese commerce. Pirate fleetsexercised hegemony over villages on the coast, collecting revenue by exacting tribute and running extortion rackets.In 1802, the menacing Zheng Yi inherited the fleet of his cousin, captain Zheng Qi, whose death provided Zheng Yiwith considerably more influence in the world of piracy. Zheng Yi and his wife, Zheng Yi Sao (who wouldeventually inherit the leadership of his pirate confederacy) then formed a pirate coalition that, by 1804, consisted ofover ten thousand men. Their military might alone was sufficient to combat the Qing navy. However, a combinationof famine, Qing naval opposition, and internal rifts crippled piracy in China around the 1820s, and it has never againreached the same status.

Spanish warships bombarding the

Muslim pirates of the southern

Philippines in 1848.

Grigory Gagarin. Cossaks of Azov

fighting a Turk ship

The Buginese sailors of South Sulawesi were infamous as pirates whoused to range as far west as Singapore and as far north as the Philippines

in search of targets for piracy.[16] The Orang laut pirates controlled

shipping in the Straits of Malacca and the waters around Singapore,[17]

and the Malay and Sea Dayak pirates preyed on maritime shipping in thewaters between Singapore and Hong Kong from their haven in

Borneo.[18] The Moro pirates of the southern Philippines harassedSpanish shipping and terrorized Christian Filipino settlements. David P.Forsythe wrote: "Of particular significance in Southeast Asia were theincursions of Moro raiders in the southern Philippines who may havecaptured around 2 million slaves in the first two centuries of Spanish rule

after 1565."[19]

In the 1840s and 1850s, United States Navy and Royal Navy forces campaigned together against Chinese pirates.Several notable battles were fought though pirate junks continued operating off China for years more. However,some British and American individual citizens also volunteered to serve with Chinese pirates to fight againstEuropean forces. The British offered rewards for the capture of westerners serving with Chinese pirates. During theSecond Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion, piratical junks were again destroyed in large numbers by Britishnaval forces but ultimately it wasn't until the 1860s and 1870s that fleets of pirate junks ceased to exist.

Eastern Europe

Main articles: Cossacks and Uskoks

One example of a pirate republic in Europe from the 16th through the18th century was Zaporizhian Sich. Situated in the remote Steppe, it waspopulated with Ukrainian peasants that had run away from their feudalmasters, outlaws of every sort, destitute gentry, run-away slaves fromTurkish galleys, etc. The remoteness of the place and the rapids at theDnepr river effectively guarded the place from invasions of vengefulpowers. The main target of the inhabitants of Zaporizhian Sich who calledthemselves "Cossacks" were rich settlements at the Black Sea shores of

Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate.[20] By 1615 and 1625,Zaporozhian Cossacks had even managed to raze townships on the

outskirts of Istanbul, forcing the Ottoman Sultan to flee his palace.[21]

Don Cossacks under Stenka Razin even ravaged the Persian coasts.[22]

Europe

The most widely known and far reaching pirates in medieval Europe were the Vikings, warriors and looters fromScandinavia who raided mainly between the 8th and 12th centuries, during the Viking Age in the Early MiddleAges. They raided the coasts, rivers and inland cities of all Western Europe as far as Seville, attacked by the Norsein 844. Vikings even attacked coasts of North Africa and Italy. They also plundered all the coasts of the Baltic Sea,ascending the rivers of Eastern Europe as far as the Black Sea and Persia. The lack of centralized powers all over

Europe during the Middle Ages favoured pirates all over the continent.[citation needed]

Hanging of Captain Kidd

Captain William Bainbridge

paying the U.S. tribute to the

Dey of Algiers, circa 1800.

In the Late Middle Ages, the Frisian pirates led by respectively Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama, foughtagainst the troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Empire with some success, capturing as many as 28 ships in onebattle earning Donia the title "Cross of the Dutchman" and making him one of the most famous and iconic pirates ofthe era.

Meanwhile, Moor pirates were common in the Mediterranean Sea. Toward the endof the 9th century, Moor pirate havens were established along the coast of southern

France and northern Italy.[23] In 846 Moor raiders sacked Rome and damaged theVatican. In 911, the bishop of Narbonne was unable to return to France from Romebecause the Moors from Fraxinet controlled all the passes in the Alps. Moor piratesoperated out of the Balearic Islands in the 10th century. From 824 to 961 Arabpirates in the Emirate of Crete raided the entire Mediterranean. In the 14th century,raids by Moor pirates forced the Venetian Duke of Crete to ask Venice to keep its

fleet on constant guard.[24]

After the Slavic invasions of the former Roman province of Dalmatia in the 5th and6th centuries, a tribe called the Narentines revived the old Illyrian piratical habits andoften raided the Adriatic Sea starting in the 7th century. By 642 they invadedsouthern Italy and assaulted Siponto. Their raids in the Adriatic increased rapidly,until the whole Sea was no longer safe for travel.

The Narentines took more liberties in their raidingquests while the Venetian Navy was abroad, as when it was campaigning inSicilian waters in 827–882. As soon as the Venetian fleet would return to theAdriatic, the Narentines temporarily abandoned their habits again, even signinga Treaty in Venice and baptising their Slavic pagan leader into Christianity. In834 or 835 they broke the treaty and again they raided Venetian tradersreturning from Benevento, and all of Venice's military attempts to punish them in839 and 840 utterly failed. Later, they raided the Venetians more often,together with the Arabs. In 846, the Narentines broke through to Venice itselfand raided its lagoon city of Caorle. In the middle of March 870 theykidnapped the Roman Bishop's emissaries that were returning from theEcclesiastical Council in Constantinople. This caused a Byzantine military actionagainst them that finally brought Christianity to them.

After the Arab raids on the Adriatic coast circa 872 and the retreat of theImperial Navy, the Narentines continued their raids of Venetian waters, causingnew conflicts with the Italians in 887–888. The Venetians futilely continued tofight them throughout the 10th and 11th centuries.

In 937, Irish pirates sided with the Scots, Vikings, Picts, and Welsh in their invasion of England. Athelstan drovethem back.

The Slavic piracy in the Baltic Sea ended with the Danish conquest of the Rani stronghold of Arkona in 1168. Inthe 12th century the coasts of western Scandinavia were plundered by Curonians and Oeselians from the easterncoast of the Baltic Sea. In the 13th and 14th century pirates threatened the Hanseatic routes and nearly brought seatrade to the brink of extinction. The Victual Brothers of Gotland were a companionship of privateers who laterturned to piracy. Until about 1440, maritime trade in both the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was seriously in dangerof attack by the pirates.

Four Chinese pirates who were

hanged in Hong Kong in 1863Attack by Moro Pirates on Brooke's

Jolly Bachelor during the era of

White Rajahs in Sarawak, 1843

French ship under attack by Barbary

pirates, ca. 1615

A lesser-known example of inland piracy is the looting of salt transports that took place on lake Traunsee inmedieval Austria. Salt from salterns at the upper Traun river was exported downstream by boat across the lake,and further on to Bohemia via the Danube. These boats were often captured by pirates between the years 955 and1000 until duke Otakar V. of Chiemgau and duke Liutold II. of Raschenberg-Reichenhall seized a pirate stronghold

on lake Traunsee.[25]

H. Thomas Milhorn mentions acertain Englishman namedWilliam Maurice, convicted ofpiracy in 1241, as the firstperson known to have beenhanged, drawn and

quartered,[26] which wouldindicate that the then-rulingKing Henry III took anespecially severe view of thiscrime.

The ushkuiniks were Novgorodian pirates who looted the cities on theVolga and Kama Rivers in the 14th century.

As early as Byzantine times, the Maniots (one of Greece's toughest populations) were known as pirates. TheManiots considered piracy as a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor and it became their mainsource of income. The main victims of Maniot pirates were the Ottomans but the Maniots also targeted ships ofEuropean countries.

North Africa

Main article: Barbary corsairs

The Barbary corsairs were pirates and privateers that operated fromNorth African (the "Barbary Coast") ports of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli andports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Seafrom the time of the Crusades as well as on ships on their way to Asiaaround Africa until the early 19th century. The coastal villages and townsof Italy, Spain and Mediterranean islands were frequently attacked bythem and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almostcompletely abandoned by their inhabitants; after 1600 Barbary corsairsoccasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland.

According to Robert Davis[27][28] between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbarycorsairs and sold as slaves in North Africa and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. The mostfamous corsairs were the Ottoman Hayreddin and his older brother Oruç Reis (Redbeard), Turgut Reis (known asDragut in the West), Kurtoğlu (known as Curtogoli in the West), Kemal Reis, Salih Reis and Koca Murat Reis. Afew Barbary corsairs, such as the Dutch Jan Janszoon and the English John Ward (Muslim name Yusuf Reis), wererenegade European privateers who had converted to Islam.

Jean Lafitte, New Orleans'

legendary pirate

The hanging of pirate Stede

Bonnet in Charleston, 1718

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, the United States treated captured Barbary corsairs as prisoners of war,indicating that they were considered as legitimate privateers by at least some of their opponents, as well as by theirhome countries.

North America

Ocean piracy, off the coasts of North America, continued as late as the 1870s.Pirates who operated in the Caribbean often sailed north to attack targets off thepresent day eastern seaboard of the United States. Possibly the most famous ofthese was Blackbeard, who operated in the American south, attacking ships andat one point even blockading Charleston, South Carolina. Later in the 19thcentury, after the Golden Age of Piracy, Jean Lafitte became what is consideredby many to be the last buccaneer due to his army of pirates and fleet of pirateships which held bases in and around the Gulf of Mexico. Lafitte and his menparticipated in the War of 1812 battle of New Orleans and later his ships foughtthe United States Navy and the United States Revenue Cutter Service.Eventually, Lafitte was evicted from the area by United States forces after severalaccidental sinking of U.S ships due to the rest of the crew attacking an Americanship, thinking it was a Mexican ship, battles and raids. Between 1822 and 1825,the American West Indies Squadron fought against pirates in the Caribbean.

By 1830, piracy in the Gulf of Mexico became rare with the exception of slavetraders, who were considered pirates. In 1860 during the Reform War, the United States Navy fought the Battle ofAnton Lizardo against rebels which were declared pirates by the Mexican government. In 1870, the United Statesagain fought pirates off Mexico during the Battle of Boca Teacapan. The pirates had attacked and capturedGuaymas, Mexico, looted the foreign residents of their belongings and forced the United States consulate inGuaymas to provide their steamer with coal, after which they sailed for Boca Teacapan, Sinaloa. A United StatesNavy expedition under Willard H. Brownson was launched, resulting in the destruction of the pirate ship. Theinvention of steam powered vessels eventually put an end to piracy off North America though some isolatedincidents continued to occur into the 1920s.

River piracy, in late 18th-mid-19th century America, was primarily concentratedalong the Ohio River and Mississippi River valleys. River pirates usually locatedtheir operations in isolated frontier settlements, which were sparsely populatedareas lacking the protection of civilized government. They resorted to a variety oftactics, depending on the number of pirates and size of the boat crews involved.They were involved in river piracy including; deception, concealment, ambush, andassaults in open combat, near natural obstacles and curiosities, such as sheltercaves, islands, river narrows, rapids, swamps, and marshes. River travelers wererobbed, captured, and murdered and their livestock, slaves, cargo, and flatboats,keelboats, and rafts were sunk or sold down river.

After the Revolutionary War, American river piracy began to take root; in the mid-1780s, along the upper Mississippi River, between Spanish Upper Louisiana,around St. Louis, down to the confluence of the Ohio River, at Cairo.

Ann Bonny and Mary Read convicted

of piracy on November 28, 1720

Puerto del Príncipe being

sacked in 1668 by Henry

Morgan

In 1803, at Tower Rock, the U.S. Army dragoons, possibly, from the frontier army post up river at FortKaskaskia, on the Illinois side opposite St. Louis, raided and drove out the river pirates.

Stack Island became associated with river pirates and counterfeiters,starting in the late 1790s. In 1809, the last major river pirate activity tookplace, on the Upper Mississippi River, and river piracy in this area cameto an abrupt end, when a group of flatboatmen, meeting at the head ofthe Nine Mile Reach, decided to make a raid on Stack Island and wipeout the river pirates. They attacked at night, a battle ensued, and two ofthe boatmen and several outlaws were killed. The attackers captured 19other men, a 15-year-old boy and two women. The women and teenagerwere allowed to leave. The remaining outlaws are presumed to havebeen executed.

From 1790–1834, Cave-In-Rock was the principal outlaw lair and headquarters of river pirate activity in the OhioRiver region. The notorious cave, is today, within the peaceful confines of Illinois' Cave-in-Rock State Park. In1797, it was anything but peaceful, as Samuel Mason, who was initially a Revolutionary War Patriot captain in theOhio County, Virginia militia and a former associate judge and squire in Kentucky, led a gang of highway robbersand river pirates on the Ohio River. Mason started his criminal organization in Red Banks and was driven out byregulators, sweeping through western Kentucky and first set up his new operation at Diamond Island, followed byCave-In-Rock, and later, along the Mississippi River, from Stack Island to Natchez.

During Samuel Mason's 1797–1799 occupation of Cave-In-Rock and after hisdeparture, the name of Bully Wilson became associated with cave; a large signwas erected near the natural landmark's entrance, "Liquor Vault and House forEntertainment." Wilson may have been an alias for Mason, a front man for hiscriminal operation, or another outlaw leader who ran a gang of pirates in theregion. The Harpe Brothers who were allegedly America's first serial killers,were highwaymen, on the run from the law in Tennessee and Kentucky andbriefly, joined Samuel Mason's gang at Cave-In-Rock. Peter Alston, the son ofAmerican counterfeiter, Philip Alston who through his father, became a riverpirate and highwayman at Cave-In-Rock and made the acquaintance of SamuelMason and Wiley Harpe, following them to Stack Island and Natchez. Aroundthe late 18th century to early 19th century, on the Illinois side of the Ohio River,north of Cave-In-Rock, Jonathan Brown led a small gang of river pirates atBattery Rock.

The lower Ohio River country was routinely patrolled by the Legion of theUnited States and U.S. Army troops, garrisoned at Fort Massac, asconstabulary against native Americans, colonial raiders from Spanish Upper

Louisiana Territory, and river outlaws in the region.

Between 1800 and 1820[citation needed], the legendary Colonel Plug also, known as Col. Plug or Colonel Fluger,ran a gang of river pirates on the Ohio River, in a cypress swamp, near the mouth of the Cache River, which wasbelow Cave-In-Rock and Fort Massac and just above the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Plug'stactics were to sneak aboard, personally, or have one of his pirates, secretly, go into the hull of a boat and either,dig out the caulking between the floor planks or drill holes with an auger, causing the boat to sink and be easilyattacked. The boat and the cargo would later be sold down river. Little is known about Colonel Plug except, from

Blackbeard's severed head hanging

from Maynard's bowsprit

the folklorish descriptions provided in 1830 by Timothy Flint's "Col. Plug, the last of the Boat-wreckers," in TheWestern Monthly Review and "The Boat-Wreckers—Or Banditti of the West," in the Rochester, New Yorknewspaper, Daily Advertiser, Jan 29, 1830. Fluger claimed to have been a Yankee native of Rockingham County,New Hampshire and was a former militia colonel. No historical evidence exists to justify this, as no Fluger surnamecan be found in the New Hampshire U.S. census records or the Rockingham County military muster rolls.

James Ford, an American Ohio River civic leader and businessman,secretly led a gang of river pirates and highwaymen from the 1820s to themid-1830s, on the Ohio River in Illinois and Kentucky.

River piracy continued on the lower Mississippi River, from the early1800s to the mid-1830s; these river pirates were mainly organized intolarge gangs similar to Samuel Mason's organization around Cave-In-Rockor smaller gangs under the operation of John A. Murrell. These gangs alsoexisted, from the 1820s to the mid-1830s, between Stack Island andNatchez, in the state of Mississippi.

The decline of river piracy occurred, over time, as a result of direct militaryaction taken and the combined strength of local law enforcement andregulator-vigilante groups that uprooted and swept out pockets of outlawresistance.

The Haida and Tlingit tribes, who lived along the coast of southern Alaska and on islands in northwest British

Columbia, were traditionally known as fierce warriors, pirates and slave-traders, raiding as far as California.[29]

Great Lakes piracy occurred, from 1900–1930, on Lake Michigan, through the exploits of "Roaring" DanSeavey.

South Asia

Instances of piracy in India are recorded on Vedas. However, the most interesting one is with the issue of war dueto piracy. At the time of the Muslim invasion of Sindh, in the 7th century, the new kingdom of Hijaz launched tradeships to India especially Sindh. However, a ship en route from Sri Lanka to Baghdad was carrying valuables andsome slave girls which were looted off Debal (near modern Karachi) by the Meds. One of the slave girls sent aletter challenging the Caliph saying that he cannot rescue them. The Caliph sent a portion of his army to save theslaves. But, the people of Sindh became wary and thought of this army as a threat. This became an excuse for war

between Arabs and Sindh.[30] Since the 14th century the Deccan (Southern Peninsular region of India) was dividedinto two entities: on the one side stood the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and on the other stood the Hindu kings ralliedaround the Vijayanagara Empire. Continuous wars demanded frequent resupplies of fresh horses, which wereimported through sea routes from Persia and Africa. This trade was subjected to frequent raids by thriving bands ofpirates based in the coastal cities of Western India. One of such was Timoji, who operated off Anjadip Island bothas a privateer (by seizing horse traders, that he rendered to the raja of Honavar) and as a pirate who attacked theKerala merchant fleets that traded pepper with Gujarat.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, there was frequent European piracy against Mughal Indian merchants,especially those en route to Mecca for Hajj. The situation came to a head, when Portuguese attacked and capturedthe vessel Rahimi which belonged to Mariam Zamani the Mughal queen, which led to the Mughal seizure of the

Portuguese town Daman.[31] In the 18th century, the famous Maratha privateer Kanhoji Angre ruled the seas

The cemetery of past pirates at Île

Ste-Marie (St. Mary's Island).

A pirate captain relaxes with his crew

in a Howard Pyle illustration from

Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates.

between Mumbai and Goa.[32] The Marathas attacked British shipping and insisted that East India Company ships

pay taxes if sailing through their waters.[33]

At one stage, the pirate population of Madagascar numbered close to 1000.[34] Île Sainte-Marie became a popularbase for pirates throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famouspirate utopia is that of the probably fictional Captain Misson and hispirate crew, who allegedly founded the free colony of Libertatia innorthern Madagascar in the late 17th century, until it was destroyed in a

surprise attack by the island natives in 1694.[35]

The southern coast of the Persian Gulf became known as the PirateCoast as raiders based there harassed foreign shipping. Early Britishexpeditions to protect the Indian Ocean trade from raiders at Ras al-Khaimah led to campaigns against that headquarters and other harbours

along the coast in 1819.[36] Captain Kidd captured many vessels of theMughal King.

Popular image

Main article: Golden Age of Piracy

In the popular modern imagination, pirates of the classical period were rebellious, clever teams who operatedoutside the restricting bureaucracy of modern life. Pirates were also depicted as always raising their Jolly Roger flagwhen preparing to hijack a vessel. The Jolly Roger is the traditional name for the flags of European and Americanpirates and a symbol for piracy that has been adopted by film-makers and toy manufacturers.

Pirate democracy

See also: Pirate code and distribution of justice

Unlike traditional Western societies of the time, many Caribbean piratecrews of European descent operated as limited democracies. Piratecommunities were some of the first to instate a system of checks andbalances similar to the one used by the present-day United States andmany other countries. The first record of such a government aboard a

pirate sloop dates to the 17th century.[37]

Both the captain and the quartermaster were elected by the crew. They,in turn, appointed the other ship's officers. The captain of a pirate shipwas often a fierce fighter in whom the men could place their trust, ratherthan a more traditional authority figure sanctioned by an elite. However,when not in battle, the quartermaster usually had the real authority. Manygroups of pirates shared in whatever they seized. Pirates injured in battle

thus might be afforded special compensation similar to medical or disability insurance.

Henry Every is shown selling his loot

in this engraving by Howard Pyle.

Every's capture of the Grand Mughal

ship Ganj-i-Sawai in 1695 stands as

one of the most profitable pirate raids

ever perpetrated.

There are contemporary records that many pirates placed a portion of any captured money into a central fund thatwas used to compensate the injuries sustained by the crew. Lists show standardised payments of 600 pieces ofeight ($156,000 in modern currency) for the loss of a leg down to 100 pieces ($26,800) for loss of an eye. Oftenall of these terms were agreed upon and written down by the pirates, but these articles could also be used asincriminating proof that they were outlaws.

Treasure

Even though pirates raided many ships, few, if any, buried their treasure.Often, the "treasure" that was stolen was food, water, alcohol, weapons,or clothing. Other things they stole were household items like bits of soapand gear like rope and anchors, or sometimes they would keep the shipthey captured (either to sell off or keep because it was better than theirship). Such items were likely to be needed immediately, rather than savedfor future trade. For this reason, there was no reason for the pirates tobury these goods. Pirates tended to kill few people aboard the ships theycaptured; usually they would kill no one if the ship surrendered because,if it became known that pirates took no prisoners, their victims wouldfight to the last and make victory both very difficult and costly in lives. Incontrast, ships would quickly surrender if they knew they would bespared. In one well-documented case 300 heavily armed soldiers on aship attacked by Thomas Tew surrendered after a brief battle with none

of Tew's 40-man crew being injured.[38]

Rewards

Pirates had a system of hierarchy on board their ships determining how captured money was distributed. However,pirates were more "egalitarian" than any other area of employment at the time. In fact pirate quartermasters were acounterbalance to the captain and had the power to veto his orders. The majority of plunder was in the form ofcargo and ship's equipment with medicines the most highly prized. A vessel's doctor's chest would be worthanywhere from £300 to £400, or around $470,000 in today's values. Jewels were common plunder but notpopular as they were hard to sell, and pirates, unlike the public of today, had little concept of their value. There isone case recorded where a pirate was given a large diamond worth a great deal more than the value of the handfulof small diamonds given his crewmates as a share. He felt cheated and had it broken up to match what they

received.[39]

Spanish pieces of eight minted in Mexico or Seville were the standard trade currency in the American colonies.However, every colony still used the monetary units of pounds, shillings and pence for bookkeeping while Spanish,German, French and Portuguese money were all standard mediums of exchange as British law prohibited the exportof British silver coinage. Until the exchange rates were standardised in the late 18th century each colony legislatedits own different exchange rates. In England, 1 piece of eight was worth 4s 3d while it was worth 8s in New York,7s 6d in Pennsylvania and 6s 8d in Virginia. One 18th century English shilling was worth around $58 in moderncurrency so a piece of eight could be worth anywhere from $246 to $465. As such, the value of pirate plunder

could vary considerably depending on who recorded it and where.[40][41]

Sir Henry Morgan. In 1671,

Morgan sacked and burned

the city of Panama – the

second most important city

in the Spanish New World at

the time.

Ship prize shares

Rank Pre 1808 Post 1808

Captain 3/8 2/8

Admiral of fleet 1/8 1/8

Sailing Master& Lieutenants

& Captain of Marines

1/8 1/8

Warrant Officers 1/8 1/8

Wardroom Warrant officers

& Petty Officers1/8 1/8

Gunners, Sailors 1/8 2/8

Ordinary seamen received a part of the plunder at the captain's discretion butusually a single share. On average, a pirate could expect the equivalent of a year'swages as his share from each ship captured while the crew of the most successfulpirates would often each receive a share valued at around £1,000 ($1.17 million)

at least once in their career.[39] One of the larger amounts taken from a single shipwas that by captain Thomas Tew from an Indian merchantman in 1692. Eachordinary seaman on his ship received a share worth £3,000 ($3.5 million) withofficers receiving proportionally larger amounts as per the agreed shares withTew himself receiving 2½ shares. It is known there were actions with multiple

ships captured where a single share was worth almost double this.[39][42]

By contrast, an ordinary seamen in the Royal Navy received 19s per month to bepaid in a lump sum at the end of a tour of duty which was around half the ratepaid in the Merchant Navy. However, corrupt officers would often "tax" theircrews' wage to supplement their own and the Royal Navy of the day wasinfamous for its reluctance to pay. From this wage, 6d per month was deductedfor the maintenance of Greenwich Hospital with similar amounts deducted for theChatham Chest, the chaplain and surgeon. Six months' pay was withheld to

discourage desertion. That this was insufficient incentive is revealed in a report on proposed changes to the RNAdmiral Nelson wrote in 1803; he noted that since 1793 more than 42,000 sailors had deserted. Roughly half of allRN crews were pressganged and these not only received lower wages than volunteers but were shackled while the

vessel was docked and were never permitted to go ashore until released from service.[43][44]

Although the Royal Navy suffered from many morale issues, it answered the question of prize money via the'Cruizers and Convoys' Act of 1708 which handed over the share previously gained by the Crown to the captors ofthe ship. Technically it was still possible for the Crown to get the money or a portion of it but this rarely happened.The process of condemnation of a captured vessel and its cargo and men was given to the High Court of theAdmiralty and this was the process which remained in force with minor changes throughout the Revolutionary andNapoleonic Wars.

Even the flag officer's share was not quite straightforward;he would only get the full one-eighth if he had no junior flagofficer beneath him. If this was the case then he would get athird share. If he had more than one then he would take onehalf while the rest was shared out equally.

There was a great deal of money to be made in this way.The record breaker, admittedly before our wars, was thecapture of the Spanish frigate the Hermione, which wascarrying treasure in 1762. The value of this was so great thateach individual seaman netted £485 ($1.4 million in 2008

dollars).[45] The two captains responsible, Evans andPownall, got just on £65,000 each ($188.4 million). InJanuary 1807 the frigate Caroline took the Spanish SanRafael which brought in £52,000 for her captain, PeterRainier (who had been only a Midshipman some thirteenmonths before). All through the wars there are examples of this kind of luck falling on captains. Another famous'capture' was that of the Spanish frigates Thetis and Santa Brigada which were loaded with gold specie. They were

Bartholomew Roberts' crew

carousing at the Calabar

River. Roberts is estimated

to have captured over 470

vessels.

taken by four British frigates who shared the money, each captain receiving £40,730. Each lieutenant got £5,091,the Warrant Officer group, £2,468, the midshipmen £791 and the individual seamen £182.

It should also be noted that it was usually only the frigates which took prizes; theships of the line were far too ponderous to be able to chase and capture thesmaller ships which generally carried treasure. Nelson always bemoaned that hehad done badly out of prize money and even as a flag officer received little. Thiswas not that he had a bad command of captains but rather that British mastery of

the seas was so complete that few enemy ships dared to sail.[46]

Comparison chart using the share distribution known for three pirates

against the shares for a Privateer and wages as paid by the Royal Navy.

RankBartholomew

Roberts

George

Lowther

William

Phillips

Privateer(Sir

WilliamMonson)

RoyalNavy

(permonth)

Captain 2 shares 2 shares1.5

shares10 shares £8, 8s

Master 1.5 shares1.5shares

1.25shares

7 or 8shares

£4

Boatswain 1.5 shares1.25shares

1.25shares

5 shares £2

Gunner 1.5 shares1.25

shares

1.25

shares5 shares £2

Quartermaster 2 shares 4 shares £1, 6s

Carpenter1.25

shares5 shares £2

Mate1.25

shares5 shares £2, 2s

Doctor1.25shares

5 shares£5 +2d perman aboard

"Other Officers" 1.25 sharesvariousrates

variousrates

Able Seamen (2

yrs experience)Ordinary

Seamen (someexp)Landsmen

(pressganged)

1 share 1 share 1 share

22s

19s11s

Punishment

A flyer describing the public

execution of 16th century pirate Klein

Henszlein and his crew.

HMS Kent battling Confiance, a

privateer vessel commanded by

French corsair Robert Surcouf in

October 1800, as depicted in a

painting by Garneray.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, once pirates were caught, justice wasmeted out in a summary fashion, and many ended their lives by "dancingthe hempen jig", or hanging at the end of a rope. Public execution was aform of entertainment at the time, and people came out to watch them asthey would to a sporting event today. Newspapers were glad to reportevery detail, such as recording the condemned men's last words, theprayers said by the priests for their immortal souls, and their finalagonising moments on the gallows. In England most of these executionstook place at Execution Dock on the River Thames in London.

In the cases of more famous prisoners, usually captains, their punishmentsextended beyond death. Their bodies were enclosed in iron cages(gibbet) (for which they were measured before their execution) and left toswing in the air until the flesh rotted off them- a process that could takeas long as two years. The bodies of captains such as William "Captain"

Kidd, Charles Vane, William Fly, and Jack Rackham ("Calico Jack") were all treated this way.[47]

Within the Pirate community, however, 'Justice' was swift and decisive. 'Cut-throat prudence demanded nothingless. Famously, keelhauling was a popular method for relatively minor crimes, while 'abandonment' on an island wasnot unknown either. Indeed, 'Walking the plank' is now generally, thought to refer to 'walking the last mile' downthe gangplank to the miscreants new 'Home'.

Privateers

Main article: Privateer

A privateer or corsair used similar methods to a pirate, but acted whilein possession of a commission or letter of marque from a government ormonarch authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemynation. For example, the United States Constitution of 1787 specificallyauthorized Congress to issue letters of marque and reprisal. The letter ofmarque was recognized by international convention and meant that aprivateer could not technically be charged with piracy while attacking thetargets named in his commission. This nicety of law did not always savethe individuals concerned, however, as whether one was considered apirate or a legally operating privateer often depended on whose custodythe individual found himself in—that of the country that had issued thecommission, or that of the object of attack. Spanish authorities wereknown to execute foreign privateers with their letters of marque hungaround their necks to emphasize Spain's rejection of such defenses.Furthermore, many privateers exceeded the bounds of their letters ofmarque by attacking nations with which their sovereign was at peace(Thomas Tew and William Kidd are notable alleged examples), and thus made themselves liable to conviction forpiracy. However, a letter of marque did provide some cover for such pirates, as plunder seized from neutral orfriendly shipping could be passed off later as taken from enemy merchants.

The famous Barbary Corsairs of the Mediterranean, authorized by the Ottoman Empire, were privateers, as werethe Maltese Corsairs, who were authorized by the Knights of St. John, and the Dunkirkers in the service of theSpanish Empire. In the years 1626–1634 alone, the Dunkirk privateers captured 1,499 ships, and sank another

336.[48] From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates, and 160 British ships were

captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680.[49] One famous privateer was Sir Francis Drake. His patron was

Queen Elizabeth I, and their relationship ultimately proved to be quite profitable for England.[50]

Privateers constituted a large proportion of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. Duringthe Nine Years War, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers (French corsairs), includingthe famous Jean Bart, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the

war.[51] In the following War of Spanish Succession, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant

ships.[52] During the War of Austrian Succession, Britain lost 3,238 merchant ships and France lost 3,434 merchant

ships to the British.[51]

During King George's War, approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another.[51]

During the American Revolution, about 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers.[53] The American

privateers had almost 1,700 ships, and they captured 2,283 enemy ships.[54] Between the end of the RevolutionaryWar and 1812, less than 30 years, Britain, France, Naples, the Barbary States, Spain, and the Netherlands seized

approximately 2,500 American ships.[55] Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20%

of United States government annual revenues in 1800.[56] Throughout the American Civil War, Confederate

privateers successfully harassed Union merchant ships.[57]

Privateering lost international sanction under the Declaration of Paris in 1856.

Modern age

See also: Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, Piracy in Somalia, Piracy in the Strait of Malacca, and Piracyon Falcon Lake

Overview

Seaborne piracy against transport vessels remains a significant issue (with estimated worldwide losses of US$13 to

$16 billion per year),[58][59] particularly in the waters between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, off the Somali coast,and also in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore, which are used by over 50,000 commercial ships a year. In the

late 2000s,[60] the emergence of piracy off the coast of Somalia spurred a multi-national effort led by the UnitedStates to patrol the waters near the Horn of Africa. In 2011, Brazil also created an anti-piracy unit on the Amazon

river.[61]

In recent years, shipping companies claimed that their vessels suffer from regular pirate attacks on the Serbian andRomanian stretches of the international Danube river, i.e. inside the European Union's territory, starting from at least

2011.[62][63][64]

Modern pirates favor small boats and taking advantage of the small number of crew members on modern cargovessels. They also use large vessels to supply the smaller attack/boarding vessels. Modern pirates can be successfulbecause a large amount of international commerce occurs via shipping. Major shipping routes take cargo shipsthrough narrow bodies of water (such as the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Malacca) making them vulnerable to be

Map showing the extent of Somali

pirate attacks on shipping vessels

between 2005 and 2010.

Aerial photograph of the Niger Delta,

a center of piracy.

overtaken and boarded by small motorboats.[65][66] Other active areas include the South China Sea and the NigerDelta. As usage increases, many of these ships have to lower cruising speeds to allow for navigation and trafficcontrol, making them prime targets for piracy.

Also, pirates often operate in regions of developing or strugglingcountries with smaller navies and large trade routes. Pirates sometimesevade capture by sailing into waters controlled by their pursuer'senemies. With the end of the Cold War, navies have decreased size andpatrol, and trade has increased, making organized piracy far easier.Modern pirates are sometimes linked with organized-crime syndicates,but often are parts of small individual groups.

The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) maintains statistics regardingpirate attacks dating back to 1995. Their records indicate hostage-takingoverwhelmingly dominates the types of violence against seafarers. Forexample in 2006, there were 239 attacks, 77 crew members werekidnapped and 188 taken hostage but only 15 of the pirate attacks

resulted in murder.[67] In 2007 the attacks rose by 10% to 263 attacks.There was a 35% increase on reported attacks involving guns. Crew members that were injured numbered 64

compared to just 17 in 2006.[68] That number does not include hostages/kidnapping where they were not injured.

The number of attacks within the first nine months of 2009 alreadysurpassed the previous year's due to the increased pirate attacks in theGulf of Aden and off Somalia. Between January and September thenumber of attacks rose to 306 from 293. The pirates boarded the vesselsin 114 cases and hijacked 34 of them so far in 2009. Gun use in pirate

attacks has gone up to 176 cases from 76 last year.[69]

In some cases, modern pirates are not interested in the cargo but insteadin taking the personal belongings of the crew and the contents of theship's safe, which might contain large amounts of cash needed for payrolland port fees. In other cases, the pirates force the crew off the ship andthen sail it to a port to be repainted and given a new identity through false

papers often purchased from corrupt or complicit officials.[70]

Modern piracy can also take place in conditions of political unrest. Forexample, following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, Thai piracy was

aimed at the many Vietnamese who took to boats to escape. Further, following the disintegration of the government

of Somalia, warlords in the region have attacked ships delivering UN food aid.[71]

Environmental action groups such as Sea Shepherd have been accused of engaging in piracy and terrorism, whenthey ram and throw butyric acid on the decks of ships engaged in commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning,seal hunting, and whaling. In two instances, they boarded a Japanese whaling vessel. Their tactics and methods are

considered acts of piracy by some.[72][73]

The attack against the German built cruise ship the Seabourn Spirit offshore of Somalia in November 2005 is anexample of the sophisticated pirates mariners face. The pirates carried out their attack more than 100 miles(160 km) offshore with speedboats launched from a larger mother ship. The attackers were armed with automatic

Flag of Sea Shepherd, an

environmental action group against

marine poaching and overfishing.

United States Coast Guard sailors patrolling for

pirates on Falcon Lake as part of the Mexican Drug

War.

firearms and an RPG.[74]

Since 2008, Somali pirates centered in the Gulf of Aden made about$120 million annually, reportedly costing the shipping industry between

$900 million and $3.3 billion per year.[75] By September 2012, theheyday of piracy in the Indian Ocean was reportedly over. Backers werenow reportedly reluctant to finance pirate expeditions due to the low rateof success, and pirates were no longer able to reimburse their

creditors.[76] According to the International Maritime Bureau, pirate

attacks had by October 2012 dropped to a six-year low.[77] Only fiveships were captured by the end of the year, representing a decrease from

25 in 2011 and 27 in 2010,[78] with only 1 ship attacked in the third

quarter compared to 36 during the same period in 2011.[77] However,pirate incidents off on the West Africa seaboard increased to 34 from 30 the previous year, and attacks off the

coast of Indonesia rose from 2011's total of 46 to 51.[77]

Many nations forbid ships to enter their territorial waters or ports if the crew of the ships are armed, in an effort to

restrict possible piracy.[79] Shipping companies sometimes hire private armed security guards.

Modern definitions of piracy include the following acts:

BoardingExtortion

Hostage takingKidnapping of people for ransom

MurderRobberySabotage resulting in the ship subsequently sinking

Seizure of items or the shipShipwrecking done intentionally to a ship

For the United States, piracy is one of the offenses againstwhich Congress is delegated power to enact penallegislation by the Constitution of the United States, alongwith treason and offenses against the law of nations. Treason is generally making war against one's owncountrymen, and violations of the law of nations can include unjust war among other nationals or by governmentsagainst their own people.

In modern times, ships and airplanes are hijacked for political reasons as well. The perpetrators of these acts couldbe described as pirates (for instance, the French for plane hijacker is pirate de l'air, literally air pirate), but inEnglish are usually termed hijackers. An example is the hijacking of the Italian civilian passenger ship AchilleLauro in 1985, which is generally regarded as an act of piracy.

Modern pirates also use a great deal of technology. It has been reported that crimes of piracy have involved the useof mobile phones, satellite phones, GPS, Sonar systems, modern speedboats, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols,mounted machine guns, and even RPGs and grenade launchers.

Piracy incidents in 2010[80][81]

Regions Incidents Types of vessels attacked

Africa 259 Bulk carrier 80

America 40 Container 80

East Asia 44 General cargo 80

Indian sub-continent 28 Chemical tanker 80

South East Asia 70 Crude oil tanker 80

Rest of world 4 Product tanker 80

Tug 20

Trawler/fishing boat 19

Other 50

Recent incidents

See also: List of ships attacked by Somali pirates

During the Troubles in Northern Ireland,two coaster ships were hijacked and sunkby the IRA in the span of one year,

between February 1981 and February1982.

A collision between the container shipOcean Blessing and the hijacked tanker

Nagasaki Spirit occurred in the MalaccaStraits at about 23:20 on September 19,

1992. Pirates had boarded the NagasakiSpirit, removed its captain from command,set the ship on autopilot and left with the

ship's master for a ransom. The ship wasleft going at full speed with no one at the wheel. The collision and resulting fire took the lives of all the sailors

of Ocean Blessing; from Nagasaki Spirit there were only 2 survivors. The fire on the Nagasaki Spirit lasted

for six days; the fire aboard the Ocean Blessing burned for five weeks.[82]

The cargo ship Chang Song boarded and taken over by pirates posing as customs officials in the SouthChina Sea in 1998. Entire crew of 23 was killed and their bodies thrown overboard. Six bodies were

eventually recovered in fishing nets. A crackdown by the Chinese government resulted in the arrest of 38

pirates and the group's leader, a corrupt customs official, and 11 other pirates who were then executed.[83]

The New Zealand environmentalist, yachtsman and public figure Sir Peter Blake was killed by Brazilian river

pirates in 2001.[84]

Pirates boarded the supertanker Dewi Madrim in March 2003 in the Malacca Strait. Articles like thosewritten by the Economist (http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=2102424) indicate

the pirates did not focus on robbing the crew or cargo, but instead focused on learning how to steer the shipand stole only manuals and technical information. However, the original incident report submitted to the IMO

by the IMB (http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D7198/33.pdf) would indicate thesearticles are incorrect and misleading. See also: Letter to the Editor of Foreign Affairs(http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050301faletter84267/charles-n-dragonette/lost-at-sea.html).

The American luxury liner The Seabourn Spirit was attacked by pirates in November 2005 off the Somaliancoast. There was one injury to a crewmember; he was hit by shrapnel.

Pirates boarded the Danish bulk carrier Danica White in June 2007 near the coast of Somalia. USS CarterHall tried to rescue the crew by firing several warning shots but wasn't able to follow the ship into Somali

waters.[85]

In April 2008, pirates seized control of the French luxury yacht Le Ponant carrying 30 crew members off

the coast of Somalia.[86] The captives were released on payment of a ransom. The French military later

captured some of the pirates, with the support of the provisional Somali government.[87] On June 2, 2008,the UN Security Council passed a resolution enabling the patrolling of Somali waters following this and otherincidents. The Security Council resolution provided permission for six months to states cooperating with

Somalia's Transitional Federal Government (TFG) to enter the country's territorial waters and use "all

Suspected Somali pirates prepare to

surrender to the visit, board, search

and seizure (VBSS) team of the

guided-missile cruiser USS Vella Gulf.

Part of the counter-piracy Operation

Atalanta, the Maestrale class frigate

ITS Maestrale (F570) prepares to

take on fuel alongside the amphibious

assault ship USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

during an underway replenishment in

the Indian Ocean.

necessary means" to stop "piracy and armed robbery at sea, in a manner consistent with international

law."[88]

Several more piracy incidents have occurred in 2008 including a Ukrainian ship, the MV Faina, containing anarms consignment for Kenya, including tanks and other heavy weapons, which was possibly heading towards

an area of Somalia controlled by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) after its hijacking by pirates[89] beforeanchoring off the Somali coast. The Somali pirates—in a standoff with US missile destroyer the USS

Howard—asked for a $20 million ransom for the 20 crewmembers it held; shots were heard from the ship, supposedly

because of a dispute between pirates who wanted to surrender

and those who didn't.[90] In a separate incident, occurring near the

same time (late September to early October), an Iranian cargoship, MV Iran Deyanat, departing from China, was boarded by

pirates off Somalia. The ship's cargo was a matter of dispute,though some pirates have apparently been sickened, lost hair,suffered burns, and even died while on the ship. Speculations of

chemical or even radioactive contents have been made.[91]

On November 15, 2008, Somali pirates seized the supertankerMV Sirius Star, 450 miles off the coast of Kenya. The ship wascarrying around $100 million worth of oil and had a 25-man crew.

This marked the largest tonnage vessel ever seized by pirates.[92]

On April 8, 2009, Somali pirates briefly captured the MV Maersk

Alabama, a 17,000-ton cargo ship containing emergency reliefsupplies destined for Kenya. It was the latest in a week-long series

of attacks along the Somali coast, and the first of these attacks totarget a U.S.-flagged vessel. The crew took back control of the

ship although the Captain was taken by the escaping pirates to a

lifeboat.[93] On Sunday, April 12, 2009, Capt. Richard Phillips

was rescued, reportedly in good condition, from his pirate captors

who were shot and killed by US Navy SEAL snipers.[94][95] Vice

Admiral William E. Gortney reported the rescue began whenCommander Frank Castellano, captain of the USS Bainbridge,

determined that Phillips' life was in imminent danger and orderedthe action.

In July 2009, Finnish-owned ship MV Arctic Sea sailing underMaltese flag was allegedly hijacked in the territorial waters ofSweden by a group of eight to ten pirates disguised as policemen.

According to some sources, the pirates held the ship for 12 hours, went through the cargo and later released

the ship and the crew.[96]

On April 1, 2010, pirates attacked the USS Nicholas, an Oliver Hazard Perry-class missile frigate ininternational waters west of the Seychelles. The pirates opened fire from a small skiff at 12:27 am local time,

presumably mistaking the warship for a merchant vessel in the dark. The USS Nichlolas returned fire,pursuing the small vessel until it stopped. The U.S. Navy crew detained the three occupants of the skiff as

well as two more pirates aboard the mother ship, which was waiting nearby.[97]

On October 2, 2010, a 911 call transcript was released detailing an incident of an American tourist who was

U.S. Navy helicopters disrupt a pirate

attack on Philippine merchant vessel,

March 24, 2011

Incidences of pipeline vandalism by

pirates in the Gulf of Guinea, 2002-

2011.

shot dead by Mexican pirates on a U.S.-Mexico border lake that has been plagued with drug cartel violence

in recent years.[98]

Authorities estimate that only between 50%[99][100] to as low as 10%[101] of pirate attacks are actually reported(so as not to increase insurance premiums).

Successful attempts against piracy

International ships equipped with helicopters patrol the waters wherepirate activity has been reported, but the area is very large. Some shipsare equipped with anti-piracy weaponry such as an LRAD, a sonicdevice that sends a sonic wave out to a directed target, creating a soundso powerful that it bursts the eardrums and shocks pirates, causing themto become disoriented enough to drop their weapons, while the vessel

being pursued increases speed and engages in evasive maneuvering.[102]

Additional measures used against pirates include the deployment of

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and remotely controlled boats.[103]

MS Nautica, December 2008[104]

US-flagged Maersk Alabama, April 2009,[105] November

2009[106]

Liberian-registered cargo ship, April 2009[107]

US-flagged MV Liberty Sun, April 2009[108]

The Marshall Islands-flagged Handytankers Magic, April 2009[109]

Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden, January 21, 2010.

Republic of Korea-flagged freighter Samho Jewelry, January 2011[110]

Legal principles and considerations

Under a principle of international law known as the "universalityprinciple", a government may "exercise jurisdiction over conduct outsideits territory if that conduct is universally dangerous to states and their

nationals."[111] The rationale behind the universality principle is that stateswill punish certain acts "wherever they may occur as a means ofprotecting the global community as a whole, even absent a link betweenthe state and the parties or the acts in question." Under this principle, the

concept of "universal jurisdiction" applies to the crime of piracy.[112] Forexample, the United States has a statute (section 1651 of title 18 of theUnited States Code) imposing a sentence of life in prison for piracy "asdefined by the law of nations" committed anywhere on the high seas,

regardless of the nationality of the pirates or the victims.[113]

According to piracy experts,[citation needed] the goal is to "deter and disrupt" pirate activity, and pirates are oftendetained, interrogated, disarmed, and released. With millions of dollars at stake, pirates have little incentive to stop.In Finland, one case involves pirates who have been captured and whose boat was sunk. No prosecution of the

Private guard escort on a merchant

ship providing security services

against piracy in the Indian Ocean.

pirates is forthcoming, as pirates attacked a vessel of Singapore and the pirates are not, themselves, EU or Finnishcitizens. A further complication is that Singapore law allows the death penalty for piracy and Finland does not.

Some countries have been reluctant to utilize the death penalty to stop pirates.[114]

The Dutch are using a 17th-century law against sea robbery to prosecute.[citation needed] Warships that capturepirates have no jurisdiction to try them, and NATO does not have a detention policy in place. Prosecutors have ahard time assembling witnesses and finding translators, and countries are reluctant to imprison pirates because the

countries would be saddled with the pirates upon their release.[115]

George Mason University professor Peter Leeson has suggested that the international community appropriateSomali territorial waters and sell them, together with the international portion of the Gulf of Aden, to a privatecompany which would then provide security from piracy in exchange for charging tolls to world shipping through the

Gulf.[116][117]

Self protection measures and increased patrol

First and foremost, the best protection against piracy is simply to avoidencountering them. This can be accomplished by using tools such as

radar.[118]

In addition, while the non-wartime 20th century tradition has been formerchant vessels not to be armed, the U.S. Government has recentlychanged the rules so that it is now "best practice" for vessels to embark a

team of armed private security guards.[119][120] In addition, the crew

themselves can be given a weapons training,[121] and warning shots, usingless-lethal ammunition, can be fired legally in international waters and/orwhen sailing under Israeli or Russian flag. Finally, similar to weapons

training, remote weapon systems can be implemented to a vessel.[122]

Other measures vessels can take to protect themselves against piracy are

implementing a high freewall[123] and vessel boarding protection systems(e.g., hot water wall, electricity-charged water wall, automated fire

monitor, slippery foam).[124] Ships can also attempt to protect themselves using their Automatic Identification

Systems (AIS).[125] Every ship over 300 tons carries a transponder supplying both information about the ship itselfand its movements. Any unexpected change in this information can attract attention. Previously this data could onlybe picked up if there was a nearby ship, thus rendering single ships vulnerable. However recently specalisedsatellites have been launched to detect and retransmit this data. Large ships cannot therefore be hijacked withoutbeing detected. This can act as a deterrent to attempts to either hijack the entire ship or steal large portions of cargowith another ship since an escort can be sent more quickly than might otherwise have been the case.

Finally, in an emergency, warships can be called upon. In some areas such as near Somalia, naval vessels fromdifferent nations are present that are able to intercept vessels attacking merchant vessels. For patrolling dangerouscoastal waters (and/or keeping financial expenses down), robotic or remote-controlled USVs are also sometimes

used.[126] Also, both shore-launched and vessel-launched UAVs are also used by the U.S. Army.[127][128]

Commerce raiders

A Merchant seaman aboard a fleet oil

tanker practices target shooting with

a 12 gauge shotgun as part of training

to repel pirates in the Strait of

Malacca.

See also: Ruse de guerre

A wartime activity similar to piracy involves disguised warships called commerce raiders or merchant raiders, whichattack enemy shipping commerce, approaching by stealth and then opening fire. Commerce raiders operatedsuccessfully during the American Revolution. During the American Civil War, the Confederacy sent out severalcommerce raiders, the most famous of which was the CSS Alabama. During World War I and World War II,Germany also made use of these tactics, both in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Since commissioned naval vesselswere openly used, these commerce raiders should not be considered even privateers, much less pirates— althoughthe opposing combatants were vocal in denouncing them as such.

National law

United Kingdom

Section 2 of the Piracy Act 1837 creates a statutory offence ofaggravated piracy. See also the Piracy Act 1850.

In 2008 the British Foreign Office advised the Royal Navy not to detainpirates of certain nationalities as they might be able to claim asylum inBritain under British human rights legislation, if their national laws includedexecution, or mutilation as a judicial punishment for crimes committed as

pirates.[129]

Definition of piracy jure gentium

See section 26 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Merchant Shipping andMaritime Security Act 1997. These provisions replace the Schedule tothe Tokyo Convention Act 1967. In Cameron v HM Advocate, 1971SLT 333, the High Court of Justiciary said that that Schedulesupplemented the existing law and did not seek to restrict the scope ofthe offence of piracy jure gentium.

See also:

Re Piracy Jure Gentium [1934] AC 586, PCAttorney General of Hong Kong v Kwok-a-Sing (1873) LR 5 PC

179

Jurisdiction

See section 46(2) of the Senior Courts Act 1981 and section 6 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/41-42/73/section/6) of the Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 1878. See also R v Kohn (1864) 4 F & F 68.

Piracy committed by or against aircraft

See section 5 of the Aviation Security Act 1982.

Sentence

The book "Archbold" said that in a case that does not fall with section 2 of the Piracy Act 1837, the penaltyappears to be determined by the Offences at Sea Act 1799, which provides that offences committed at sea are

liable to the same penalty as if they had been committed upon the shore.[130]

History

William Hawkins said that at common law, piracy by a subject was esteemed to be petty treason. The Treason Act

1351 provided that this was not petty treason.[131]

In English admiralty law, piracy was classified as petit treason during the medieval period, and offenders wereaccordingly liable to be drawn and quartered on conviction. Piracy was redefined as a felony during the reign ofHenry VIII. In either case, piracy cases were cognizable in the courts of the Lord High Admiral. English admiraltyvice-admiralty judges emphasized that "neither Faith nor Oath is to be kept" with pirates; i.e. contracts with piratesand oaths sworn to them were not legally binding. Pirates were legally subject to summary execution by theircaptors if captured in battle. In practice, instances of summary justice and annulment of oaths and contracts

involving pirates do not appear to have been common.[citation needed]

United States

In the United States, criminal prosecution of piracy is authorized in the U.S. Constitution, Art. I Sec. 8 cl. 10:

The Congress shall have Power ... To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the highSeas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

Title 18 U.S.C. § 1651 states:

Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as defined by the law of nations, and isafterwards brought into or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life.

Citing the United States Supreme Court decision in the year 1820 case of United States v. Smith,[132] a U.S.District Court ruled in 2010 in the case of United States v. Said that the definition of piracy under section 1651 isconfined to "robbery at sea." The piracy charges (but not other serious federal charges) against the defendants in

the Said case were dismissed by the Court.[133]

International law

Effects on international boundaries

During the 18th century, the British and the Dutch controlled opposite sides of the Straits of Malacca. The Britishand the Dutch drew a line separating the Straits into two halves. The agreement was that each party would beresponsible for combating piracy in their respective half. Eventually this line became the border between Malaysiaand Indonesia in the Straits.

Law of nations

International Maritime Organization

(IMO) conference on capacity-

building to counter piracy in the

Indian Ocean.

British Royal Navy Commodore gives

a presentation on Piracy at the MAST

2008 conference.

Piracy is of note in international law as it is commonly held to represent the earliest invocation of the concept ofuniversal jurisdiction. The crime of piracy is considered a breach of jus cogens, a conventional peremptoryinternational norm that states must uphold. Those committing thefts on thehigh seas, inhibiting trade, and endangering maritime communication areconsidered by sovereign states to be hostis humani generis (enemies of

humanity).[134]

For a different opinion on Pirates as Hostis Humani Generis see Caninas,Osvaldo Peçanha. Modern Maritime Piracy: History, Present Situationand Challenges to International Law(http://convention2.allacademic.com/one/isa-abri/meeting09/index.php?

cmd=Download+Document&key=unpublished_manuscript&file_index=2&pop_up=true&no_click_key=true&attachment_style=attachment&PHPSESSID=c13d67c39b3cf83c343bb7c0bb4e905e). Paper presented at the annualmeeting of the ISA – ABRI JOINT INTERNATIONAL MEETING, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de JaneiroCampus (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Jul 22, 2009

Because of universal jurisdiction, action can be taken against pirates without objection from the flag state of thepirate vessel. This represents an exception to the principle extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur

("One who exercises jurisdiction out of his territory is not obeyed with impunity").[135]

International conventions

Articles 101 to 103 of UNCLOS

Articles 101 to 103 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the

Sea (UNCLOS) (1982) contain a definition of piracy iure gentium.[136]

They read:

ARTICLE 101

Definition of piracy

Piracy consists of any of the following acts:

(a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act ofdepredation, committed for private ends by the crew or thepassengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and

directed—

(i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft,or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;(ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of anyState;

(b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge

of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;(c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b).

ARTICLE 102

Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied

The acts of piracy, as defined in article 101, committed by a warship, government ship or governmentaircraft whose crew has mutinied and taken control of the ship or aircraft are assimilated to actscommitted by a private ship or aircraft.

ARTICLE 103

Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft

A ship or aircraft is considered a pirate ship or aircraft if it is intended by the persons in dominantcontrol to be used for the purpose of committing one of the acts referred to in article 101. The sameapplies if the ship or aircraft has been used to commit any such act, so long as it remains under the

control of the persons guilty of that act.[137]

This definition was formerly contained in articles 15 to 17 of the Convention on the High Seas signed at Geneva on

April 29, 1958.[138] It was drafted[139] by the International Law Commission.[136]

A limitation of article 101 above is that it confines piracy to the High Seas. As the majority of piratical acts occurwithin territorial waters, some pirates are able to go free as certain jurisdictions lack the resources to monitor their

borders adequately.[citation needed]

IMB definition

The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) defines piracy as:

the act of boarding any vessel with an intent to commit theft or any other crime, and with an intent or capacity

to use force in furtherance of that act.[140]

Uniformity in Maritime Piracy Law

Given the diverging definitions of piracy in international and municipal legal systems, some authors argue that greater

uniformity in the law is required in order to strengthen anti-piracy legal instruments.[141]

In popular culture

Main articles: List of fictional pirates and Pirates in popular culture

Pirates are a frequent topic in fiction and are associated with certain stereotypical manners of speaking and dress,some of them wholly fictional: "nearly all our notions of their behavior come from the golden age of fictional piracy,

which reached its zenith in 1881 with the appearance of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island."[142] Some

"Mic the Scallywag" of the

Pirates of Emerson Haunted

Adventure Fremont, CA.

inventions of pirate culture such as "walking the plank" were popularized by J. M. Barrie's novel, Peter Pan, where

Captain Hook's pirates helped define the fictional pirate archetype.[143] A West Country native where many famousEnglish pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack hailed from, Robert Newton's portrayal of Long John Silver inDisney's 1950 film adaptation of Treasure Island also helped define the modern rendition of a pirate, including the

stereotypical West Country "pirate accent".[144] Other influences include Sinbad the Sailor, and the recent Piratesof the Caribbean films have helped kindle modern interest in piracy and haveperformed well at the box office.

The classic Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance focuses onThe Pirate King and his hopeless band of pirates on the South coast of England.The Pirate King is widely believed to be the inspiration for Jack Sparrow. Theon-going manga One Piece details the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy and hiscrew to find the legendary treasure, The One Piece, and become the next King ofthe Pirates.

Many sports teams use "pirate" or a related term such as "raider" or "buccaneer"as their nickname, basing their gimmick around the popular stereotypes of pirates,as well as to give them an "intimidating" image. The Pittsburgh Pirates, a MajorLeague Baseball team in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, are perhaps the most well-known, and actually got their nickname in 1891 after being accused of "piratical"actions by another team after they signed a player from the accusing team. TheOakland Raiders and Tampa Bay Buccaneers, both of whom play in the NationalFootball League, also use pirate-related nicknames.

See also

A General History of the Pyrates, a historical book on piratesAircraft hijacking, a.k.a. air piracyAir PiratesInternational Talk Like a Pirate DayList of pirates

Pirate codePirate gamePirate Party / Pirate Parties InternationalPirate RoundPirate studies

Pirate utopiaPirate's WorldSoftware piracySpanish treasure fleet

Statute of MonopoliesThe Successful Pyrate, a historical playWomen in piracyPiracy in the Atlantic WorldPiracy in Somalia

This image shows many of

the characteristics

commonly associated with a

stereotypical pirate in popular

culture, such as a parrot,

pegleg, hook, cutlass,

bicorne hat, Jolly Roger,

Royal Navy jacket, bad teeth,

maniacal grin, earrings,

beard, and eyepatch.

References

Bibliography

"bonaventure.org.uk – Pirate Ranks"(http://www.bonaventure.org.uk/ed/ranks.htm). Retrieved April 24, 2008.Beal, Clifford (2007). Quelch's Gold: Piracy, Greed, and Betrayal in ColonialNew England. Praeger. p. 243. ISBN 0-275-99407-4.Burnett, John (2002). Dangerous Waters: Modern Piracy and Terror on theHigh Seas. Plume. p. 346. ISBN 0-452-28413-9.Menefee, Samuel (1996). Trends in Maritime Violence. Jane's InformationGroup. ISBN 0-7106-1403-9.Cordingly, David (1997). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Realityof Life Among the Pirates. Harvest Books. ISBN 0-15-600549-2.Girard, Geoffrey (2006). Tales of the Atlantic Pirates. Middle Atlantic Press.ISBN 0-9754419-5-7.Langewiesche, William (2004). The Outlaw Sea: A World of Freedom, Chaos,and Crime. North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-581-4.Rediker, Marcus (1987). Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: MerchantSeamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750.Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37983-0.Kimball, Steve (2006). The Pyrates Way Magazine(http://www.pyratesway.com). The Pyrates Way, LLC. p. 64.

Further reading

I Sailed With Chinese Pirates by Aleko Lilius, Oxford University Press, USA, October 17, 1991,ISBN 0-

19-585297-4.Contemporary Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia. By: Chalk, Peter. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,January–March 1998, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p87, 26p, 1 chart; (AN 286864).Dangerous Waters, Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas, by John S. Burnett. Dutton, 2003,

Plume, 2003–2004, New York. (ISBN 0-452-28413-9).Japanese Anti-Piracy Initiatives in Southeast Asia. By: Bradford, John. Contemporary Southeast Asia,December 2004, Vol. 26 Issue 3, p480-505, 26p; (AN 15709264).Maritime Piracy and Anti-Piracy Measures. By: Herrmann, Wilfried. Naval Forces, 2004, Vol. 25 Issue2, p18-25, 6p; (AN 13193917).

Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia. By: Liss, Carolin. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2003, p52, 17p; (AN10637324).Pirates, Fishermen and Peacebuilding – Options for Counter-Piracy in Somalia. By: Bueger, Christian,Stockbruegger, Jan and Werthes, Sascha. Contemporary Security Policy, 2011, Vol.32, No.2.Modern Piracy. Naval Forces, 2005, Vol. 26 Issue 5, p20-31, 7p; (AN 18506590).

Terror on the High Seas. By: Koknar, Ali. Security Management, June 2004, Vol. 48 Issue 6, p75-81, 6p;(AN 13443749)Goodman, Timothy H. 'Leaving the Corsair's name to other times:' How to enforce the law of sea piracy inthe 21st century through regional international agreements / Timothy H. Goodman In: Case Western Reserve

Journal of International Law, vol.31 (Winter 1999) nr.1, P.: 139-168.Piracy:Out of Sight, Out of Mind?, Goorangai, RANR Occasional Papers, August (2006) RoyalAustralian Navy (https://www.navy.gov.au/reserves/files/GoorangaiVol2Number3.pdf.)

Rogue Wave: Modern Maritime Piracy and International Law, Article published on the electronicmagazine The Culture & Conflict Review of the United States Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,California by Commander Osvaldo Peçanha Caninas Article in NPS site.(http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/WebJournal/Article.aspx?ArticleID=60)

Notes

1. ^ D.Archibugi, M.Chiarugi (April 9, 2009). "Piracy challenges global governance"(http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance). Open Democracy. Retrieved April9, 2009.

2. ^ Peirates, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380356).

3. ^ Peira, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380341).

4. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pirate&searchmode=none).Etymonline.com. Retrieved December 18, 2008.

5. ̂a b The Pirates Hold – Piracy Timeline (http://pirateshold.buccaneersoft.com/pirate_timeline.html).

6. ^ Phoenician Economy and Trade (http://www.reocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/2587/trade.html).

7. ^ Again, according to Suetonius's chronology (Julius 4(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#4)). Plutarch (Caesar 1.8-2 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#1.8)) says this happenedearlier, on his return from Nicomedes's court. Velleius Paterculus (Roman History 2:41.3-42(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B*.html#41.3) says merely that ithappened when he was a young man.

8. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 1–2.

9. ^ "Spanish Claim to Land" (http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/claim.html).

10. ^ Woodard, Colin (2007). The Republic of Pirates (http://www.republicofpirates.net). Harcourt, Inc. ISBN 978-0-15-603462-3.

11. ^ Dreamtheimpossible (September 14, 2011). "Examples of greed" (http://dream-the-impossible.blogspot.com/2009/01/greed-is-good-discuss.html). Retrieved October 4, 2011.

12. ^ Derek Bickerton. The Murders of Boysie Singh: Robber, Arsonist, Pirate, Mass-Murderer, Vice and GamblingKing of Trinidad. Arthur Barker Limited, London. (1962).

13. ^ Chong Sun Kim, "Slavery in Silla and its Sociological and Economic Implications", in Andrew C. Nahm, ed.Traditional Korea, Theory and Practice (Kalamazoo, MI: Center for Korean Studies, 1974)

14. ^ [1] (http://www.carbonpositive.net/media-centre/industry-updates/1098-recaap-piracy-and-sea-robbery-incidents-for-1st-quarter-of-2013.html)

15. ^ Rommel C. Banlaoi. "Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia: Current Situation, Counter-Measures, Achievements andRecurring Challenges"(http://counterpiracy.ae/briefing_papers/Banlaoi%20Maritime%20Piracy%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf).

16. ^ "The Buginese of Sulawesi" (http://www.on-the-edge.com/articles/raja_ampat.php).

17. ^ "Pirates of the East" (http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1997).

18. ^ "Wanderings Among South Sea Savages And in Borneo and the Philippines by H. Wilfrid Walker"(http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html).

19. ^ David P. Forsythe (2009). "Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1 (http://books.google.cz/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false)". Oxford University Press. p. 464. ISBN0195334027

20. ^ "Places which had been raided or besieged by the Cossacks" (http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20051/98).

21. ^ "Cossack Navy 16th – 17th Centuries" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/unavy/aCossack1.html&date=2009-10-25+23:33:13). Archived from the original

(http://www.geocities.com/unavy/aCossack1.html) on October 26, 2009.

22. ^ "The History of Maritime Piracy – Stepan Razin" (http://www.cindyvallar.com/razin.html).

23. ^ The Pirates of St. Tropez (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/athens/troy/4040/pirates.htm&date=2009-10-25+12:56:07).

24. ^ Piracy on Crete (http://www.cretanews.com/site/index.php?page=art&article=104&lang=), Creta News.

25. ^ Hutter, Andreas (2012). "Freibeuter des weißen Goldes". Damals (in German) (2): 74–77.

26. ^ H Thomas Milhorn, Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers, Universal Publishers, 2004. ISBN 1-58112-489-9.

27. ^ "When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previouslybelieved" (http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm).

28. ^ "Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 (http://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PR14&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false)".Robert Davis (2004) ISBN 1-4039-4551-9

29. ^ "Haida Warfare" (http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/haida/havwa01e.html).

30. ^ Naseem Hijazi, Muhammad Bin Qasim

31. ^ Findly, Elison B (April – June 1988). "The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and EuropeanTraders," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108 (2): 227–238.

32. ^ "Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Piracy: Maritime Violence in the Western Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf Regionduring a Long Eighteenth Century" (http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v012/12.2risso.html).

33. ^ "Soldiers, Seahawks and Smugglers" (http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/soldiersSeahawks/page2.shtml).

34. ^ Gemma Pitcher, Patricia C. Wright. " Madagascar & Comoros (http://books.google.com/books?id=m2eLhe7CpMMC&pg=PA178&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false) " p. 178.

35. ^ "Libertatia" (http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=869187).

36. ^ "From Pirate Coast To Trucial"(http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197306/from.pirate.coast.to.trucial.htm).

37. ^ Leeson, Peter T. "An-arrghchy: The Law and Economics of Pirate Organization." Journal of Political Economy115, no. 6 (2007): 1049–1094. pg 1066 University of Chicago(http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/526403)

38. ^ Piratesofamerica.com (http://piratesofamerica.com/Pirates_of_America/Thomas_Tew.html)

39. ̂a b c "Treasure" (http://www.cindyvallar.com/treasure.html). Retrieved April 21, 2009.

40. ^ The Hudson River Valley Institute (http://www.hudsonrivervalley.net/AMERICANBOOK/18.html)

41. ^ University of Notre Dame (http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCurrency/CurrencyIntros/IntroValue.html)

42. ^ Gosse, Philip (2007). The Pirates' Who's Who. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 1-4346-3302-0. p. 251.

43. ^ Hickox, Rex (2007). All You Wanted to Know about 18th Century Royal Navy. Lulu.com. ISBN 1-4116-3057-2.p. 16.

44. ^ Hill, J.R. (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860527-7. p. 157.

45. ^ Current value (http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/) is based on the average annual income for therespective years.

46. ^ Nelson and His Navy – Prize Money (http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavyprize.htm) Historical Maritime Society.

47. ^ Pirates by John Matthews

48. ^ "The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609-48/49(http://books.google.com/books?id=gbU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA229&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false)". J. P.Cooper (1979). p.229. ISBN 0-521-29713-3

49. ^ Rees Davies, British Slaves on the Barbary Coast(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml), BBC, July 1, 2003.

50. ^ Kelsey, Harry, Sir Francis Drake; The Queen's Pirate, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1998, ISBN 0-300-07182-5.

51. ̂a b c Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power (http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n1/cj11n1-8.pdf), Gary M. Anderson and Adam Gifford Jr.

52. ^ Brewer, John. The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783. New York.: Alfred A.

Knopf, 1989. p. 197.

53. ^ Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War (http://www.usmm.org/revolution.html).

54. ^ Privateers (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/privateer.htm).

55. ^ US Navy Fleet List War of 1812 (http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/usa/usn1812.html).

56. ^ Oren, Michael B. (November 3, 2005). "The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815"(http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html). Retrieved February 18, 2007.

57. ^ The Confederate Privateers (http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/1994/3005.html).

58. ^ "Foreign Affairs – Terrorism Goes to Sea" (http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83606/gal-luft-anne-korin/terrorism-goes-to-sea.html). Retrieved December 8, 2007.

59. ^ "Piracy in Asia: A Growing Barrier to Maritime Trade"(http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/BG1379.cfm?renderforprint=1). Retrieved December 8,2007.

60. ^ Krane, Jim (March 19, 2006). "U.S. Navy warships exchange gunfire with suspected pirates off Somali coast"(http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002874180_websomalia19.html?syndication=rss). The SeattleTimes. Retrieved January 18, 2007.

61. ^ "Brazil creating anti-pirate force after spate of attacks on Amazon riverboats(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/17/brazil-amazon-pirates)". The Guardian. June 17, 2011.

62. ^ Riječni gusari u Srbiji pljačkaju hrvatske brodove (http://www.jutarnji.hr/rijecni-gusari-u-srbiji-pljackaju-hrvatske-

brodove--zadnja-zrtva-brod--quot-sloga-quot--sisackog--quot-dunavskog-lloyda-quot-/980402/) (Serbian)

63. ^ Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company Says Its Ships Are Being Attacked Frequently In Romanian Part Of RiverDanube (http://un.ua/eng/article/369989.html)

64. ^ Romanian Pirats Attack Ukrainian Ships More Frequently (http://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrajinski-korabli-vse-

chastishe-stayut-zhertvami-rumunskih-pirativ/419063) (Ukrainian)

65. ^ BBC Piracy documentary(http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2008/03/080303_pirates_prog2.shtml).

66. ^ Piracy at Somalian coasts (http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ar120/somalia.html).

67. ^ Security Management:Piracy on the high seas (http://www.securitymanagement.com/article/eastern-inscrutability-piracy-high-seas). Retrieved October 23, 2007.

68. ^ ICC Commercial Crime Services: IBM Piracy Report 2007 (http://www.icc-ccs.org/main/news.php?newsid=102). Retrieved January 22, 2008.

69. ^ World pirate attacks surge in 2009 due to Somalia(http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hvd4QSDb-PaSYhIQlkyM8gcykpLgD9BFC6880)

70. ^ "Anarchy at Sea" Atlantic Monthly. September 2003.

71. ^ "Pirates Open Fire on Cruise Ship off Somalia" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/05/AR2005110500622.html?nav=hcmodule). The Washington Post. November 5,2005. Retrieved November 14, 2005.

72. ^ "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan" (http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Whaling-acid-attack-terrorist-act-Japan/2007/02/09/1170524300133.html). Reuters via The Sydney Morning Herald. February 9, 2007. RetrievedFebruary 11, 2007.

73. ^ Bousquet, Earl (July 23, 2001). "Ocean Warriors Confront Lucian Fishermen"(http://www.stlucia.gov.lc/pr2001/ocean_warriors_confront_lucian_fishermen.htm). Government of Saint Luciaweb site. Retrieved February 11, 2007.

74. ^ "Piracy is still troubling the shipping industry: report; Industry fears revival of attacks though current situationhas improved," The Business Times Singapore. August 14, 2006.

75. ^ "The economics of Somali piracy (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/03/the-economics-of-somali-piracy/)," The Washington Post, March 3, 2013 2007.

76. ^ Abdi Guled, Jason Straziuso (25 September 2012). "AP IMPACT: Party seems over for Somali pirates"(http://www.charter.net/news/read.php?id=17645239&ps=926&srce=news_class&action=1&lang=en&_LT=UNLC_NKNWU00L1_UNEWS). AP.Retrieved 3 October 2012.

77. ̂a b c Alaric Nightingale, Michelle Wiese Bockmann (22 October 2012). "Somalia Piracy Falls to Six-Year Low asGuards Defend Ships" (http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-22/somalia-piracy-attacks-plunge-as-navies-

secure-trade-route). Bloomberg News. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

78. ^ Apps, Peter (10 February 2013). "Have hired guns finally scuppered Somali pirates?"(http://news.yahoo.com/hired-guns-finally-scuppered-somali-pirates-090535971.html). Reuters. Retrieved 16March 2013.

79. ^ Maritimesecurity.com article, Guns On Board (http://www.maritimesecurity.com/gunsonboard.htm).

80. ^ International Maritime Bureau on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships report

81. ^ 1,181 seafarers taken hostage, eight killed and 53 ships hijacked cf. 188 seafarers taken hostage in 2006 and1,050 in 2009.

82. ^ Law Lords Department (February 6, 1997). "House of Lords – Semco Salvage & Marine Pte. Ltd. v. LancerNavigation" (http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970206/semco01.htm). The StationeryOffice Ltd. p. 1. Retrieved May 26, 2007.

83. ^ "China Executes Pirates" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/622435.stm). BBC News. January 28,2000. Retrieved January 6, 2010.

84. ^ Latitude 38 (http://www.latitude38.com/features/Blake.htm), the West's Leading Sailing and Marine Magazine

85. ^ "Navy: U.S. ship fired at pirates off Somalia" (http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-06-us-navy-pirates_N.htm). USA Today. June 6, 2007.

86. ^ "Pirates seize French yacht"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080407223557/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/04/04/cruiseship.pirates.ap/index.html). CNN. Associated Press. April 4, 2008. Archived from the original(http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/04/04/cruiseship.pirates.ap/index.html) on April 7, 2008. RetrievedApril 5, 2008.

87. ^ "France raid ship after crew freed" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7342292.stm). BBC News. April 12,2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.

88. ^ UN (June 5, 2008). "UN maritime agency welcomes Security Council action on Somalia piracy"(http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26893&Cr=somalia&Cr1=). United Nations. Retrieved June 5,2008.

89. ^ "Al Jazeera English – Africa – "Somalia rebels" in control of ship"(http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2008/09/20089271136100552.html). English.aljazeera.net. RetrievedDecember 18, 2008.

90. ^ Shooting reported on pirate ship surrounded by U.S. destroyer(http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2008/09/shooting-report.html) Doug Stanglin, USA Today blog, September30, 2008.

91. ^ Mysterious Cargo Aboard Iranian Ship Seized by Pirates Raises WMD Concerns(http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,430681,00.html) Joseph Abrams, September 30, 2008. Quotation by"Jonathan Tucker, a senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies": "It's baffling. I'm notaware of any chemical agent that produces loss of hair within a few days. That's more suggestive of high levels ofradioactive waste."

92. ^ Andrew England, Robert Wright and Demetri Sevastopulo (November 17, 2008). "Pirates seize another ship inGulf of Aden" (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e10892ba-b4a8-11dd-b780-0000779fd18c.html). FT. RetrievedDecember 18, 2008.

93. ^ Roberts, Rebecca; Konrad, John (April 11, 2009). "Mariner Details Life Aboard Maersk Alabama Lifeboat"(http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103001414). NPR.

94. ^ Verjee, Zain; Starr, Barbara (April 12, 2009). "Captain jumps overboard, SEALs shoot pirates, official says"(http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/04/12/somalia.pirates/index.html). CNN. Retrieved April 12, 2009.

95. ^ "US captain held by pirates freed" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7996087.stm). BBC News. April 12, 2009.Retrieved April 14, 2009.

96. ^ "Finnish ship hijacked off Swedish coast" (http://newsroom.finland.fi/stt/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=22434&group=General). July 31, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2009.

97. ^ Lewis, Michael (April 1, 2010). "USS Nicholas Captures Suspected Pirates"(http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=58566). United States Department of Defense AmericanForces Press Service.

98. ^ "911 Tape Released in Mexican Pirate Attack on U.S. Couple" (http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/10/01/search-

teams-seek-man-shot-mexican-waters/). Fox News. Fox News. October 3, 2010.

99. ^ "Sea Piracy" (http://uniorb.com/ATREND/piracy.htm). Uniorb.com. Retrieved December 18, 2008.

100. ^ Cindy Vallar. "Pirates & Privateers: the History of Maritime Piracy – Modern Piracy 2005 update"(http://www.cindyvallar.com/modern2005.html). Cindyvallar.com. Retrieved December 18, 2008.

101. ^ "Modern High Seas Piracy" (http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_pirates.html). Cargolaw.com. RetrievedDecember 18, 2008.

102. ^ "Missing title" (http://www.cruisecritic.com/news/news.cfm?ID=2961). November 30, 2008.

103. ^ Logan, Tracey (December 14, 2005). "Robotic vessels against pirates"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4521364.stm). BBC World Service. Retrieved August 25, 2011.

104. ^ "Cruise ship evades pirate attack" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7760216.stm). December 2, 2008 BBCNews.

105. ^ "Captain freed unhurt, pirates killed."(http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0412/breaking2.html?via=mr). The Irish Times. April 12,2009.

106. ^ "Somali pirates beaten off in second attack on Maersk Alabama"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/18/maersk-alabama-pirates-somalia-guards). The Guardian (London).Associated Press. November 18, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

107. ^ "French forces seize pirates mother ship" (http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=91592&sectionid=351020501).Press TV. April 16, 2009.

108. ^ "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7999350.stm" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7999350.stm). BBC. April15, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

109. ^ Pirates attack tanker; NATO frees 20 fishermen. Associated Press, April 18, 2009

110. ^ Su-Hyun Lee and Kevin Drew (January 21, 2011). "South Korea Rescues Crew and Ship From Pirates"(http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/world/asia/22pirates.html?_r=1). the New York Times. Retrieved January 23,2011.

111. ^ Thomas Buergenthal & Sean D. Murphy, Public International Law in a Nutshell, p. 211, West Group (3d ed.2002).

112. ^ Thomas Buergenthal & Sean D. Murphy, Public International Law in a Nutshell, p. 211-212, West Group (3ded. 2002), citing generally K. Randall, Universal Jurisdiction Under International Law, 66 Tex. L. Rev. 785(1988).

113. ^ "Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as defined by the law of nations, and is afterwardsbrought into or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life." See 18 U.S.C. § 1651(http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1651.html).

114. ^ Stephens, Bret (November 25, 2008). "Why Don't We Hang Pirates Anymore?"(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122757123487054681.html). The Wall Street Journal.

115. ^ "NATO frees 20 hostages; pirates seize Belgian ship"(http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090418/ap_on_re_af/af_piracy). Associated Press. April 18, 2009.

116. ^ Leeson, Peter T. (April 13, 2009). Want to Prevent Piracy? Privatize the Ocean(http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=Y2YyYWQ0ZTQwYjQzZTFiZGViMGUzZTZlOWY5ZDgxMTg=).National Review

117. ^ Stossel, John and Kirell, Andrew (May 8, 2009). Could Profit Motive Put an End to Piracy?(http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=7537710&page=1). ABC News

118. ^ Anti-piracy radar (http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/09/09/bae-systems-reveal-anti-sea-piracy-systems/)

119. ^ "Loaded: Freighters Ready to Shoot Across Pirate Bow", by John W. Miller,(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126265833983415885.html) Wall Street Journal, January 5, 2009

120. ^ "Maersk Alabama "Followed Best Practice"", by Bob Couttie, November 20, 2009, Maritime Accident Casebook(http://maritimeaccident.org/2009/11/20/maersk-alabama-followed-best-practice/)

121. ^ Weapons training for crew (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlPsHBUZ4_E)

122. ^ What can be done to counter piracy?(http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/97573/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/6C7E0E93-39A7-4E9B-9067-F410E703EC57/en/RIEAS129P.pdf)

123. ^ High wall providing extra protection (http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/05/piracy.hearing/index.html)

124. ^ Hot/electricity charged water wall (http://www.secure-marine.com/Waters/BROCHURE_Secure-Waters.pdf)

125. ^ BBC,[2] (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18889594) Satellite tracking of AIS

126. ^ Robotic/remote-controlled USVs (http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/robotics/4229443.html)

127. ^ Vessel-launched UAV's (http://www.naval-technology.com/features/feature62615/)

128. ^ Shore-launched UAVs (http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=64448)

129. ^ Woolf, Marie (April 13, 2008). "Pirates can claim UK asylum [[The Sunday Times]], April 13, 2008"(http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3736239.ece). The Times (London). Retrieved April 22, 2009.Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)

130. ^ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, 1999, para. 25–46 at p. 1979

131. ^ Hawkin's Treatise of Pleas of the Crown (1824 ed.) vol.1, chapter XIV (http://books.google.com/books?id=vZc0AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=3_0#PPA105,M1) (fromGoogle Books). See also 40 Ass. 35

132. ^ 18 U.S. 153 (1820).

133. ^ Memorandum Opinion and Order, Aug 17, 2010, docket entry 94, United States v. Said, 2:10-cr-00057-RAJ-FBS, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (Norfolk Div.).

134. ^ Kissinger, Henry (July/August 2001). "The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction"(http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html).Foreign Affairs.

135. ^ Black's Law Dictionary, p. 528 (5th ed. 1979).

136. ̂a b Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice. 1999. Paragraph 25–39 at page 1976.

137. ^ "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 10 December 1982, Part VII: High Seas"(http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part7.htm).

138. ^ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice. 1999. Paragraph 25–39 at page 1976 refers to the Scheduleto the Tokyo Convention Act 1967. That Schedule, and section 4 of that Act, refer to the said articles ofConvention on the High Seas.

139. ^ Yearbook of the ILC [1956] Vol 2, 282

140. ^ "cargolaw.com" (http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_pirates.html#what_piracy).

141. ^ "Bento, Lucas, 'Toward An International Law of Piracy Sui Generis: How the Dual Nature of Maritime PiracyLaw Enables Piracy to Flourish' Berkeley Journal of International Law Vol.29:2 (2011)"(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682624). ssrn.com.

142. ^ Adams, C. "The Straight Dope", October 12, 2007 The Straight Dope – Fighting Ignorance Since 1973(http://www.straightdope.com/columns/071012.html)

143. ^ Bonanos, Christopher. "Did pirates really say "arrrr"? – By Christopher Bonanos – Slate Magazine"(http://www.slate.com/id/2167567/?GT1=10135). Slate.com. Retrieved December 18, 2008.

144. ^ Angus Konstam (2008) Piracy: The Complete History (http://books.google.com/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA313&dq=WEST+COUNTRY+PIRATE+ACCENT&hl=en&ei=1YeTTqmoOsGl8QPJ7NnqBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=WEST%20COUNTRY%20PIRATE%20ACCENT&f=false) P. 313. Osprey Publishing. Retrieved October 11, 2011

External links

Shearer, Ivan. Piracy (http://www.mpepil.com/sample_article?id=/epil/entries/law-9780199231690-

e1206&recno=1&), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law.Archibugi, Chiarugi. Piracy Challenges Global Governance (http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance), Open Democracy.Bowden, Anna et al. The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy(http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/documents/The_Economic_Cost_of_Piracy_Full_Report.pdf) One Earth

Future, December 2010Kontorovich, Eugene. Piracy and International Law (http://www.globallawforum.org/ViewPublication.aspx?

ArticleId=96), [Global Law Forum].Turbulent Waters in a Maritime Black Hole (http://www.hcss.nl/en/column/672/Turbulent-Waters-in-a-Maritime-Black-Hole-.html) The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, May 2008.

ONI Worldwide Threats to Shipping Reports, Weekly (http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/maritime/?epi_menuItemID=3e37041ec7a4546e36890127d32020a0&epi_menuID=e106a3b5e50edce1fec24fd73927a759&epi_baseMenuID=e106a3b5e50edce1fec24fd73927a759).IMB Piracy Reporting Center Weekly Piracy Report (http://www.icc-ccs.org/prc/piracyreport.php).

Piracy and armed robbery against ships (http://www.imo.org/dynamic/mainframe.asp?topic_id=362)(International Maritime Organization).European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation Atalanta (http://www.eunavfor.eu) The European Unionis conducting a military operation to help combat piracy in the Gulf of Aden.Piracy Studies (http://www.piracy-studies.org) An academic reference page, research blog and bibliography

on contemporary maritime piracy.Oudman, Sergei Piracy Jure Gentium & International Law (http://www.e-ir.info/?p=3290) E-InternationalRelations Paper.Pirated Spanish Galleon of La Consolación(http://www.sedwickcoins.com/shipwreck_histories/consolacion.htm) ("Isla de Muerto shipwreck") 1681.

National Geographic article on modern pirates in Malacca Straits(http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/10/malacca-strait-pirates/pirates-text).M. Biard's 1861 drawing of Pirates (http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/july/pirates.htm), published in Harper's Weekly.

ONI Worldwide Threats to Shipping Reports, Weekly (http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/maritime/?epi_menuItemID=3e37041ec7a4546e36890127d32020a0&epi_menuID=e106a3b5e50edce1fec24fd73927a759&epi_baseMenuID=e106a3b5e50edce1fec24fd73927a759).Maritime Terrorism Research Center (http://www.maritimeterrorism.com).Maritime Piracy: Implications for Maritime Energy Security (http://www.ensec.org/index.php?

option=com_content&view=article&id=180:maritime-piracy-implications-for-maritime-energy-security&catid=92:issuecontent&Itemid=341).Maritime Security & Counter-Piracy: Strategic Adaptations and Technological Options(http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=188:maritime-security-aamp-counter-piracy-stragegic-adaptation-and-technological-options&catid=94:0409content&Itemid=342).

Jameson, John Franklin.Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents at Project Gutenberg.Monday May 11, 2009, Giles Tremlett, Somali pirates guided by London intelligence team, report says@guardian.co.uk (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/11/somali-pirates-london-intelligence/print) –

Document obtained by Spanish radio station says 'well-placed informers' in constant contact by satellitetelephone

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