PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES INTERNATIONAL LAW (IL) -Traditional concept- a body of rules and principlesofactionwhicharebinding uponcivilizedstatesintheirrelations with another. -Schwarzenberger-isthebodyoflegal ruleswhichapplybetweensovereign statesandsuchotherentitiesashave been granted international personality. DIVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Lawsofpeace-governthenormal relations of states. 2.Lawsofwar-whenwarbreaksout betweenoramongsomeofthem,the relationofthesestatesceasetobe regulatedunderthelawsofpeaceand come under the laws of war.3.Lawsofneutrality-thosestatesnot involvedinthewarcontinuetobe regulatedunderthelawsofpeacein theirrelationsinterse.however,their relations with the belligerents,or those involvedinthewar,aregovernedby the laws of neutrality. INTERNATIONAL LAW V. MUNICIPAL LAW 1.Monists-Thereisnosubstantial distinctionbetweeninternationallaw and municipal law because they believe in the oneness or unity of all law 2.Dualists-whobelieveinthedichotomy ofthelaw,therearecertainwell establisheddifferencebetween international law and municipal law. MUNICIPAL LAWINTERNATIONAL LAW Issuedbya politicalsuperior forobservanceby thoseunderits authority Isnotimposed uponbutsimply adoptedbystates asacommonrule ofactionamong themselves Consists mainly of enactmentsfrom thelaw-making authority of each Derivednotfrom anyparticular legislationbut fromsourcesas international custom, international conventionsand thegeneral principles of law Regulatesthe relationsof individuals among themselvesor withtheirown states Appliestothe relations inter se of statesandother international persons Violationsofthe municipallaware redressed throughlocal administration andjudicial process Questionsof internationallaw areresolved throughstate-to-statetransactions rangingfrom peacefulmethods likenegotiations andarbitrationto thehostile arbitramentoflike reprisalsandeven war Breachesof municipallaw generallyentail onlyindividual responsibility Responsibilityof infractionof internationallawis usually collective in thesensethatit attaches directly ot thestateandnot PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO to its nationals. Itispossibleforaprincipleofmunicipallawto becomepartofinternationallaw,aswhenthe principle is embodied in a treaty or convention.TWO THEORIES AS TO MANNER OFADOPTING INTERNATIONAL LAW AS PART OF THE LAW OF THE LOCAL STATE 1.DOCTRINE OF INCORPORATION -Internationallawsareadoptedaspart ofastatesmunicipallaw,byaffirming theirrecognitionoftheprinciplesof international law in their constitutions. 2.DOCTRINE OF TRANSPORMATION -Generallyacceptedrulesof international law are not per se binding uponthestatebutmustfirstbe embodiedinlegislationenactedbythe law-makingbodyandsotransformed into municipal law. CRITERIATOBEAPPLIESINRESOLVING CONFLICTSBETWEENINTERNATIONALLAW AND MUNICIPAL LAW -Toattempttoreconciletheapparent contradiction and thereby give effect, if possible, to both systems of law. Itshouldbepresumedthatmunicipallawis alwaysenactedbyeachstatewithduerespect forandneverindefianceofthegenerally accepted principles of international law. CONSTITUTION V. TREATY Generally,thetreatyisrejectedinthelocal forum but is upheld by international tribunals as demandable obligation of the signatories under the maxim pacta sunt servanda. ThepositionofthePhilippinesregardingthis matterisclearenough.Therecanbenodoubt astothemeaningofourconstitutionwhenit authorizestheSCtodecide,amongothers,all casesinvolvingtheconstitutionalityofany treaty,internationalorexecutiveagreement, law BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Naturalist school of thought- thereis a naturalanduniversalprincipleofright andwrong,independentofanymutual intercourseorcompact,whichis supposedtobediscoveredand recognizedbyeveryindividualthrough theuseofhisreasonandhis conscience. 2.Positivists-whothatthebindingforce ofinternationallawisderivedfromthe agreementofsovereignstatestobe bound by it. 3.EclecticsorGrotians-boththelawof natureand the consentof states as the basis of international law. SANCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Beliefsharedbymanystatesinthe inherentreasonablenessof internationallawandtheircommon convictionthatitsobservancewill redoundtothewelfareofthewhole society of nations. 2.Butregardlessoftheintrinsicmeritof the rules of international law, they may stillbeobservedbystatesbecauseof thenormalhabitsofobedience ingrained in the nature of man as social being. 3.Respectfortheworldopinionheldby moststates,ortheirdesiretoproject anagreeablepublicimageinorderto PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO maintainthegoodwillandfavourable regardoftherestofthefamilyof nations. 4.Theconstantandreasonablefear, presenteveninthemostpowerful states,thatviolationofinternational lawmightvisitupontheculpritthe retaliation of other states. 5.There is the machinery of the UN which, within the sphere of its limited powers, has on many occasions proved to be an effectivedeterrenttointernational disputes caused be disregard of the law of nations. FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Toestablishpeaceandorderinthe communityofnationsandtoprevent the employment of force, including war, in all international relations 2.Itstrivesaswelltopromoteworld friendship by levelling the barriers, as of colororcreed,thathavesofar obstructedthefosteringofacloser understanding in the family of nations. 3.Toencourageandensuregreater internationalcooperationinthe solutionofcertaincommonproblems ofapolitical,economic,culturalor humanitarian character 4.Aimstoprovidefortheorderly managementoftherelationsofstates onthebasisofthesubstantiverules theyhaveagreedtoobserveas membersoftheinternational community. DISTINCTION WITH OHERS CONCEPTS 1.Internationalmoralityorethics-those principleswhichgovernstherelations ofstatesfromthehigherstandpointof conscience,morality,justiceand humanity. 2.Internationalcomity-thoserulesof courtesyobservedbystatesintheir mutual relations, in that violations of its preceptsarenotregardedas constituting grounds for legal claims. 3.Internationaldiplomacy-relatestothe objectsofnationalorinternational policy and the conduct of foreign affairs or international relations. 4.Internationaladministrativelaw-that bodyoflawsandregulations,now highly developed, created by the action ofinternationalconferenceor commissionswhichregulatethe relationsandactivitiesofnationaland internationalagencieswithrespectto those material and intellectual interests whichreceivedanauthoritative universal recognition. CHAPTER 2 SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW KINDS OF SOURCES 1.Primary/ direct sources a.Treaties/conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states b.Internationalcustoms-apractice which has grown up between states andhascometobeacceptedas bindingthemerefactofpersistent usageoveralongperiodoftime.

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO c.Generalprinciplesoflaw recognized by civilized nations- the general principles of law are mostly derivedfromthelawofnatureand observedbythemajorityofstates becausetheybelievedtobegood and just. 2.Secondary/ indirect sources a.Decisionsofcourts-art38ofthe statuteofICJdoesnotdistinguish betweenthoserenderedby internationaltribunalsandthose promulgatedonlybynational courts b.Writingofpublicists-mustalsobe, toqualifyassuch,afairand unbiasedrepresentationof internationallaw,andbyan acknowledged authority in the field. NOTE:Thedoctrineofstaredecisisisnot applicableininternationallaw,andsothe decision of a subsequent case. CHAPTER 3 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY -thebodyofjuridicalentitieswhichare governed by law of nation. -Modernconcept-itiscomposednot onlyofstatesbutalsoofsuchother international persons. SUBJECT V. OBJECT SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- is the entity thathasrightsandresponsibilitiesunderthat law. It has an international personality in that it candirectlyassertrightsandbehelddirectly responsible under the law of nations. OBJECTOFTHEINTERNATIONALLAW-isthe personorthinginrespectofwhichrightsare held and obligations assumed by the subject. STATES -Agroupofpeoplelivingtogetherina definiteterritoryunderthe independentgovernmentorganizedfor politicalendsandcapableofentering into international relations. ELEMENTS: 1.A permanent population- Human being living within its territory 2.Definedterritory-fixedportionofthe surface of the earth in which the people of the state reside 3.Government- agency through which the willofthestateisformulated, expressed and realized. 4.Sovereigntyorindependence-external aspectormanifestationofsovereignty, that is, the power of the stateto direct itsownexternalaffairswithout interferenceordictationfromother states. CLASSIFICATION OF STATES INDEPENDENT STATES onewhichisnotsubjecttodictation from others in this respecta.SimpleStates-onewhichisplaced underasingleandcentralized PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO governmentexercisingpowerover both its internal and external affairs b.CompositesStates-twoormore states,eachwithitsownseparate governmentbutboundundera centralauthorityexercising,toa greater orlessdegree,controlover their external relations. 1.Realunion-createdwhentwo ormorestatesaremerged underaunifiedauthorityso thattheyformasingle internationalpersonthrough which they act as one entity. 2.Federal union- is a combination of two or more sovereign states which upon merger cease to be states,resultinginthecreation ofanewstatewithfull internationalpersonalityto represent them in their external relationsaswellasacertain degreeofpowerovertheir domesticaffairsandtheir inhabitants. i.e. US 3.Confederation-isan organizationofstateswhich retain their internal sovereignty and,tosomedegree,their externalsovereignty,while delegatingtothecollective bodypowertorepresentthem asawholeforcertainlimited and specified purposes. 4.Personalunion-comesinto beingwhentwoormore independent states are brought togetherundertheruleofthe samemonarch,who neverthelessdoesnotbecome oneinternationalpersonsfor the purpose of representing any or all of them. 5.Incorporateunion-twoor morestatesunderacentral authorityempoweredtodirect both their external and internal affairsandpossessedofa separateinternational personality. NEUTRALIZED STATES Anindependentstate,whetheritbe simpleorcomposite,maybeneutralized throughtheagreementwithotherstatesby virtueofwhichthelatterwillguaranteeits integrityandindependenceprovideditrefrains from taking any act that will involve it in war or otherhostileactivityexceptfordefensive purposes. DEPENDENT STATES Anentitywhich,althoughtheoretically astate,doesnothavefullfreedominthe directionofitsexternalaffairs.Itfallintotwo general categories: a.Protectorate-whichisestablishedat therequestofthe weakerstatefor the protection by string power b.Suzerainty-whichisaresultofa concessionfromastatestoaformer colonythatisallowedtobe independent subject to the retention by theformersovereignofcertainpower over the external affairs of the latter. UNITED NATIONS UN is not is state or a super state but a mere organization of states, it is regarded as an international person for certain purposes. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE VATICAN CITY Theholyseehasalltheconstituentelementof statehood(people,territory:108.7acres; governmentwiththepopeashead;and independence by virtue of the Lateran Treaty of February 11,1929, which constitutes the Vatican as a territoryunder the sovereignty of theHoly See.Ithasalltherightofastate,including diplomaticintercourse,immunityfromforeign jurisdiction. COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES A colony or a dependency is part and parcel of theparentstate,throughwhichallitsexternal relationsaretransactedwithotherstates.As such,therefore,ithasnolegalstandinginthe familyofnations.Nevertheless,suchentities have been allowed on occasion to participate in their own right in international undertaking and grantedpracticallythestatusofasovereign state. MANDATES AND TRUST TERRITORIES Thesystemofmandateswasestablishedafter theWorldWarIinordertoavoidoutright annexationoftheunderdevelopedterritories takenfromthedefeatedpowersandtoplace theiradministrationundersomeformsof international supervision. Kinds of trust territories: 1.Thoseheldunderthemandateunder the league of nations 2.Thoseterritoriesdetachedfromthe defeated states after world war II 3.Thosevoluntarilyplacedunderthe systembythestatesresponsiblefor their administration. BELLIGERENT COMMUNITIES Whenaportionofthepopulationrisesupin armsagainstthelegitimategovernmentofthe states.Theupheavalisordinarilyregardedasa merelyinternalaffair,atleastduringitsinitial stages.Thestateisheldresponsibleforall injuriescauseduponthirdstates.Forthe purposeoftheconflict,andpending determination of whether or not the belligerent community should fully recognized as a state, it istreatedasaninternationalpersonsand becomesdirectlysubjectstothelawsofwar and neutrality. A inchoative state- it is vested with full rights of visitation,searchandseizureofcontraband articles on high seas, blockade and the like. INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTTATIVE BODIES Createdbyagreementamongstates maybevestedwithinternationalpersonality whentwoconditionsconcur,towit,thattheir purposesaremainlynon-political and thatthey are autonomous. Examples:internationallabor organization, food and agricultural organization, world health organization INDIVIDUALS Individualonlyasanobjectof internationallaw whocanactonlythroughthe instrumentalityofhisownstateinmatters involving others states. CHAPTER 4 THE UNITED NATIONS DelegateoffiftynationsmetattheSan Francisco conferencefromApril25,toJune26, 1945, and prepared and unanimously approved thecharteroftheUnitedNations.Thiscame into force on October 24, 1945. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE U.N. CHARTER -Is a lengthy document consisting of 111 articlesbesidesthepreambleandthe concluding provisions.-Maybeconsideredatreatybecauseit derivesitsbindingforcefromthe agreement of the parties to it. -Intendedtoapplynotonlytothe membersoftheorganizationsbutalso to non-member states so far as maybe necessaryforthemaintenanceof international peace and security. AMENDMENTS -Whentheyhavebeenadoptedbythe voteof2/3ofthemembersofthe generalassemblyandratified accordancewiththeirrespective constitutionalprocessesby2/3ofthe membersoftheU.N.,includingallthe permanentmembersoftheSecurity Council. -a GENERAL CONFERENCE maybecalled bymajorityvoteofthegeneral assemblyand any ninemembers of the securitycouncilforthepurposeof reviewingthecharter.Amendments maybeproposedbythevoteof2/3of themembersofthegeneralassembly andratifiedaccordancewiththeir respectiveconstitutionalprocessesby the2/3ofthemembersoftheU.N., including all the permanent members of the Security Council. THE PREAMBLE OF THE CHARTER -introducesthecharterandsetsthe commonintentionsthatmovedthe original members to unite their will and effortstoachievetheircommon purpose. PRINCIPAL PURPOSES OF U.N. 1.tomaintaininternationalpeaceand security 2.todevelopfriendlyrelationsamong nations 3.toachieveinternationalcooperationin solvinginternationalproblemsandin promotingandencouragingrespectfor humanrightsandfundamental freedoms. 4.Tobeacenterforharmonizingthe actionsofnationsintheattainmentof these common ends PRINCIPLES 1.Theorganizationsisbasedonthe principlesofthesovereignequalityof all its members 2.All members, in order to ensure to all of themtherightsandbenefitsresulting frommembership,shallfulfilingood faiththeobligationsassumesbythem in accordance with the present charter. 3.AllMembersshallsettletheir internationaldisputesbypeaceful meansinsuchamannerthat internationalpeaceandsecurity,and justice, are not endangered. 4.AllMembersshallrefrainintheir internationalrelationsfromthethreat oruseofforceagainsttheterritorial integrityorpoliticalindependenceof anystate,orinanyothermanner inconsistentwiththePurposeofthe United Nations. 5.AllMembersshallgivetheUnited Nationsveryassistanceinanyactionit takesinaccordancewiththepresent PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Charter,andshallrefrainfromgiving assistancetoanystateagainstwhich theUnitedNationsistakingpreventive or enforcement action. 6.TheOrganizationshallensurethat stateswhicharenotMembersofthe UnitesNationsactinaccordancewith thesePrinciplessofarasmaybe necessaryforthemaintenanceof international peace and security. 7.Nothingcontainedinthepresent ChartershallauthorizetheUnited nationstointerveneinmatterswhich areessentiallywithinthedomestic jurisdiction ofanystate orshallrequire the Members to submit such matters to settlementunderthepresentCharter; butthisprinciplesshallnotprejudice theapplicationofenforcement measure under Chapter VII MEMBERSHIP KINDS: 1.Original-thosestateswhich,having participatedintheU.Nconferenceon internationalorganizationatSan Franciscoorhavingpreviouslysigned thedeclarationbyU.NofJanuary1, 1942,signedandratifiesthecharterof the U.N. 2.Elective Thedistinctionbetweenthetwoisbasedonly on the manner of their admission and doesnot involveanydifferenceintheenjoymentof rights or the discharge of obligations. QUALIFICATIONS: 1.It must be a state 2.It must be peace-loving 3.Itmustaccepttheobligationsofthe Charter 4.Itmustbeabletocarryoutthese obligations 5.Itmustbewillingtocarryoutthese obligations ADMISSION Decisionof2/3ofthosepresentand votinginthegeneralassemblyuponthe recommendationofatleastnine(includingall thepermanent)membersoftheSecurity Council SUSPENSIONEffectedby2/3ofthosepresentand voting in the general assembly upon favourable recommendationofatleastninemembersof theSecurityCouncilincludingthepermanent members Thesuspensionmaybeliftedaloneby the Security Council, also by a qualified majority vote. Suspendedmemberswillpreventit from participating in the meeting of the general assembly or from being elected to or continuing toserveintheSecurityCouncil,theeconomic andsocialcouncilofthetrusteeshipcouncil. Nationalofthesuspendedmembers,may however,continueservingintheSecretariat andtheICJastheyregardedasinternational officialsorcivilservantsactingforthe Organization itself. EXPLUSION 2/3 vote of thosepresentand voting in the general assembly, upon recommendation of aqualifiedmajorityofthesecurityCouncil,on PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO groundsofpersistentlyviolatingtheprinciples contained in the Charter. WITHDRAWAL Noprovisiononwithdrawalfrommembership wasincludesin the Charter becauseof the fear thatitmightencouragesuccessivewithdrawals that would weaken the organization. A member might withdraw from the U.N if: 1.Theorganizationwasrevealedtobe unable to maintain peace or could do so only at the expense of law and justice 2.Themembersrightandobligationsas suchwerechangedbyacharter amendmentinwhichithadnot concurred or which it finds itself unable to accept 3.Anamendmentdulyacceptedbythe necessary majority either in the general assemblyorinageneralconferenceis not ratified. ORGANS OF THE UNITED STATES PRINCIPAL ORGANS 1.General assembly (G.A) - Consistsofallthemembersofthe organization,eachofwhichisentitled tosendnotmorethan5 representatives and 5 alternates -Each member of the G.A has one vote Functions of the General Assembly a.Deliberative-initiatingstudies andmakingrecommendations towardtheprogressive developmentofinternational lawanditscodificationand recommending measure for the peacefuladjustmentofany situation b.Supervisory-receivingand consideringannualandspecial reportsfromtheotherorgans of the U.N c.Financial-theconsideration andapprovalofthebudgetof theorganization,the apportionmentofexpenses amongitsmembersandthe approvaloffinancial arrangementswithspecialized agencies. d.Elective-theelectionofnon- permanentmembersofthe Security Council e.Constituent-admissionofthe membersandtheamendment of the Charter of the U.N 2.Security council -KeyorganoftheU.Ninthe maintenanceoftheinternalpeaceand security council-5 permanent members oChina oFrance oUnited kingdom oRussia oUnited states-10 elective members o5 African and Asian states o2 latin American states o2westernEuropeanandother states o1 eastern European states -Thenon-permanentmembersareNOT eligible for immediate re-election -Thepermanentmembersweregive preferredpositionbecauseofthe feelingthattheywerethestatesthat PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO wouldbecalledupontoprovidethe leadership and physical force that might be needed to preserve the peace of the world -Thegeographicaldistributionofnon-permanentmemberswasarecognition oftherelativeimportanceofthe affectedinthemaintenanceof international order. -Chairmanship-rotatedeverycalendar monthonabasisofEnglishalphabet order of names -YALTAFORMULA-devisedatthe crimea conference oEachmembershallhaveone vote,butthedistinctionis made between the Big Five and the non-permanent members in theresolutionofsubstantive questions oPROCEDURALMATTERSareto bedecidedbytheaffirmative voteofanynineormore members. oNON-PROCEDURALMATTERS requiretheconcurrenceofalso atleastninemembersbut includedallthepermanent members,butincludingthe permanent members. oNo members, permanent or not isallowedtovoteonquestion concerningthepacific settlementofadisputeto which it is a party. -PROCEDURALMATTERSinclude questionsrelatingtotheorganization and meeting of the security council, the establishmentofsubsidiaryorgansand theparticipationofstatespartiesin disputes in the discussion of the organ. -NON-PROCEDURALMATTERSarethose thatmayrequirethesecuritycouncil underitsresponsibilityofmaintenance orresortingworldpeacetoinvoke measures of enforcement -PERMENENTMEMBERSmaycasta VETO an thereby prevent agreement on anon-proceduralquestionevenifitis supportedbyalltheothermembersof the Security Council -PERMENENTMEMBERSmayalso exercise the so called DOUBLE VETO, by meansofwhichitcandisapproveany proposaltoconsideraquestionmerely proceduralandthereaftervoteagainst the question itself on the merits -Abstentionorabsenceofany permanentmemberinconnectionwith avotingonanon-proceduralquestion is not connection with a voting , and the proposalisdeemedadoptedif approvedbyatleastninemembersof theSecurityCouncilincludingtherest of the permanent members. -PurposeoftheYALTAFORMULAisto ensuretheunity(?)ofthepermanent membersinthemeasurestobetaken inthepursuitofitsprimaryfunctionof maintaininginternationalpeaceand security. 3.Economic and social council -Elected by G.A for 3 year terms and may be re-elected immediately -Eachmemberhasonevoteand decisionsarereachedbyamajorityof those present and voting -Organs should exert efforts toward: oHigherstandardsofliving,full employment,andconditionsof economicandsocialprogress and development PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO oSolutionsofinternational economic,socialhealthand relatedproblemsand international,culturaland educational cooperation; and oUniversalrespectforand observanceof,humanrights andfundamentalfreedomsfor allwithoutdistinctionasto race, sex language or religion. 4.Trusteeship council -Chargedwiththedutyofassistingthe SecurityCouncilandthegeneral assemblyintheadministrationofthe international trusteeship system. -Composed of : oThemembersoftheU.N administering trust territories oThe permanent members of the securitycouncilnot administering tryst territories oAsmanyothermembers electedfor3yeartermby generalassemblyasmaybe necessarytoensurethatthe totalnumberofmembersof thetrusteeshipcouncilis equallydividedbetweenthose members of the United Nations whichadministertrust territoriesandthosewhichdo not. -Eachmemberhasonevoteand decisionsarereachedbyamajorityof those present and voting -Under its authority, it may: oConsideredreportssubmitted by the administering authorities oAcceptpetitionsandexamine theminconsultationwiththe administering authorities oProvideforperiodicvisitsto trustterritoriesattimesagrees uponwiththeadministering authorities oTakesuchotheractionsin conformitywiththetermsof thequestionnaireonthe political,economic,socialand educationaladvancementof theinhabitantofthetrust territories -Trusteeshipcouncilislargelybecome obsoletewiththeconversionof practicallyalltrustterritoriesintofull-fledged miniature states. 5.International court of justice -Judicial organ of the U.N which function in accordance with the statute. -Composedof15memberswhoare electedbyabsolutemajorityintheG.A and the security council -The judges must: obe of high moral characteropossessthequalifications requiredintheirrespective countriesforappointmentto theircompetencein international law -No two of them may be nationals of the samestateandintheeventthatmore thanonenationalofthesamestate obtain the required majorities, onlythe eldest shall be considered elected -Membershaveatermof9yearsand may be re-elected. -No judge can be removed unless, in the unanimousopinionoftheother members,hehasceasedtofulfilthe required conditions. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO -Courtmayelectitspresidentandvice pres.Whoshallservefor3yearsand may be re-elected 6.Secretariat -Chief administrative organ of the U.N-Headed by SECRETARY GENERAL oChosebytheG.Aupon recommendationofthe security council oFixed 5 years term by resolution oftheG.Aandmaybere-elected oHighestrepresentativeofthe U.Nandisauthorizedtoactin itself oWhenactinginhiscapacity,he isentitlestofulldiplomatic immunities and privileges which onlythesecuritycouncilmay waive oTheimmunitiesandprivileges ofotherkeyofficialofthe united nation may be waived by the secretary generaloHisdutyistobringtothe attention of the security council may matter which in his opinion maythreateninternational peace and security oActsassecretaryinallthe meetingsoftheG.A,the securitycouncil,theeconomic andsocialcouncilandthe trusteeshipcounciland performssuchotherfunctions asmaybeassignedtohimby these organs. oHepreparesthebudgetofthe U.NforsubmissiontotheG.A, providestechnicalfacilitiesto bedifferentorgansofthe organizationandingeneral coordinatesitsvast administrative machinery -Secretarygeneralandthemembersof hisstaffareinternalofficerssolely responsible to the Organization and are prohibitedfromseekingorreceiving instruction from any government or any authority external to the U.N SECONDARYORGANS-thosewhichhavebeen createdbyorinaccordancewiththecharter suchasthemilitarystaffcommittee,the internationallawcommissionandthe commission on human rights. CHAPTER 5 THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE CREATION OF STATES -By revolution -By unification -By secession -By assertion of independence -By agreement and attainment of civilization EXTINCTION OF STATES -By extinction or emigration en masse of its population -By loss of territory -By overthrow of government resulting in anarchy PRINCIPLES OF STATE CONTINUITY -Thestatecontinuesasjuristicbeing notwithstandingchangesinits circumstances,providedonlythatthey PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO donotresultinlossofanyofits essential elements. -Thisprincipleappliedinthesapphire casewhere,afterEmperorLouis napoleonfiledadamagesuitonbehalf ofFranceinanAmericancourt,hewas deposed.Nonetheless,theactionwas notabatedandcouldcontinueupon recognitionofthedulyauthorized representativeofthenewgovernment of France. SUCCESSION OF STATES -Takesplacewhenonestateassumes therightsandsomeoftheobligations ofanotherbecauseofcertainchanges in the condition of the latter. -May be either: oUniversalsuccession-whena stateisannexedtoanother stateoristotallydismembered or merges with another state to form a new state oPartialsuccession-takeplace whenaportionoftheterritory ofthestatesoriscededto anotherorwhenan independentstatebecomesa protectorateorasuzeraintyor whenadependentstate acquires full sovereignty. CONSEQUENCES OF STATE SUCCESSION -Allegianceoftheinhabitantsofthe predecessorstateintheterritory affectedistransferredtothesuccessor state.Theyarealsonaturalizeden masse -Politicallawoftheformerare automaticallyabrogatedandmaybe restoredonlybyapositiveactonthe partofthenewsovereign.Butnon-politicallaws,suchasthosedealing withfamiliarrelations,aredeemed continuedunlesstheyarechangedby thenewsovereignorarecontraryto the institution of the successor state. -Treatiesofapoliticalandeven commercialnature,aswellastreaties ofextradition,arealsodiscontinued, exceptthosedealingwithlocalrights andduties,suchasthoseestablishing easement and servitudes. -Alltherightsofthepredecessorstate are inherited by the successor state but thisisnotsowhereliabilitiesare concerned. SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENT -Wherethegovernmentreplaces anothereitherpeacefullyorbyviolent methods.Inbothinstances,the integrity of the state is not affected; the statecontinuesasthesame international person except only that its lawful representative is changed. -Therightsofthepredecessor governmentareconcerned;theyare inheritedintoobythesuccessor government. -Wherethenewgovernmentwas organizedbyvirtueofaconstitutional reformdulyratifiedinplebiscite,the obligations of the replaced government are completely by the former. -Wherethenewgovernmentwas establishedthroughviolenceasbya revolution,itmaylawfullyrejectthe purelypersonalorpoliticalobligations of thepredecessor government butnot PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO contractedbyitintheordinarycourse of official business. CHAPTER 6RECOGNITION BASIC RULES IN RECOGNITION OS STATES -It is political actand mainly a matter of policy on the part of each state. - itisdiscretionaryonthepartofthe recognizing authority. -itisexercisedbythepolitical (executive) department of the state.-Thelegalityandwisdomofrecognition is not subject to judicial review. THEORIES ON RECOGNITION 1.Declaratory (majority view)-merely affirms the pre-existing fact that theentitybeingrecognizedalready possessthestatusofaninternational persons. -Political and discretionary 2.Constitutive (minority view) -Itislastindispensableelementthat converts or constitutesthe entity being recognized into an international person. -Mandatory and legal OBJECTS OF RECOGNITION 1.Recognition of a state- held irrevocable andimportstherecognitionofthe government 2.Recognitionofagovernment-maybe withdrawnanddoesnotnecessary signifytheexistenceofastateasthe governmentmaybethatofamere colony. 3.Recognitionofbelligerency-doesnot producethesameeffectasthe recognitionofstatesandgovernment becausetherebelsareaccorded internationalpersonalityonlyin connectionwiththehostilitiestheyare waging. KIND OF RECOGNITION 1.Express-maybeverbalorinwriting.It maybeextendedthroughaformal proclamationorannouncement,a stipulationinatreaty,aletteror telegram,orontheoccasionofan official call or conference. 2.Implied-whentherecognizingstate enters into officials intercourse with the newmemberbyexchangingdiplomatic representatives with it. Theactconstitutingrecognitionshallgivea clear indication of an intention: 1.To treat with the new state as such 2.Toacceptthenewgovernmentas havingauthoritytorepresentthestate itpurportstogovernandtomaintain diplomatic relations with it 3.Torecognizeinthecaseofinsurgent thattheyareentitledtoexercise belligerent rights RECOGNITION OF STATES -heldirrevocableandimportsthe recognition of the government EFFECTSOFTHERECOGNITIONOFTHE STATE AND GOVERNMENT PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 1.fulldiplomaticrelationsareestablished except where the government 2.therecognizedstateorgovernment acquiretherighttosueincourtsof recognizing state 3.the recognized state or government has arighttopossessionofpropertiesof predecessorintheterritoryofthe recognizing state 4.allactsoftherecognizedstateor governmentarevalidated retroactively, preventingtherecognizingstatefrom passingupontheirlegalityinitsown courts RECOGNITIONOFASTATEV. RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT -recognitionofthestatecarrieswithit recognition of the government -recognition states is irrevocable RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT -maybewithdrawnanddoesnot necessarysignifytheexistenceofa state as the government may be that of a mere colony. REQUISITES: 1.governmentisstableandeffective (objective test) 2.no substantial resistance to its authority 3.thegovernmentmustshowwillingness and ability to discharge its international obligations (subjective test) 4. governmentmustenjoypopular consent or approval of the people. KINDS OF THE DE FACTO GOVERNMENT 1.Thatwhichisestablishedbythe inhabitantswhoriseinrevoltagainst and depose the legitimate regime. 2.Thatwhichisestablishedinthecourse ofwarbytheinvadingforcesofone belligerentintheterritoryoftheother belligerent,thegovernmentof whichis also displaced. 3.Thatwhichisestablishedbythe inhabitantsofastatewhosecede therefromwithoutoverthrowingits government. LANDMARK CASE DOCTRINE 1.WILSON/ TOBAR DOCTRINE -Thisprecludesrecognitionofthe governmentestablishedbyrevolution, civilwar,coupdetatorotherformof internal violence until the freely elected representativesofthepeoplehave recognized a constitutional government 2.KELSEN DOCTRINE -Astatesviolatesinternationallawand thusinfringesupontherightsofother statesifitrecognizesasastatea communitywhichdoesnotfulfilthe requirements of international law 3.BETANCOURT DOCTRINE -This came as a reflection of Venezuelan presidentRomuloBetancourts antipathyfornon-democraticrule, whichdenieddiplomaticrecognitionto any regime, right or left, which came to power by military force. 4.LAUTERPACHT DOCTRINE -It is the recognition of an entity which is notlegallyastateiswrongbecauseit constitutesasabuseofthepowerof PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO recognition.Itacknowledgesa communitywhichisnotinlaw, independentandwhichdoesnot thereforefulfiltheessentialconditions of statehood as an independent state. It is,accordingly,arecognitionwhichan internationaltribunaldeclarenotonly to constitute a wrong but probably also to be itself invalid. 5.STIMSON DOCTRINE -Thisprecludesrecognitionofany governmentestablishedasaresultof external aggression 6.ESTRADA DOCTRINE -Thisreferstodealingornotdealing withthegovernmentestablished throughapoliticalupheavalisnota judgement on the legitimacy of the said government. RECOGNITIONDE JURE RECOGNITIONDE FACTO Relatively permanentProvisional Veststitleinthe governmenttoits properties abroad Does NOT vests title in thegovernmenttoits properties abroad Bringsaboutfull diplomatic relations Limitedtocertain juridical relations EFFECTSOFTHERECOGNITIONOFTHE STATE AND GOVERNMENT 1.fulldiplomaticrelationsareestablished except where the government 2.therecognizedstateorgovernment acquiretherighttosueincourtsof recognizing state 3.the recognized state or government has arighttopossessionofpropertiesof predecessorintheterritoryofthe recognizing state 4.allactsoftherecognizedstateor governmentarevalidated retroactively, preventingtherecognizingstatefrom passingupontheirlegalityinitsown courts RCOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY -Doesnotproducethesameeffectas therecognitionofstatesand governmentbecausetherebelsare accordedinternationalpersonalityonly inconnectionwiththehostilitiesthey are waging. CONDITIONFORRECOGNITIONOF BELLIGERENCY 1.theremustbeanorganizedcivil government directing the rebel forces 2.therebelsmustoccupyasubstantial portion of the territory of the state 3.theconflictbetweenthelegitimate governmentandtherebelsmustbe serious, making the outcome uncertain. 4.Therebelsmustbewillingandableto observe the laws of war. EFFECTS OF RECOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY 1.Responsibilityforactsofrebels resultingtoinjurytonationalsof recognizingstateshallbeshiftedto rebel government 2.Thelegitimategovernmentrecognizing therebelsasbelligerentsshallobserve lawsorcustomsofwarinconducting hostilities 3.Thirdstatesrecognizingbelligerency should maintain neutrality; 4.Recognition is onlyprovisional and only for purposes of hostilities. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO CHAPTER 7 THE RIGHT OF EXISTENCE AND SELF-DEFENSE Onceastatecomesintobeing.Itis invested with certain rights described as fundamental. Most important of these rights: oRight of existenceoSelf-defence *Itisimportantbecauseallitsotherrightsare supposed to flow or be derived from it. ThepresenceofanArmedAttackto justifytheexerciseoftherightofself-defence may be taken by a state only in thefaceofanecessityofself-defense thatisinstant,overwhelmingand leavingnochoiceofmeansandno moment for deliberation Rightmayberesortedonlyuponclean showing of a grave and actual danger to the security of the state The best defense is offense Grotius One might well argue now that the very stateofarmedpreparednessofa nuclearpowerisperseapotent,if latent. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Thepeaceoftheworldandthe securityoftheUS(hadbeen) endangeredbyreasonofthe establishmentbytheSino-Soviet powersofanOFFENSIVEMILITARY CAPABILITYin Cuba, including basesfor ballisticmissileswithapotentialrange coveringmostofNorthandSouth America. REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Nothinginthepresentcharter precludestheexistenceofregional arrangements. REGIONALARRANGEMENTSAgenciesfor dealingwithsuchmattersrelatingtothe maintenanceofinternationalpeaceand security as are appropriate for regional action. ExampleofRegionalAgency: OrganizationofAmericanStates Whose organ of consultation authorized or ratified the action taken by the US. THE BALANCE OF POWER Onereasonfortheorganizationof regionalarrangementsistoprovidefor the balance of power Anarrangementofaffairsothatno stateshallbeinapositiontohave absolutemasteryanddominionover others. Vattel AGGRESSIONUseofarmedforcebyastate against: Sovereignty Territorial Integrity Political independence of other state Firstuseofarmedforcesshall constituteprimafacieevidenceof aggression QUALIFY AS AN ACT OF AGGRESSION 1.Invasion/attackbyarmedforcesofa state of the territory of another state 2.Bombardment of armed forces 3.Theblockadeofparts/coastsofastate by the armed forces of another state 4.Attack of sea, air forces, land etc. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 5.Use of armed forces within the territory of another Statewith the agreement of thereceivingState,incontraventionof theconditionsprovidedforinthe agreementoranyextensionoftheir presenceinsuchterritorybeyondthe termination of the agreement 6.TheactionofaStateinallowingits territory,whichithasplacedatthe disposal of another State, to be used by that otherStateforperpetratinganact of aggression against a 3rd state 7.ThesendingbyoronbehalfofaState of armed force against another State of suchgravityastoamounttotheacts listedabove,oritssubstantial involvement therein. CHAPTER 8 THE RIGHT OF INDEPENDENCE SOVEREIGNTY Supreme,uncontrollablepowerinherentina state,thesupremepowerofthestateto command and enforce obedience Enablesthestatetomakeitsown decision vis--visotherstatesandvests itwithcompetencetoenterinto relation and agreements with them. 2 ASPECTS 1.INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY Power of the state to direct its domestic affairs 2.EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY The freedom ofthestatetocontrolitsownforeign affairs. oExternalsovereigntyismore oftenreferredtoas independence. NATURE OF INDEPENDENCE Freedomfromcontrolbyanyother stateorgroupofstatesandnot freedomfromtherestrictionsthatare bindingonallstatesformingthefamily of nations. Mustsubmittolimitations, independenceofastateisofnecessity restricted. INTERVENTION State must abstain from intervention. It expectsitsindependencetobe respectedbyotherstates,sotoomust itbepreparedtorespecttheirown independence. Rightsofindependencecarrieswithit duty of non-intervention. 2INSTANCESWHENTHEUSEOFFORCEIS ALLOWED UNDER THE CHARTER OF THE UN: 1.Whensuchactionisagreeduponina treaty 2.Whenrequestedfromsisterstatesor from the UN Recenteventshavecalledforare-examination of the law on intervention, especiallywhereinterventionisbased on humanitarian grounds Revoltedby theinhumaneplightofthe innocentvictims,theUNsenta contingentofmilitarytroopsfrom several countries, primarily the US. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE DRAGO DOCTRINE Thecontractingpowersagreenotto haverecoursetoarmedforceforthe recovery of contract debts claimed from thegovernmentofonecountrybythe governmentofanothercountryas being due to its nationals. CHAPTER 9: THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY Art.2ofCharteroftheUN:The organization is based on the principle of thesovereignequalityofallits members. Statesarejuridicallyequal,enjoythe samerights, andhaveequalcapacityin their exercise. The rights of each one do notdependuponthepowerwhichit possessestoassureitsexercise,but uponthesimplefactofitsexistenceas a person under international law. ESSENCE OF EQUALITY Doesnotsignifyparityinphysical power,politicalinfluenceoreconomic status or prestige Equalitydoesnotevenrequireequality in the number of rights AlltherightsofaState,regardlessof theirnumber,mustbeobservedand respected AllStates,bigorsmallhaveanequal righttotheenjoymentofalltheir respective attributes as members of the family of nations Allmembers ofUNhaveeachonevote intheGeneralAssembly,allvotes havingequalweightandaregenerally eligibleforpositionsinthevarious organs of the UN Parinparemnonhabetimperium Even the strongest state cannot assume jurisdictionoveranotherstate,no matter how weak etc.. LEGAL EQUALITY VS. FACTUAL INEQUALITY Notallstateshaveequal eligibilitywith regardtoelectivemembershipofthe Security Council 5ofthemmustbeelectedfromthe AfricanandAsianstatesandonly1can come from the Eastern European State. InGeneralAssembly,all membershave onvoteregardlessofthenumberof people they separately represent.CHAPTER 9 THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY Art.2ofCharteroftheUNThe organization is based on the principle of thesovereignequalityofallits members Statesarejuridicallyequal,enjoythe samerights,andhaveequalcapacityin their exercise. The rights of each one do notdependuponthepowerwhichit possessestoassureitsexercise,but uponthesimplefactofitsexistenceas a person under international law. ESSENCE OF EQUALITY Doesnotsignifyparityinphysical power,politicalinfluenceoreconomics status or prestige Equalitydoesnotevenrequireequality in the number of rights. PRINCIPLE:Alltherightsofastate, regardlessoftheirnumber,mustbe observed and respected PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Allstates,bigorsmallhaveanequal righttotheenjoymentofalltheir respective attributes as members of the family of nations. Allmembers ofUNhaveeachonevote intheGeneralAssembly,allvotes havingequalweight,andaregenerally eligibleforpositionsinthevarious organs of the UN Parinparennonhabetimperium even the strongest state cannot assume jurisdictionoveranotherstate,no matter how wake etc.. LEGAL EQUALITY VS. FACTUAL INEQUALITY Notallstateshaveequaleligibility with regard to elective membership of the Security Council5 of them must be elected from the AfricanandAsianstatesandonly1 cancomefromtheEastern European State. CHAPTER 10 TERRITORY TERRITORY Fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the state. Mustbepermanentandindicatedwith precision Bigenoughtoprovidefortheneedsof thepopulationbutnotbesoextensive astobedifficulttoadminister/defend from external aggression. ThePhilippinesiscommittedtothe renunciationofthewarforterritorial aggrandizement but like other states,is not precluded from acquiring additional territoriesthroughanyofthemethods permitted under the law of nations. ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF TERRITORY Territory may be acquired by: Discovery Occupation Subjugation Prescription Cession Accretion Territory may be lost by: Abandonment Dereliction Cession Revolution Subjugation Prescription Erosion Naturalcauses DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION Originalmodeoftheacquisitionby whichterritorynotbelongingtoany state is placed under the sovereignty of the discovering state. Territory need not be to be uninhabited provideditcanbeestablishedthatthe nativesarenotsufficientcivilizedand canbeconsideredaspossessingnot rightsofsovereigntybutonlyrightsof habitation Openseasandouterspacearenot susceptibletodiscoveryand occupation. 2REQUISITESOFAVALIDDISCOVERYAND OCCUPATION 1.Possession PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 2.Administration Possessionmustbeclaimedonbehalf ofthestate.Beeffectedthrougha formalproclamationandthesymbolic actofraisingthenationalflaginthe territory. Mere possession will not suffice INCHOATE TITLE OF DISCOVERY Performsthefunctionofbarringother statesfromenteringtheterritoryuntil thelapseofaperiodwithinwhichthe discoveringstatemayestablishas settlementthereonandcommenceto administer it. ISLAND OF PALMAS CASE Discoveryalone,withoutany subsequentact,cannotatthepresent timesufficetoprovesovereigntyof Island of Palmas. Aninchoatetitlecouldnotprevailover thecontinuousandpeacefuldisplayof authoritybyanotherstateforsuch displaymayprevailevenoveraprior, definitivetitleputforwardbyanother state. CLIPPERTONE ISLAND CASE TitlewasdeemedacquiredbyFrance overanislandithadformallyclaimed buthadneveradministered.He proclaimedanddeclaredthatthe sovereignty of the said island beginning fromthatdatebelongedinperpetuity to his majesty. If a territory, by virtue of the fact that it wascompletelyuninhabited,fromthe firstmomentwhenthe occupyingstate makesitsappearancethere,atthe absoluteandundisputedpossessionof thatState,fromthatmomentthe takingofpossessionisconsidered accomplishedandtheoccupationis formally completed. DERELICTIONTerritoryislostbydereliction whenthestateexercisingsovereigntyoverit physicallywithdrawsfromitwiththeintention of abandoning it altogether. conditions must concur: 1.Acts of withdrawal 2.Intention to abandon PRESCRIPTIONPrescriptionininternational lawrequireslongcontinuedandadverse possessiontovestacquisitivetitleinthe claimant. CESSIONMethodbywhichterritoryis transferredfromonestatetoanotherby agreementbetweenthem.Acquisitionof territorybycessionisusuallyeffectedbysuch familiar transactions as sale, donation, barter or exchange,andevenbytestamentary disposition. Examples are the purchase by the US of AlaskafromRussiain1867,thegiftby Austria of Lombardy to France in 1859 SUBJUGATIONTerritoryisdeemedacquired bysubjugationwhen,havingbeenpreviously conqueredoroccupiedinthecourseofwarby theenemy,itisformallyannexedtoitatthe end of that war. Conquestaloneconfersonlyan inchoaterightontheoccupyingstate; itistheformalactofannexationthat completes the acquisition. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO ACCRETION Mode of acquiring territory based ontheprinciple ofaccessioncedatprincipali.It isaccomplishedthroughbothnaturalor artificialprocesses,asbythegradualand imperceptibledepositofsoilonthecoastsof the country through the action of the water or, moreeffectively,byreclamationprojectslike those undertaken in Manila Bat and the polders of Holland. COMPONENT OF TERRITORY 1.Terrestrial domain 2.Maritime domain 3.Fluvial domain 4.Aerial domain THE TERRESTRIAL DOMAIN Land mass THE MARITIME AND FLUVIAL DOMAIN Bodiesofwaterwithinthelandmass andthewatersadjacenttothecoasts of the state up to a specified limit. RIVERS MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO: 1.National Rivers situated completely in the territory of one state 2.Multi-nationalRiversFlowthrough the territories of several states 3.InternationalRiversisnavigablefrom theopenseaandisopentotheuseof vessels from all states 4.BoundaryRiversdividedthe territories of the riparian states THALWEGDOCTRINEIntheabsenceofa specificagreementbetweensuchstates, theboundarylineislaidontheriver.That is,onthecenter,notoftheriveritself,but of its main channel. BAYSWell-markedindentationwhose penetrationisinsuchproportiontothewidth of its mouth as t contain land-locked waters and constitutemorethanamerecurvatureofthe coast. THE TERRITORIAL SEA Belt of waters adjacent to the coasts of the state, excluding the internal watersinbaysandgulfs,overwhichthestate claims sovereignty and jurisdiction THE UN Conference on the Law of the Sea 3internationalconferenceshavebeen called to formulate a new of the sea. The1stconferencewasheldin1958at Geneva,Switzerland,andresultedin theadoptionoftheConventiononthe TerritorialSeaandtheContiguous Zone, the Convention on the High Seas, andtheConvention ontheFishingand theLivingResourcesoftheHighSeas, and the Convention on the Continental Shelf. ThenewConventionprovidesamong othersforauniformbreadthof12 milesfortheterritorialsea,a contiguouszoneof12milesfromthe outerlimitsoftheterritorialsea,and aneconomiczoneorpatrimonialsea extending200milesfromthelow-water mark of the coastal state. THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL SEA TheclaimofthePhilippinestoits territorialseawasbasedonhistoric rightortitleorasitoftencalled,the TREATY LIMITS THEORY. ThenewConventionontheLawofthe Seanowlimitsourterritorialsea12 milesfromthelowwatermarkofour coasts, as in the case of other states. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO METHODS OF DEFINING THE TERRITORIAL SEA 1.NORMALBASELINEMETHODThe territorialseaissimplydrawnfromthe low-watermarkofthecoast,tothe breadthclaimed,followingits sinuosities and curvatures but excluding the internal waters in bays and gulfs. 2.STRAIGHT BASELINE METHOD Straight linesaremadetoconnectappropriate pointsonthecoastwithoutdeparting radically from its general direction. FISHERIES CASE UnitedKingdomquestionedtheuseby Norway of the straight baseline method defining its territorial waters. THE AERIAL DOMAIN Theairspaceabovetheterrestrial domainandthemaritimeandfluvial domainofthestate,toanunlimited altitude but not including outer space. CHAPTER 11 JURISDICTION JURISDICTIONAuthorityexercisedbyastate overpersonsandthingswithinorsometimes outsideitsterritory,subjecttocertain exceptions. JURISDICTION IS CLASSIFIED AS: 1.Personal 2.Territorial JURISDICTIONMAYBEEXERCISEDBYASTATE OVER: 1.Its nationals 2.Terrestrial domain 3.Maritime and fluvial domain 4.Continental shelf 5.Open seas 6.Aerial domain 7.Outer space 8.Other territories PERSONALJURISDICTIONPowerexercisedby a state over its nationals. Based on theory that a national is entitled to the protection of his state whereverhemaybeandis(Doctrineof indelible allegiance) JOYCE VS. DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECTIONDefendantLordHawHaw,challenged hisconvictioninGreatBritainforhigh treason,contendingthathewasnota Britishsubject.Itappearedthathehad livedinthecountryfor18yearsand misrepresentedhimselfasitsnational forthepurposeofobtainingaBritish passportthatenabledhimtogoto Germanywherehewasbroadcastanti-Allied propaganda.oAlthoughnotaBritishsubject, hehasbyhisownact maintainedthebondwhich whilehewaswithintherealm bound him to his Sovereign TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION Gen. Rule: state has jurisdiction over all persons and property within its territory STATECANNOTEXERCISEJURISDICTIONEVEN WITHIN ITS OWN TERRITORY OVER: 1.Foreignstates,headsofstates, diplomaticrepresentatives,andconsuls to a certain degree. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 2.Foreignstateproperty:embassies, consulates,andpublicvesselsengaged in non-commercial activities 3.Acts of state oUNDERHILLVS.HERNANDEZ Everysovereignstateisbound torespecttheindependenceof everyothersovereignstate, andthecourtsofonecountry will notsitin judgement on the actsofthegovernmentof another,donewithinitsown territory. 4.Foreign merchant vessels exercising the rightsofinnocentpassageorarrival under stress. oINNOCENTPASSAGE Navigationthroughthe territorialseaofastateforthe purposeoftraversingthatsea w/oenteringinternalwaters etc.aslongasitisnot prejudicialtothepeace,good orderorsecurityofthecoastal sea. oARRIVALUNDERSTRESS Involuntaryentrancemaybe duetolackofprovisions, unseaworthinessofthevessel, inclementweather,orother casesofforcemajeure,like pursuit by pirates. 5.Foreignarmiespassingthroughor stationedinitsterritorieswithits permission. 6.Suchotherpersonsorproperty, includingorganizationsliketheUN,by agreement, waive jurisdiction. LAND JURSIDICTION Everythingfoundwithintheterrestrial domainofthestateisunderits jurisdiction. Nationalsandaliens,includingnon-residents, are bound by its laws. Thelocalstatehasexclusivetitletoall property within its territory. MARITIME AND FLUVIAL JURISDICTION Internalwatersofastateare assimilatedtothelandmassand subjectedtothesamedegreeof jurisdictionexercisedoverthe terrestrial domain. Civil,criminalandadministrative jurisdiction is exercised by the flag state overitspublicvesselswhereverthey may be, provided they are not engaged in commerce. THE SCHOONER EXCHANGE VS. MCFADDON National ships of war entering the port ofafriendlypoweropenfortheir receptionaretobeconsideredas exempted by the consent of that power from its jurisdiction ENGLISHRULEThecoastalstateshallhave jurisdictionoveralloffensescommittedon boardsuchvessels,exceptonlywheretheydo not compromise the peace of the port. FRENCH RULE Flag state shall have jurisdiction overalloffensescommittedonboardsuch vessels, except only where the compromise the peace of the port. ANTONI CASEMurderofaFrenchmanbyanother Frenchman on board a French merchant PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO vessel in a Mexican port did not disturb the peace of the port. WINDENHUS CASE ThemurderofaBelgianbyanother BelgianonboardaBelgianmerchant steamerintheportofNewJerseywas ofsuchanatureastodisturb tranquillity and public order on shore or in the port OurownSChasheldthattheEnglish rule is applicable in this country. Itistherightofthecoastalstateto enforceallitslawstothefullextentin its territorial waters. U.S.S. PUEBLOINCIDENT An American vessel was seized and its crew interned by North Korea forallegedinfringementofitsterritorial waters. ARCHIPELAGICSEALANESWatersoverwhich foreign ships will have the right of passage as if they were open seas. A foreign vessel need not goaroundourinternalwatersbutmayuse thesearchipelagicsealanesinnegotiatingthe distancefromonepointoftheopenseato another. THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE In a zone of the high seas contiguous to itsterritorialsea,thecoastalstatemay exercisethecontrolto:a)prevent infringementofitscustoms,fiscal, immigrationorsanitaryregulations withinitsterritoryorterritorialsea.B) Punishinfringementoftheabove regulationswithinitsterritoryor territorial sea. Contiguouszone,maynot,however, extendmorethan12milesfromthe coast of the state 1982CONVENTIONONTHELAWOD THE SEA Contiguous zone also extends 12miles,butfromtheouterlimitsof the territorial sea. THE CONTINENTAL SHELF a)Totheseabedandsubsoilofsimilar areas adjacent to the coasts if islands Thecoastalstatehasthesovereign righttoexplorethecontinentalshelf and to exploit its natural resources. It may erect on it such installations and equipment as may be necessary. THE PATRIMONIAL SEA Theexclusiveeconomiczoneorthe patrimonialseaextends200nautical milesfromthecoastorthebaselines. All living and non-living resources found therein belong exclusively to the coastal state. OPEN SEAS Availabletotheuseofallstatesfor purposesofnavigation,flyingover them,layingsubmarinecablesor fishing.Intimesofwar,hostilitiesmay be waged on the open seas. THE LOTUS CASE AcollisionoccurredonthehighseasbetweenaFrench vessel Lotus and a Turkish vessel Boz-Kourt. The Boz-Kourt sankandkilledeightTurkishnationalsonboardthe Turkish vessel. The 10 survivors of the Boz-Kourt (including itscaptain)weretaken toTurkeyonboardtheLotus.In Turkey,theofficeronwatchoftheLotus(Demons),and thecaptainoftheTurkishshipwerecharged with PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO manslaughter.Demons,aFrenchnational,was sentenced to80daysofimprisonmentandafine.The Frenchgovernmentprotested,demandingthereleaseof DemonsorthetransferofhiscasetotheFrenchCourts. TurkeyandFranceagreedtoreferthisdisputeonthe jurisdiction to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ). HELD:ThefirstprincipleoftheLotuscasesaidthat jurisdictionisterritorial:AStatecannotexerciseits jurisdiction outsideitsterritory unlessitaninternational treatyorcustomarylawpermitsit todoso.Thisiswhat we called the first Lotus Principle. ASTATEMAYEXERCISEJURISDICTIONONTHE OPEN SEAS IN THE FOLLOWING INSTANCES: 1.Over its vessels 2.Over pirates 3.Intheexerciseoftherightofvisitand search 4.Under the doctrine of hot suits AERIAL JURISDICTION Theconsensusappearstobethatthe localstatehasjurisdictionoverthe airspaceaboveittoanunlimited height,oratthemostuptowhere outer space begins. 5 AIR FREEDOMS 1.Thefreedomtoflyacrossforeign territory without landing 2.Thefreedomtolandfornon-traffic purposes 3.Thefreedomtoputdowntraffic originating in the state of the aircraft 4.The freedom to embark traffic destined for the state of the aircraft 5.The freedom to embark traffic destined forortoputdowntrafficoriginatingin a 3rd state. CONVENTIONONOFFENSESANDCERTAIN OTHER ACTS COMMITTED ON BOARD AIRCRAFT Itisthestateofregistrationoftheaircraft thathasjurisdictionoveroffensesandacts committed onboardwhileitisinflightorover thehighseasoranyotherareaoutsidethe territory of any state OUTER SPACE Outerspace,ortheregionbeyondthe earthsatmosphere,isnotsubjectto the jurisdiction of any state. Outerspaceshallbefreefor explorationandusebyallstates without discrimination of any kind. Astronautsshallberegardedasenvoys of mankind. CHAPTER 12 THE RIGHT OF LEGATION THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF LEGATIONOneofthemosteffectivewaysof facilitatingandpromotingintercourse among states. Donethroughactiverightofreceiving them,statesareabletodealmore directlyandcloselywitheachotherin theimprovementofthemutual interests. AGENTS OF DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE Diplomaticrelationsarenormally conductedthroughtheheadofstate, theforeignsecretaryorministerand the members of the diplomatic service. Headofstatemayalsoappointspecial diplomaticagentschargedwithspecific ceremonial or political duties. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO ENVOYCEREMONIALSenttoattendstate functions like a coronation or a jubilee ENVOY POLITICAL Commissioned to negotiate withaparticularstateortoparticipateinan international conference or congress. HEAD OF STATERepresents the sovereignty of his state He is entitled to certain immunities and honours befitting his status MIGHELLVS.SULTANOFJOHORESuitwas broughtforbreachofapromisetomarry allegedlymadebythedefendantwehad represented himself as a private individual. The action wasdismissed when herevealed his real identity as head of an independent state. THE FOREIGN SECRETARY Immediaterepresentativeofthehead of state and directly under his control. Hecanmakebindingdeclarationson behalf of his state on any matter falling within his authority The foreign secretary is also the head of theforeignofficeandhasdirectionof allambassadorsandotherdiplomatic representatives of his government. DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS Towhomtheregularorday-to-day conductofinternationalaffairsis entrusted. Whoareaccreditedbythesending stateasitspermanentenvoysto represent it in the states with which it is maintaining diplomatic relations THEHEADSOFTHESEDIPLOMATICMISSIONS ARECLASSIFIEDASFOLLOWSBYTHE CONVENTIONONDIPLOMATICRELATIONS, WHICH WAS SIGNED AT VIENNA IN 1961: 1.Ambassadors 2.Envoys 3.Charges daffaires DIPLOMATICCORPSBodyconsistingofthe differentdiplomaticrepresentativeswhohave beenaccreditedtothesamelocalreceiving state.Thediplomaticcorpsdoesnotpossess any legal powers or attributes. Functions of Diplomatic Missions: 1. Representing sending state in receiving state 2.Protectinginreceivingstateinterestsof sending state and its nationals 3.Negotiatingwithgovernmentofreceiving state 4. Promoting friendly relations between sending andreceivingstatesanddevelopingtheir economic, cultural and scientific relations 5.Ascertainingbyalllawfulmeansconditions anddevelopmentsinreceivingstateand reportingthereontogovernmentofsending state 6.Insomecases,representingfriendly governments at their request CONDUCT OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION Thediplomaticagent mustexercisethe utmostdiscretionandtact,takingcare alwaystopreservethegoodwillofthe sendingstateandtoavoidinterference with its internal affairs. Hismissionisalsounderno circumstancetobeusedforespionage, thedisseminationofpropaganda againstthereceivingstate,or subversion of its government. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES Hisprivilegesandimmunitiesare necessarytogivetheenvoythefullest freedomorlatitudeintheexerciseof his official functions. PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY The envoy is regarded as sacrosanct and isentitledtothespecialprotectionof his person, honor and liberty. DIPLOMATICCONVENTION:The personofadiplomaticagentshallbe inviolable.Heshallnotbeliabletoany formofarrestordetention.The receivingstateshalltreathimwithdue respectandshalltakeallappropriate stepstopreventanyattackonhis person, freedom or dignity Theenvoycannotcomplainifheis injuredbecausehehimselfcausedthe initial aggression. Thelocalauthoritiesmayalso,in exceptionalcases,layhandsonhimif hehascommittedanactofviolence anditisnecessarytoplacehimin preventive restraint. IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION Diplomatic agent shall be immune from thecivil,criminalandadministrative jurisdiction of the receiving state except in a few specified cases. HESHALLALSOENJOYIMMUNITYFROMITS CIVILANDADMINISTRATIVEJURISDICTION, EXCEPT IN THE CASE OF: a.Arealactionrelatingtoprivate immovablepropertysituatedinthe territoryofthereceivingstate,unless heholdsitonbehalfofthesending state for the purposes of the mission. b.Anactionrelatingtosuccessionin whichthediplomaticagentisinvolved asexecutor,administrator,heiror legateeasaprivatepersonandnoton behalf of the sending state. c.An action relating to any professional or commercialactivityexercisedbythe diplomaticagentinthereceivingstate outside his official functions. Immunityfromjurisdictionmaybe waived expressly by the sending state WHO VS. AQUINO Diplomaticimmunityisessentiallyapolitical questionandcourtsshouldrefusetolook beyondadeterminationbytheexecutive branchofthegovernment,andwheretheplea ofdiplomaticimmunityisrecognizedand affirmedbytheexecutivebranchofthe governmentasinthecaseatbar,itis thenthe dutyofthecourtstoaccepttheclaimof immunityuponappropriatesuggestionbythe principallawofficerofthegovernment,the SolicitorGeneralinthiscase,orotherofficer acting under his direction. INVIOLABILITY OF DIPLOMATIC PREMISES Thepremisesofthemissionshallbe inviolable.Theagentsofthereceiving statemaynotenterthemexceptwith the consent of the head of mission. INVIOLABILITY OF ARCHIVES Thereceivingstatehasnorighttopry into the official papers and records of a foreign diplomatic mission. thearchivesanddocumentsofthe missionshallbeinviolableatanytime and wherever they may be INVIOLABILITY OF COMMUNICATION PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Thereceivingstateshallpermitand protect free communication on the part ofthemissionforallofficialpurposes. In communicating with the government andothermissionsandconsulatesof thesendingstate,whereversituated, the mission may employ all appropriate meansincludingdiplomaticcouriers and messages in code or cipher. EXEMPTION FROM TESTIMONIAL DUTIES Adiplomaticagentisnotobligedto give evidence as a witness Heisnotprohibitedbyinternational lawfromdoingsoandmaywaivethis privilegewhenauthorizedbyhis government. TheDutchenvoytoWashington invokedthisright1856whenhe rejectedarequesttotestifyin connectionwithahomicidecommitted inhispresenceandfor theprosecution of which his testimony we necessary. EXEMPTIONS FROM TAXATION Alsofromsocialsecurityrequirements under certain conditions. Personalbaggageisalsofreefrom inspectionunlessthereareserious ground THE DIPLOMATIC SUITE OR RETINUE Immunitiesandprivilegesareavailable notonlyto the head of missionand his family but also to the other members of the diplomatic retinue, albeit not in the same degree. DURATION Everypersonentitledtodiplomatic privilegesandimmunitiesshallenjoy themfromthemomentheentersthe territoryofthereceivingstateon proceedingtotakeuphispostor,if alreadythere,fromthemomenthis appointmentisnotifiedtotheforeign ministry. When his functions haveto cometo an end,hisprivilegesandimmunitiesshall normally cease from moment heleaves the country or on expiry of a reasonable time in which to do so, but shall subsist untilsuchtimeevenincaseofarmed conflict. Intheexerciseofhisofficialfunctions, immunityshallcontinueindefinitelyas itissupposedtohaveattachedtohim personallybuttothestatehewas representing TERMINATION OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION Usualmethodsofterminatingofficial relations:death,resignation,removal, abolitionoftheoffice,etc.theseare governed by municipal law. ThemoreimportantmodesareRECALL and DISMISSAL RECALL May demanded by the receiving state whentheforeigndiplomatbecomespersona non grata to it for any person. DISMISSALTheoffendingdiplomatissimply asked to leave the country. Theoutbreakofwarbetweenthe sending and receiving states terminates their diplomatic relations. Asforthechangeofthegovt., diplomatic relations are not disturbed if thechangeispeacefulbutmaybe PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO suspendedwhereitiseffectedby means of violence CHAPTER 13 CONSULS *CONSULSstateagentsresidingabroadfor variouspurposesbutmainlyintheinterestof COMMERCE and NAVIGATION *Consulsarenotchargedwiththedutyof representing their states in political matters nor are they accredited to the state where they are supposed to discharge their functions *consulsdonotordinarilyenjoyallthe traditional diplomatic immunities and privileges although they are to a certain extent entitled to special treatment under the law of nations Kinds and Grades *CONSULES MISSI professional or career consuls who are nationals of the appointing state and are required to devote their full time to the discharge of their consular duties *CONSULES ELECTI may or may not be nationals of the appointing state and perform their consular functions only in addition to their regular callings Appointment Consuls derive their authority from two principal sources: *LETTER PATENT / LETTRE DE PROVISION commission issued by the sending state *EXEQUATUR authority given to them by the receiving state to exercise their duties therein 8consuls are public officers not only of the sending state but of the receiving state as well and are governed by the laws of both *states may refuse to receive consuls and to withhold the exequatur from them without explanation Functions *commerce and navigation *issuance of passports and visas *duties of protection of nationals *PRINCIPALDUTYOFCONSULS:promotethe commercialinterestsoftheircountryinthe receivingstateandtoobservethecommercial trendsanddevelopmentsthereinforreportto their home government *alsoperformdutiesrelatingtonavigation visitingandinspectingvesselsoftheirown stateswhichmaybeintheconsulardistrict; exercisingameasureofsupervisionoversuch vessels;adjustingmatterspertainingtotheir internal order and discipline Immunities and Privileges *consulshavearightto officialcommunication andmaycorrespondwiththeirhome governmentorotherofficialbodiesbyany meansincludingcipherorcodewithoutbeing subjectedtocensorshiporunreasonable restraint.However,thisrightmayberestricted whenever itis exercised to the prejudice of the receiving state *Consuls enjoy the inviolability of their archives, whichmaynotbeexaminedorseizedbythe receivingstateunderanycircumstance,nor maytheirproductionortestimonyconcerning thembecompelledinofficialproceedings.But thisimmunitydoesnotextendtotheconsular premisesthemselves,wherethelegalprocess maybeservedandarrestsmadewithout violationofinternationallaw,exceptonlyin thatpartwhereconsularworkisbeing performed *consular officesmayevenbeexpropriatedfor purposes of national defense or public utility *criminaloffenses:consulsareexemptfrom local jurisdiction for crimes committedby them in the discharge of their official functions. Other offenses:fullysubjecttolocallawandmaybe arrested,prosecutedandpunishedinproper proceedings PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *consulsarenotprosecutedformminor offensesand,whenarrested,aregiven adequate opportunity to secure their release on bail at the earliest possible time *civilsuits:institutedagainstconsulspersonal orprivatecapacitybutnotinmatters connected with their official duties *consuls are generally exempted from taxation, customduties,serviceinthemilitia,andsocial security rules and are privileged to display their nationalflagandinsigniaintheconsulate althoughtheseconcessionsareconsidered non-essential to the proper discharge of their official duties *theseimmunitiesandprivilegesarealso availabletothemembersoftheconsularpost, theirrespectivefamilies,andtheprivatestaff. Waiver may in general bemadeby the sending state. Termination of Consular Mission *removal, resignation, death, expiration of term *theexequaturmayalsobewithdrawnbythe receivingstate,eitheroftheappointingor receiving state may be extinguished or war may break out between them. *intheeventofwar,theconsulateisclosed andthearchivesaresealedandleftinthe custodyofacaretakerusuallyaconsulfroma neutral state. *theconsulfromthebelligerentstateis allowedtodepartforhisowncountryassoon aspossibleandwithoutunnecessary molestation CHAPTER 14 TREATIES TREATYformalagreement,usuallybutnot necessarilyinwriting,whichisenteredintoby statesorentitiespossessingthetreaty-making capacityforthepurposeofregulatingtheir mutual relations under the law of nations. *an executive agreement is NOT a treaty Functions of Treaties 1.Treatiesenablepartiestosettlefinally actual and potential conflicts 2.Treatiesmakepossiblefortheparties tomodifytherulesofinternational customarylawbymeansofoptional principle or standards 3.Theymayleadtoatransformationof unorganizedinternationalsocietyinto onewhichmaybeorganizedonany chosen level of social integration 4.They providethe humus for the growth of international customary law Essential Requisites of a Valid Treaty 1.Enteredintobypartieswiththetreaty-making capacity 2.Throughtheirauthorized representatives 3.Withouttheattendanceofduress, fraud, mistake, or other vice of consent 4.On any lawful subject-matter 5.Inaccordancewiththeirrespective constitutional processes Treaty-making process NEGOTIATION, SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, AND EXCHANGEOFTHEINSTRUMENTSOF RATIFICATION NEGOTIATIONoneofthepartiestosubmita draftoftheproposedtreatywhich,together withthecounter-proposals,becomesthebasis of the subsequent negotiations.*undertaken directly by the head of the stateorassignsthistasktohisauthorized representatives *ifandwhenthenegotiatorsfinallydecideon the terms of the treaty, the same is opened for SIGNATURE.*signaturemeansofauthenticating theinstrumentandforthepurposeof symbolizing the good faith of the parties; butit does not indicate the final consent of the state *thedocumentisordinarilysignedin accordancewiththealternat,thatis,eachof theseveralnegotiatorsisallowedtosignfirst onthecopywhichhewillbringhometohis own state PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO RATIFICATIONformalactbywhichastate confirmsandacceptstheprovisionsofatreaty concluded by its representatives. *Purpose; enable the contracting states toexaminethetreatymorecloselyandtogive them an opportunity to refuse to be bound by it should they find it inimical to their interests *EXCHANGEOFTHEINSTRUMENTSOF RATIFICATIONsignifiestheeffectivityofthe treatyunlessadifferentdatehasbeenagreed upon by the parties Binding Effect of Treaties *Atreatyisbindingonlyonthecontracting parties,includingnotonlytheoriginal signatoriesbutalsootherstateswhich, although they may nothaveparticipated in the negotiationoftheagreement,havebeen allowedbythetermstosignitlaterbya process known as ACCESSION *Instanceswhen3rdstatesmaybevalidlyheld totheobservanceoforbenefitfromthe provisions of a treaty. *treatymaybemerelyaformal expressionofcustomaryinternationallaw whichisenforceableonallcivilizedstates becauseoftheirmembershipinthefamilyof nations *forthemaintenanceofinternational peace and security *partiestoapparentlyunrelated treatiesmayalsobelinkedbythemost-favored-nationclause,underwhicha contractingstateentitledtomost-favored-nation treatment from the other may claim the benefits extended by the latter to another state in a separate agreement Observance of Treaties *Fundamentalrulesofinternationallawis PACTASUNTSERVANDA,whichrequiresthe performance in good faith of treaty obligations *partiesmustcomplywiththeircommitments underatreatyandcannotignoreormodifyits provisionswithouttheconsentoftheother signatories *atreatyengagementisnotameremoral obligationbutcreatesalegallybinding obligation *treatiesreallylimitofrestrictthe absolutenessofsovereignty.Bytheirvoluntary act,nationsmaysurrendersomeaspectsof theirstatepowersinexchangeforgreater benefitsgrantedbyorderivedfroma convention or pact * the sovereignty of a state therefore cannot in fact and in realitybe considered absolute * restrictions:1.limitationsimposedbythevery nature of membership in the family of nations 2.limitationsimposedbytreaty stipulations *DOCTRINEOFREBUSSICSTANTIBUS constitutesanattempttoformulatealegal principlewhichwouldjustifynonperformance ofatreatyobligationiftheconditionswith relationtowhichthepartiescontractedhave changedsomateriallyandsounexpectedlyas tocreateasituationinwhichtheexactionof performance would be unreasonable. *Limitations: 1.appliesonlytotreatiesofindefinite duration 2.thevitalchangemusthavebeen unforeseenorunforeseeableandshouldnot havebeencausedbythepartyinvokingthe doctrine 3.thedoctrinemustbeinvokedwithin a reasonable time 4.itcannotoperateretroactivelyupon theprovisionsofthetreatyalreadyexecuted prior to the change of circumstances Treaty Interpretation *Thebasicruleintheinterpretationoftreaties istogiveeffecttotheintentionoftheparties. Thisshouldbediscoverableinthetermsof the treaty itself *theusual canons of statutory construction are employed in the interpretation of treaties *readinthelightofthewhole instrumentandespeciallyforthepurposesof the treaty PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *wordsusedaregiventheirnatural meaning unless a technical sense was intended, and* when they have different meanings in thecontractingstates,shouldbeinterpretedin accordancewiththeusageofthestatewhere they are supposed to take effect * doubts should be resolved against the impositionofobligationsandinfavoroftheof the freedom and sovereignty of the contracting parties *conflictsintreatyinterpretationsbe resolved only by agreement of the parties Termination of Treaties 1.Expiration of the term2.Accomplishment of the purpose 3.Impossibility of performance 4.Loss of the subject-matter 5.Desistance of the parties 6.Novation 7.Extinctionofoneofthepartiesifthe treaty is bipartite 8.Vital change of the circumstances under the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus 9.Outbreak of war between the parties 10.Voidanceofthetreatybecauseof defects in its conclusion CHAPTER 15 NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS *individualismerelyanobjectandnota subjectofinternationallawandisthusnot directly governed by its rules *NATIONALITY tiethat binds an individual to hisstate,fromwhichhecanclaimprotection andwhoselawsheisobligedtoobey. Nationalityismembershipinapolitical communitywithallitsconcomitantrightsand obligations *CITIZENSHIPappliesonlytocertain members of the state accorded more privileges thantherestofthepeoplewhoalsooweit allegiance *SUBJECTparticularreferencetothe nationals of monarchical regimes Acquisition of naturality * By BIRTH or By NATURALIZATION *anindividualacquiresthenationalityofthe statewhereheisborn(jussoli)orthe nationality of his parents (jure sanguinis)*NATURALIZATIONprocessbywhicha foreigneracquires,voluntarilyorbyoperation of law, the nationality of another state *DIRECT NATURALIZATION:a.byindividualproceedings,usually judicial under general naturalization laws b. by special act of the legislaturec.bycollectivechangeofnationalityas a result of cession or subjugation d.adoptionoforphanminorsas nationals of the state where they are born * DERIVATIVE NATURALIZATION: a.onthewifeofthenaturalized husband b.ontheminorchildrenofthe naturalized parent c. on the alien woman upon marriage to a national * on our own laws, an alien woman married to a Filipinoshallacquirehiscitizenshiponlyifshe herself might be lawfully naturalized Multiple Nationality *DOCTRINEOFINDELIBLEALLEGIANCEan individualmaybecompelledtoretainhis original nationality notwithstanding that hehas already renounced or forfeited it under the laws ofasecondstatewhosenationalityhehas acquired *astatemayallowanyofitsnationalsto remainassuchevenifhemayhaveacquired another nationality as where he is conferred an honorary citizenship by a foreign government Loss of Nationality *voluntary methods renunciation, expressor implied,andrequestforrelease,bothofwhich usuallyprecedetheacquisitionofanew nationality * involuntary methods forfeiture as a result of somedisqualificationorprohibitedactlie enlistmentinaforeignarmyorlongcontinued residence in a foreign state,and substitution of PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO onenationalityforanotherfollowingachange of sovereignty Statelessness *statelessnessistheconditionorstatusofan individualwhoisbornwithoutanynationality or who loses his nationality without retaining or acquiring another * individual is powerless to assert any right that otherwisewouldbeavailabletohimunder internationallaw.*Anyinjurytotheindividualbyaforeign jurisdiction is not a violation of his own right but oftherightofthestatetotheprotection ofits nationals;therighttocomplainbelongsnotto him but to the state of which he is a national. CHAPTER 16 TREATMENT OF ALIENS *everystatehastheright,asinherentin sovereigntyandessentialtoitsownsecurity andexistence,todetermineinwhatcasesand underwhatconditionsforeignersmaybe admitted to its territory *onceitdecidestoacceptthem,its competenceasterritorialsoveriegnaslimited bytherequirementthattheybetreatedjustly, in accordance with the law of nations *thealiencanotasaruleclaimapreferred position vis-a-vis the national of the state where he is at best only a guest * the foreigner may not enjoy the right to vote, torunforpublicoffice,toexploitnatural resourcesortoengageincertainbusinesses regardedasvitaltotheinterestsofthelocal state *theforeignermustaccepttheinstitutionsof the local state * state is not an insurerof the life or property of the alien, whe he is within its territory *theforeignerisexpectedtotakethe customary precautions for the protection of his ownrightsandtoavailhimselfoftheusual remedies when these rights are violated THE DOCTRINE OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY *instanceswhenanaliencanclaimamore favoredpositionthanthenationalofthelocal stateandholdthestateliableforinjuries committed against him while within its territory * a state may be held responsible for: a. international deliquency b. directly or indirectly imputable to it c. which causesinjuryto thenatonal of another state *liabiltywillattachtothestatewhereits treatmentofalienfallsbelowtheinternational standardofjusticeorwgereitremissin accordinghimtheprotectionorredressthatis warranted by the circumstances *FUNCTION:assurethetravelerthatwhenhis rights are violated in a foreign state, he will not be denied any remedy simply because he is not one of its nationals *encouragemoreintercourseamong thepeoplesoftheworldthroughinter-visitation of their respective countries THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF JUSTICE PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *Standardofthreasonablestate,thatis,as referringtotheordinarynormsofofficial conduct observed in civilized jurisdictions. *DOCTRINEOFEQUALITYOFTREATMENT wherethelawsofstatefallbelowthe internationalstandardofjustice,itisno defensethattheyareapplicablenotinlyto aliensbutaswell,andequally,tothenationals of that state. The relations of that state with ots ownnationalsarepurelymunicipal; international law is involved in its relations with the nationals of other states.FAILURE OF PROTECTION OR REDRESS *statemaybeheldliableifitdoesnotmake reasonable efforts to prevent injury to the alien or,havingdonesounsuccesfully,failstorepair such injury.* degree of diligence required *responsibilitydoesnotimmediatelyattachto the state upon a showing of a failure to prevent or redress an injury to aliens * distinction must be made between direct and inirect state responsibility a. wherethe imternational delinquency wascommittedbysuperiorgovernment officialsororgans,liabilitywillattach immediately as their acts may not be effectively preventedorreversedundertheconstitution and laws of the state b.wheretheoffenseiscommittedby inferiorgovernmentofficialsor,moreso,by privateindividuals,thestatewillbeheldliable onlyif,byreasonofitsindifferencein preventing or pushing it, it can be considered to have conived in effect in its commission EXHAUSTION OF LOCAL REMEDIES *theliabilityofthestateforaninternational delinquency, its enforcemnet cannot be claimed by the injured foreigner unless, he first exhausts all available local remedies for the protection or vindication of his rights *statemustbegivenanopportunitytodo justiceinitsownregularwayandwithout unwarrantedinterferencewithitssovereignty by other states *thisrequirementmaybedispensedwith, however,iftherearenoremediestoexhaust, aswherethelawsareintrinsicallydefectiveor thereislaxityorarbitrarinessintheir enforcement or where the courts are corrupt or wherethereisnoadeqautemachineryforthe administration of justice *therewouldbeNOremedyavailablefrom actsofstatewhicharenotsubjecttojudicial review RESORT TO DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION *iftheinjuredforeignerhasexhaustedallthe localremediesbutwithoutsuccess,hemay then avail himself of the assistance of his states butonlyifhehasastate.Otherwise,hewill havenopartytorepresenthim,andheby himself,beingamereindividual,cannot institute his claim in his own name.*anyinjurytoanalienisaviolationnotofhis own personal rght but of the right of his state to hacve its nationals protected but of the right of hisstatetohaveitsnationalsprotected whenever they are in a foreign country*wheretheinjuredalienisstateless,hiscase willbeoneofDANNUMABSQUEINJURIAand cannot be subject of diplomatic protectionPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *tieofnationalityrequiredtoexistfromthe timeoftheinjuryuntilthetimethe internationalclaimisfinallysettled.Oncethe tieisbroken,theclaimitselfisdeemed automaticallyabated.If,theinjurednational dieswhilethe claimisunderconsiderationand it should happen that his hers are not nationals of the claimant state, the claim will lapse ENFORCEMENT OF CLAIM *aninternationalclaimfordamagesmaybe resolved through negotiation or, if this fails, any of the other methods of settling disputes*intheeventthattheresponsibilityofthe stateisestablishedoracknowledged,theduty tomakereaparationwillarise.Suchreparation maytaketheformofRESTITUTIONor SATISFACTION or COMPENSATION. AVOIDANCE OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY * to avoid the intervention of the alien's state in contracts,thelocalstatesometimes incorporatesthereinwhatisknownasthe CALVO CLAUSE *CalvoClausestipulationbywhich thealienwaivesorrestrictshisrighttoappeal tohisownstateinconnectionwithanyclaim arisingfromthecontractandagreestolimit himselftotheremediesavailableunderthe laws of the local state. *calvoclausemaybeenforcedasa lawfulconditionofthecontract.However, may not be interpreted to deprive the alien's state of therighttoprotectorvindicatehisinterestsin casetheyareinjuredinanotherstateassuch waivercanlegallybemadenotbyhimbutby his own state EXCLUSION OF ALIENS *thestatemayalsoavoidliabilitytoaliensby refusingtheiradmission,butthisisnot regarded as sound policy since it would provoke retaliationinkindandultimatelyisolateits nationalsfromtherestoftheinternational community *DEPORTATION:theremovalofan alienoutofthecountry,simplybecausehis presence is deemed inconsistent with the public welfareandwithoutanypunishmentbeing imposedorcontemplated,eitherunderthe lawsofthecountryoutofwhichheissent,or under those of the country to which he is taken * EXCLUSION: denial of entry to an alien DEPORTATIONEXTRADITION Unilateralactifthe local state Effectedatthe request of the state of origin Basedoncauses arisinginthelocal state Basedonoffenses generallycommitted in the state of originUndesirablealienmay bedeported toastate otherthanhisownor the state of origin Callsforthereturnof thefugitivetothe state of origin Basis of Extradition *The extradition of a person is required onlyif thereisatreatybetweenthestateofrefuge and the state of origin *intheabsenceofatreatylocalstatehas everyrighttograntasylumtothefugitiveand to refuseto deliverhim backto the latter state even if he is a national PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Fundamental Principles of Extradtition 1.extraditionisbasedontheconsentofthe state of asylum 2.Principleofspecialtyafugitivewhois extraditedmaybetriedonlyforthecrime specifiedintherequestforextraditionand included in the list of offenses in the extradition treaty 3. any person may be extradited 4. political and religious offenders are generally not subject to extradition 5.intheabsenceofaspecialagreement,the offensemusthavebeencommittedwithinthe territoryoragainsttheinterestsofthe demanding state 6. Rule of double criminality- the actfor which theextradition is sought must be punishable in both the requestingand requested states Procedure of Extradition *ifthesurrenderofafugitiveissought,a request for his extradition is presented through diplomatic channels to the state of refuge *thisrequestwillbeaccompaniedbythe necessarypapersrelativetotheidentityofthe wantedpersonandthecrimeheisallegedto havecommittedorofwhichhehasalready been convicted *uponreceiptofrequest,thestateofrefuge will conducta judicial investigation to ascertain if the crime is covered by the extradition treaty andifthereisaprimafaciecaseagainstthe fugitive according to its own laws CHAPTER 17 SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES *DISPUTEexistswhenonestateclaimsthat anotherstateshouldhavebehaveinacertain manner and that claim is rejected by the latter *actualdisagreementbetweenstates regardingtheconducttobetakenbyoneof themfortheprotectionorvindicationofthe interests of the other * SITUATION initial stage of a dispute * Dispute is LEGAL involves a justiciable rights based on law or fact susceptible of adjudication by a judicial or arbitral tribunal.*Disputeis POLITICAL if it cannotbedecided bylegalprocessesonthebasisofthe substantiverulesofinternationallawbecause thedifferencesofthepartiesspringfrom animosities in their mutual attitudes rather than from an antagonism of legal rights *thesolution tosuchadisputesliesnotinthe councilsofthecourtsbutinthecorridorsof diplomacy Methods of settling disputes *disputesarerequiredtobesettled, conformably to one of the basic principle of the UN,bypeacefulmeansinsuchamannerthat international peace and security, and justice are not endangered Amicable Methods 1. Negotiation generally the first step taken in the settlement of an international dispute is the discussionundertakenbytheparties themselvesoftheirrespectiveclaimsand PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO counterclaimswithaviewtotheirjustand orderly adjustment. *wherethetalksprosperand agreement is reached, it is usually formalized in atreatyormoredirectlyeffectedthroughthe rectification of the injury caused to the claimant state 2.Inquiryinvestigationofthepointsin question, on the theory that their education will contributetothesolutionofthedifferences between the parties. 3. Good Offices method by which a third party attemptstobringthedisputingstatestogether in order to enable them to discuss the issues in contention and arrive at an agreement 4.Mediationthirdpartydoesnotmerely providetheopportunityfortheantagoniststo negotiatebutalsoactivelyparticipatesintheir discussions in order to reconcile their conflicting claims and appease their feelings of resentment 5.Conciliationactiveparticipationofathird partyintheattemptofthedisputantstosettle theirconflict,andtherecommendationsmade by it are likewise not binding. 6.Arbitrationsolutionofadisputebyan impartialthirdparty,usuallyatribunalcreated bythepartiesthemselvesunderacharter known as the COMPROMIS 7.JudicialSettlementthenatureofits proceedingsandthebindingcharacterofthe decisionsbutalsointhefactthatthedisputes submitted for adjudication are legal rather than political ARBITRATIONJUDICIAL SETTLEMENT Arbitraltribunalisan adhocbodycreated andfilledbythe partiestothedispute themselves Judicialtribunalisa pre-existingand permanent bodySubmissionto arbitration is voluntary Jurisdiction- compulsary Arbitration proceedings - limited The law applied by the tribunalinjudicial settlementis independentofthe will of the parties * the jurisdiction of the court is not compulsory but dependent on the agreement of the parties to submit to and be bound by its decisions. Such consentmaybemanifestedinatreaty containingwhatiscalledthecompromissary clause 8.ACTIONBYREGIONALORGANIZATIONS resortedtobythepartiesattheirownvolition or taken by the body itself at its own instance if allowed by agreement of the members Hostile Methods 1. INTERVENTION 2.RETORSIONSretaliationwheretheacts complainedofdonotconstitutealegalground ofoffensebutareratherinthenatureof unfriendlyactsbutindirectlyhurtfultoother states 3.REPRISALSactofself-helponthepartof theinjuredstate,respondingafteran unsatisfieddemandtoactcontraryto PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO internationallawonthepartoftheoffending state*theyaimtoimposeontheoffending state reparation for the offense or the return to legality in avoidance of new offenses *Common forms of reprisals 1. display of force 2. occupation of territory 3. pacific blockade The United Nations *Unitednationsmaybeaskedormaydecide onitsownauthoritytotakeahandinits settlement. * the security councilshall have the jurisdiction to intervene in; a.alldisputesaffectinginternational peace and securityb.alldisputeswhich,havebeen submitted to it by the parties for settlement * such disputes may be brought to it by:a.thesecuritycouncil,onitsown motion b. the general assembly c. any member of the united nations d. the secretary general e.