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Pierre AUGER Observatory. Jan Ridky Institute of Physics AS CR [email protected]. For Pierre Auger collaboration. Mission of Pierre Auger Observatory :. astro-particle physics. spectrum sources anisotropy acceleration composition ……. spectrum interactions X-section s ( p-Air ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pierre AUGER Observatory
Jan RidkyInstitute of Physics AS CR
For Pierre Auger collaboration
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 2
astro-particle physics
• spectrum• sources• anisotropy• acceleration• composition• ……
Mission of Pierre Auger Observatory:
• spectrum• interactions• X-sections (p-Air )• acceleration• neutrinos• ….
• spectrum & MC
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 3
Energy spectrum (a one-century quest!)
1 part/m2/s
Limit forsatellites
knee:1 part/m2/year
32 o
rders
of
magnit
ude!
12 orders of magnitude!
ankle : 1 part/km2/century!
Is there any end?
What kind of end if any?
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 4
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 5
The Auger Collaboration
15+2 Countries 60+ Institutions 350+ Scientists
Argentina Netherlands
Australia Poland
Bolivia(*) Portugal
Brazil Slovenia
Czech Republic Spain
France United Kingdom
Germany USA
Italy Vietnam(*)
Mexico (*) Associate countries
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 6
Pierre Auger Observatory
1 600 detectors 3 000 km2 area1.5 km spacing
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 7
Pierre Auger Observatory
Hybrid detector
combined virtues ofsurface detector andfluorescence detector
2 independent measurements • cross-calibration• energy and directions• composition
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 8
4 stations with 24 fluorescence telescopes- each station 180° field of view
CLF
LOMA AMARILLA
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 9
Pierre Auger observatory - FD
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 10
Pierre Auger observatory - FDFD = fluorescence detector
mirror: R = 3440 mmarea: 3,6 x 3,6 m2
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 11
Observatoř Pierra Augera - SDPierre Auger observatory - SD
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 12
communication antenna
electronics enclosure solar panels
battery box
3 – nine inchphotomultipliertubes
plastic tank with 12 tons of water … 12 m3
GPS antenna
white diffusion liner
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 13
1285 tanks deployed … as of February 23/07
1256 with water
1155 with electronics
1600 tanks in total…beginning of2008
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 14
Auger today
exposition ~ 5000 km2 y srin total ~ 5·105 events104 above 3·1018 eV – fully efficient SD(combined FD + SD …. energy ~ > 3·1017 eV)
photon limit
GC anisotropy
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 15
Energy reconstruction (zenith < 60 deg)
“MC free” as much as possible
SD measurement calibrated by FD energy
…SD measures S(1000) = signal 1000 m from center - choice of “1000” based on MC . . LDF is measured ! !
…FD – calorimetric measurement of energy - invisible energy estimated by MC
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 16
Energy . . . . reconstruction
energy reconstruction – S(1000) defined as LDF value 1000 m from impact of shower axis . . . . why 1000 ?
p Fe
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 17
signal unit ~ 1 VEM
vertical equivalent muon
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 18
Energy . . . . reconstruction
uncertainty of S(1000) due to signal fluctuation
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 19
Energy . . . . reconstructionS(1000) of p and S(1000) of Fe …
fluctuations
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 20
FD versus SDattenuationS(1000) -> S38(1000)
M. Roth, M. Unger, …
Constant Intensity Cut
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 21
Pierre Auger observatory - FDFD can see up to 25 - 30 kmlaser calibration, atmosphere monitoring, . . .
stereo events -Čerenkov subtraction
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 22
FD ….. fluorescence yieldexperiment AIRFLY . . .
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 23
X – differences to US-Std. in III/05
Atmospheric monitoringAtmospheric monitoring
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 24
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 25
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 26
reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction
check of MC
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 27
Events
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 28
Events
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 29
Lateral Distribution Function Fit
Surface Array view
Core distance (m)
Tan
k s
ign
a l (
VE
M)
Wed Mar 3 15:05:09 2004Easting = 477567 ± 21 m
Northing = 6084561 ± 25 mdt = 92.0 ns
Theta = 63.5 ± 0.1 degPhi = 72.1 ± 0.1/sin(Theta) deg
R = 24.2 ± 0.8 km
S(1000) = 86.46 ± 2.69 VEME = 59.44 EeV ± 3%
(stat. error only)PRELIMINARY
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 30
PRELIMINARY analysis shows
zenith angle 64º, energy 59 EeV
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 31
reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction
check of MC
not enough muons !!!
Muons . . .
direct – fromheavy flavours
indirect – mainly from, K decays
Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004
Typical high multiplicity event
RUN 107634, EVT 4731
Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 34
Events . . . . even more inclined one
B
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 35
Conclusions:
• Auger – South close to completion (early 2008)
• the technical parameters of PAO will allow unprecedented measurements in terms of statistics (area) energy (size of SD) pointing (FD angular resolution < 1 deg) composition (good atmospheric monitoring) precision (hybrid approach)
• valuable contribution to HEP . . . . in synergy with LHC – MC tuning
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 36
supporting slides
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 37
3 PMTs XP1805d1 Photonis read-out• last dynode – 1 FADC• anode – 1 FADC
40 MHz15 bits dynamic range (5 bits overlap)
most frequent signals are those of atmosphericmuons . . . . . . they are used for monitoring and calibration
~ 1 ÷ 1000 particles/μs
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 38
Trigger T3. . . events
timing of signals(to beat accidentals)
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 39
Trigger T3. . . events
timing of signals(to beat accidentals)
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 40
Trigger T3. . . events
~ 0.02 Hz
T3 triggers
• 3ToT . . efficient trigger ~ 90% selected events mostly ‘vertical’ showers
• 4-fold coincidence of tanks within 6 km - essential for horizontal showers, more noisy
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 41
Trigger T3. . . events
- 3ToT - 4C1
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 42
Triggering events
trigger probability of a single tank - measured by a pair of close tanks
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 43
Triggering events
- Threshold or ToT
- Threshold only
1018 eV
1020 eV
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 44
T3 0 : 30 : 98% for 1 : 3 : 10 EeV zenith angle < 45°
Triggering events
LTP and LDF deduced from experiment by means of close tanks
NKG formula
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 45
Events
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 46
Events
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 47
Events
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 48
Events . . . . reconstructionuncertainty of S(1000) due to core location
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 49
Events . . . . reconstructionuncertainty of S(1000) due to missing tank
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 50
Events . . . . reconstruction
uncertainty of S(1000) due to: • statistical uncertainties at S(1000) ~ 30 VEM this corresponds to ~ 5·1018 eV are ~ 10%• due to LDF form < 4%• due to shower to shower fluctuations ≤ 10%• event sampling (missing tank ≤ 10%)
at ~ 3·1018 eV the surface array fully efficient-trigger efficiency, pressure & temperature dependence
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 51
1.5 km
1.5 km
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 52
Pierre Auger observatory - FD
diaphragm
filter 300 - 400 nm
mirror
fail-safe curtain
camera - 20 x 22photomultipliers 2,6”
Saturated event
… we have 6 such cases
Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 54
Photon limit
Lake Tahoe, 27.2.2007 J. Ridky, C2CR07 55
Photon limit