PIANO FRAMEWORK · PIANO FRAMEWORK: PRE-INSTRUMENTAL 5 MUSICAL CONCEPTS RHYTHM MELODY STRUCTURE Pulse & Meter • Feeling the pulse • Making the pulse conscious • Recognising

PIANO FRAMEWORK 2017 Edition

2017 V.2 EDITION 2

INTRODUCTIONTHE PIANO FRAMEWORK ©

The Piano Framework© provides a comprehensive overview of the many different and often overlapping elements that learning the piano involves.

There are 8 different levels that go from Pre-Instrumental to Advanced level (equating to Grade 8 of UK graded exam system). • Pre Instrumental • Beginners • Early Elementary • Elementary • Late Elementary/Early Intermediate • Intermediate • Late Intermediate • Advanced

Each level is divided into 4 sections: • Musical Concepts - the underlying musical concepts that are common to learning any musical instrument • Technical Skills - the nuts, bolts and physical aspects to playing the piano • Pianistic Skills/Musical Concepts - the point where playing the piano is deeply rooted in musical understanding • Style and Interpretation - matters of style, genre, interpretation and in the Advanced level performance practice

The four sections should be used concurrently.

The Piano Framework© is still in development but we hope you will enjoy this latest edition that goes all the way up to Advanced level for the first time.

The Piano Framework© has been developed by The Curious Piano Teachers in collaboration with Graham Fitch.

CONTENTS

The Piano Framework - Level: Pre-Instrumental ................................. 4

The Piano Framework - Level: Beginners ............................................ 6

The Piano Framework - Level: Early Elementary ............................... 10

The Piano Framework - Level: Elementary ........................................ 15

The Piano Framework - Level: Elementary | Early Intermediate ...... 20

The Piano Framework - Level: Intermediate ..................................... 25

The Piano Framework - Level: Late Intermediate ............................. 30

The Piano Framework - Level: Advanced .......................................... 36

THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Pre-Instrumental

PIANO FRAMEWORK: PRE-INSTRUMENTAL 5

MUSICAL CONCEPTSRHYTHM

MELODY

STRUCTURE

Pulse & Meter • Feeling the pulse • Making the pulse conscious • Recognising the beat moving faster | slower

Singing | Pitch | Inner Hearing • Finding and using the singing voice • Showing higher and lower pitches using gesture • Recognising pitch as moving higher | lower • Singing songs with two pitches: soh | mi • Singing songs with three pitches: lah | soh | mi • Singing songs with three pitches: mi | ray | doh • Singing songs with five pitches: lah | soh | mi | ray | doh

Phrases • Recognising the start and end of phrases • Counting the number of phrases in a song

Rhythm Values | Simple • Distinguishing between pulse and rhythm • Aurally identifying two sounds to one pulse • Labelling quarter note and eighth note rhythms using rhythm language (ta and teh-teh, or rhythm words) • Using notation to represent rhythm

Time Signatures • Feeling and labelling the strong beat • Identifying aurally different metres: 2 | 3 | 4 • Labelling bars and barlines

1

7

10

2

6

THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Beginners

PIANO FRAMEWORK: BEGINNERS 7


MELODY

STRUCTURE

Pulse & Meter Feeling and labelling the strong beat in a metre of 2 | 3 | 4

Rhythm Values | Simple

Rhythm Values | Compound

Triplets | Duplets

Dots | Ties

Time Signatures • 2/4 • 3/4 • 4/4

1

2

3

4

5

6

Phrases Start and end

Devices

Structural Repeat sign

10

11

12

Intervals • Moving by step • Moving by skip

Keys | Key Signatures

Pitch Notation • Fixed pitch • Alphabet strings on C | G | F • Mini staff • Notes on lines and in spaces • Grand staff • G clef • F clef • Landmark notes | treble G bass F | middle C

8

9

7


TECHNICAL SKILLSTECHNIQUE

KEYBOARD GEOGRAPHY

Posture | body awareness • Balanced and comfortable sitting position • Moving across the keyboard with freedom and ease • Relaxed and comfortable hand shape

Keyboard Orientation | Referential • Keyboard layout • Repeated patterns • Names of white notes

Keyboard Orientation | Absolute

Fingering • Using finger numbers • Developing finger independence • Playing in a basic hand position (5 finger) hands separately

Co-ordination • Rhythmical playing when passing from hand to hand • Playing two notes (a 5th) in one hand

Tone Quality | Sound Production • Playing with a clear and focussed sound • Using simple dynamic contrasts

Articulation Non-legato

Scales

Arpeggio | Broken Chords

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15

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PIANISTIC SKILLS

STYLISTIC

PIANISTIC SKILLS | MUSICAL CONCEPTS

STYLISTIC

HARMONY

Terms and signs Forte [f] | Piano [p]

Baroque

Classical

Romantic

20th Century

21st Century

Listening to a variety of music from different styles and periods and recognising known musical features such as louder/quieter, faster/slower and higher/lower

Triads

Phrases The start and end of phrases

Chords

Tempo Faster | slower

Cadences

Pedal Exploring the effects of both pedals

Chord Progression

Ornaments

Textures Exploring piano sounds

Timbres Exploring piano sounds

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THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Early Elementary

PIANO FRAMEWORK: EARLY ELEMENTARY 11


MELODY

STRUCTURE

Pulse & Meter Metrical counting



Triplets | Duplets

Dots | Ties | ties

Time Signatures

Intervals • Half steps • Whole steps • Melodic and harmonic intervals up to 5th

Devices • Drones • Ostinato

Keys | Key Signatures Sense of tonic | home note | doh on C | G | F

Structural • Simple repeated patterns • Labelling phrases • Q & A

Pitch Notation • Alphabet strings on C | G | F • Sharps | flats

Phrases Same and different

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10



KEYBOARD GEOGRAPHY

Posture | body awareness • Freedom in the arms and shoulders • Relaxed wrist • Drop roll • Arm weight

Keyboard Orientation | Referential Finding all the white notes with reference to Alphabet strings on C | G | F

Keyboard Orientation | Absolute Finding all notes by touch only in Alphabet strings on C | G | F

Fingering • Hands crossing • Beyond a single hand position

Co-ordination • Playing hands together in 5 finger position • Co-ordinating when playing hands together

Tone Quality | Sound Production • Passing melodies between hands with tonal control

Articulation • Legato | staccato • Accents >

Scales Pentachords F | G | C | Am | Dm

Arpeggio | Broken Chords

Other Scales

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PIANISTIC SKILLSPIANISTIC SKILLS | MUSICAL CONCEPTS

HARMONY

Terms and signs mf | mp

Triads Triad of C | G

Phrases • Melodic journeys • Slurs

Chords • Home and away | tonic and dominant • I in C (easy position) • V7 in C (easy position)

Tempo • Allegro • Andante • Moderato • The pause

Pedal Exploring the effects of both pedals

Ornaments

Textures Exploring piano sounds

Timbres Exploring piano sounds

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Cadences

Chord Progression

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STYLISTICSTYLISTIC

Baroque

Classical

Romantic Developing an awareness of famous composers | Chopin

20th Century Developing an awareness of famous composers | Debussy

21st Century

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THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Elementary

PIANO FRAMEWORK: ELEMENTARY 16


Pulse & Meter

Rhythm Values | Simple • Syncopation • Upbeats

1

2

MELODY

STRUCTURE


Triplets | Duplets

Dots | Ties

Time Signatures • 3/8 • 2/2

Intervals Melodic and harmonic intervals up to octave

Keys | Key Signatures • Round the keys in tetrachords • Major | minor

Pitch Notation • Alphabet strings starting on D & A • Naturals • Ledger lines | 1 above and below the staff

Phrases Same and different

Devices Riffs

Structural • AB • ABA

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4

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12



Posture | body awareness • Balanced body and forearm • Wrist rotation • Moderately free and rapid movement across the piano

Fingering • Thumb movement • Extended hand position including extensions between fingers • Fingering patterns for C and G scales • Fingering patterns for F scale

13

KEYBOARD GEOGRAPHY

Keyboard Orientation | Referential Finding all notes with reference to Alphabet strings on D A

Keyboard Orientation | Absolute Finding all notes by touch only in Alphabet strings on D A

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22

14

Co-ordination • Increased rhythmical playing when passing from hand to hand

15

Tone Quality | Sound Production • Developing greater control over changes in dynamics • Shaping short melodic phrases

Articulation • Using different articulation between the hands • Tenuto

Scales • Major and minor scales | hands separately | 1 octave | up to and including 1 sharp and 1 flat • Hands together C major 1 octave • Contrary motion on C

Arpeggio | Broken Chords • Broken chords pattern 1 • Hands separately • Major C G F • Minor A D

Other Scales

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PIANISTIC SKILLSEXPRESSIVE

HARMONY

Terms and signs • Crescendo • Diminuendo

Triads Primary triads [I, IV, V7] in - C - G - F

Phrases

Tempo • Allegretto • Ritenuto • Accelerando • A tempo

Pedal Direct pedalling

Ornaments

Textures Changing textures

Timbres

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Chords IV in C | G | F31

Cadences

Chord Progression I, IV, V7 in - C - G - F

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STYLISTICSTYLISTIC

Baroque Developing an awareness of famous composers | Bach

Classical Developing an awareness of famous composers | Beethoven

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Romantic

20th Century

21st Century

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THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Elementary | Early Intermediate

PIANO FRAMEWORK: ELEMENTARY | EARLY INTERMEDIATE 21


Pulse & Meter


patterns

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2

MELODY

STRUCTURE

Intervals • Major and minor 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 • Perfect 4 | 5 | 8

Keys | Key Signatures Up to and including: • Major | D, B flat • Minor | E, B. G

Pitch Notation • Up to and including 2 ledger lines above and below the staff • Alphabet strings for new keys

Phrases Labelling phrases

Devices Repetition | imitation

Structural 1st and 2nd time bars

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12

Triplets | Duplets

Dots | Ties

Time Signatures 6/8

4

5

6

Rhythm Values | Compound patterns • Compound rests

3



Posture | body awareness Balanced and comfortable sitting position that ensures flexibility when playing hands together

Fingering • Extended hand positions | no larger than 1 octave • Connecting different hand positions by passing the thumb • Appropriate fingering for scales, arpeggios and chords

13

KEYBOARD GEOGRAPHY

Keyboard Orientation | Referential Playing triads in root position

Keyboard Orientation | Absolute Playing triads in root position

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22

14

Co-ordination • Rhythmical playing when passing from hand to hand at a variety of tempi • Playing with some independence of the hands, including different articulation between the hands • Major and minor chords, hands separately and together

15

Tone Quality | Sound Production Playing with a clear, focussed sound using a larger range of dynamics

Articulation Two note slurs

Scales • Major and minor scales | hands separately and together | 2 octaves | up to and including 2 sharps and flats • Contrary motion scales | C E major

Arpeggio | Broken Chords • Major and minor arpeggios | hands separately and together | 2 octaves | up to and including 2 sharps and flats • Broken chords | hands separately | C F G major | D E A minor

Other Scales • Chromatic | hands separately | starting on D 1 octave • Blues scale

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Terms and signs • ff | pp | fp | sf • Dolce • Tenuto • Poco a Poco • Cantabile

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HARMONY

Triads • The triad vocab in root position • Primary triads with inversions • Playing primary triads in A minor and D minor

Phrases Shaping and defining phrases

Tempo • Metronome marks • Andantino • Lento • Vivace

Pedal Direct pedalling | legato pedalling

Ornaments

Textures Alberti bass | imitation

Timbres Piano sounds and colours

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24

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Chords Chord symbols (C | G7 etc)31

Cadences Finished | Unfinished | Perfect | Imperfect

Chord Progression 12 bar blues

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STYLISTICSTYLISTIC

Baroque The Minuet | Bach | Handel

Classical Sonatina | Clementi | Attwood

Romantic Telling stories

20th Century • Kabalevsky • Bartok

21st Century • Graphic notation • New sounds

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THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Intermediate

PIANO FRAMEWORK: INTERMEDIATE 26


Pulse & Meter

Rhythm Values | Simple • Breves

Rhythm Values | Compound beat beat

1

2

3

MELODY

STRUCTURE

Intervals Augmented and diminished

Keys | Key Signatures Up to and including: • Major | E, A flat • Minor | C sharp, F

Pitch Notation • Double sharps | double flats • Graphic notation • C clef [alto]

Phrases Building phrases

Devices Motifs

Structural • Binary • Ternary

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10

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12

Triplets | Duplets Other triplets

Dots | Ties

Time Signatures • 9|8 • 12|8 • 12|4 • 6|16

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Posture | body awareness Economy of movement when tackling fast passages, scales, arpeggios, chords

Fingering • Connecting different hand positions by passing the thumb with greater fluency • Use of consistent fingering in tricky passages

13

KEYBOARD GEOGRAPHY

Keyboard Orientation | Referential


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22

14

Co-ordination • Rhythmic playing when passing from hand to hand at a variety of tempi including hand crossing • More independence of articulations between hands and within one hand

15

Tone Quality | Sound Production Voicing the top note of a chord

Articulation Different articulation between the hands and within one hand

Scales Up to and including • Major | E, A flat • Minor | C sharp, F

Arpeggio | Broken Chords Up to and including: • Major | E, A flat • Minor | C sharp, F

Other Scales Grand (Russian) scale

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HARMONY

Terms and signs sfz

Triads • Secondary triads | ii | iii | vi | vii • All triads in root |1st |2nd inversion

Phrases Building phrases

Tempo • Presto • Adagio

Pedal Legato pedalling

Ornaments • Mordent • Trill

Textures 2 parts | melody and accompaniment

Timbres

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Chords • Dominant 7th • Chord ii • Chord VI

31

Cadences All 4 cadences

Chord Progression • Circle of 5th • I VI IV VI

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STYLISTICSTYLISTIC

Baroque 2 part playing | Bach

Classical Balance and symmetry | Mozart

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Romantic Pictures and miniatures | Schumann

20th Century Folksong | Russian

21st Century Texture and timbre

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THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Late Intermediate

PIANO FRAMEWORK: LATE INTERMEDIATE 31


MELODY

STRUCTURE

Pulse & Meter

Rhythm Values | Simple All note values up to and including

Rhythm Values | Compound All note values up to and including

Triplets | Duplets Duplets in compound time

Dots | Ties

Time Signatures • 6/4 • 9/4 • 12/4 • All other regular time signatures

Intervals All intervals including compound intervals

Keys | Key Signatures Up to and including: • Major | B, F#, D flat, G flat • Minor | G#, D#, B flat, E flat

Phrases Analysing and comparing phrases

Devices Sequences

Structural Rondo

Pitch Notation Up to and including: • 3 ledger lines above and below the staff • C clef [tenor]

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Posture | body awareness • Showing some self-awareness of the whole body as a balanced playing mechanism • Free and rapid movements across the whole keyboard made with increasing reliability and accuracy • Understanding about body language in performance

13

Fingering • Moving between hand positions with greater fluency and confidence at different tempi • Use of appropriate fingerings for scales, arpeggios and chords

14

Co-ordination • Developing rhythms between the hands including 2s against 3s • Increased independence of articulations between hands, arms, fingers and within one hand • Playing a range of chords hands separately and together, controlling movement between them

Tone Quality | Sound Production • Balancing sound production when using the sustaining pedal • Refining all previous techniques: - playing with a clear and focussed sound - a wide and sensitive use of dynamics throughout the keyboard - voicing the top note of a chord

15

16

Articulation Increased confidence when using different articulation between the hands and within one hand

17



KEYBOARD GEOGRAPHY

Scales Up to and including: • Major | B, F#, D flat, G flat • Minor | G#, B flat, E flat • Hands together up to 3 octaves

Keyboard Orientation | Referential Playing with appropriate and timely reference to the keyboard

Keyboard Orientation | Absolute Playing melodies within an octave without reference to the keyboard

Arpeggio | Broken Chords Up to and including: • Major | B, F#, D flat, G flat • Minor | G#, B flat, E flat • Hands together up to 3 octaves • Broken chords in 3 patterns

Other Scales • Dorian scale on chosen notes • Mixolydian scale on chosen notes • Blues scales

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PIANISTIC SKILLSPIANISTIC SKILLS | MUSICAL CONCEPTS

HARMONY

Terms and signs • German expression words • Double stemming

Triads Triad vocab with 7ths

Phrases • Feeling the rhythmic drive • Building phrase on phrase

Chords • Dominant 7th • Diminished 7th

Tempo Developing an awareness of rubato

Cadences All cadences in major and minor keys up to and including 4 sharps and flats

Pedal Una corda

Chord Progression • Increased confidence and familiarity with the circle of 5ths • ii V I in keys up to and including 4 sharps and flats

Ornaments Turns and all other ornaments

Textures • 2 part playing • Voicing a melody within an inner part

Timbres

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STYLISTICSTYLISTIC

Baroque • Lively, energetic rhythms • Dance character • Built around melodic ideas [motives] • Equality between parts • Use of imitation • Use of melodic decoration and ornaments • Limited pitch range across keyboard • Limited dynamic range • Crisp and colourful articulation • J.S. Bach | Handel | D. Scarlatti | Couperin

Classical • Balanced and symmetrical phrases [e.g. 4+4] completed by obvious cadence • Graceful, elegant and mostly diatonic melodic ideas that often repeat to make • Longer phrase [periodicity] • Melody and accompaniment [e.g Alberti bass]

Romantic • Flexibility of tempo [rubato] • Lyrical and song-like melodies in any part extended phrases with less obvious use of cadences • Rich harmonies and use of chromatic notes • More extended use of the keyboard • Thicker textures and sounds including use of sustaining pedal • Much wider dynamic range • Brahms | Chopin | Grieg | Schumann

20th Century • Vigorous rhythms • Spiky accents • Syncopation • Jazz feel • Unpredictable phrase lengths often quite free • Harmony adventurous and often unexpected using a variety of chords • Full range of the keyboard possible • Textures very varied and using all pedals • Very wide range of dynamics including sudden changes • Emphasis often on creating colour and contrast in textures • Bartok | Debussy | Gershwin | Prokofiev

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THE PIANO FRAMEWORK Level: Advanced

PIANO FRAMEWORK: ADVANCED 37


Pulse & Meter Crucis | Metacrusis | Anacrusis

Rhythm Values | Simple All note values up to and including • Hemidemisemiquavers • Polyrhythms • More complex and varied patterns • Swung rhythms

1

2


Triplets | Duplets 2s against 3s | 3s againsts 4s

Dots | Ties Double dotted notes

Time Signatures • Irregular time signatures (eg. 2 + 2 + 3) • 5/4 7/4 • Changing time signatures

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4

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6

MELODY

Intervals All intervals including compound intervals

Keys | Key Signatures All major and minor key signatures including • Enharmonics • Circle of 5ths • Modal scales • Dorian, Mixolydian, Aeolian [1] • Dorian, Lydian, Phrygian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian [2] • Non-tonal scales: pentatonic, octotonic, whole tone

Pitch Notation Alternative, non standard notation

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[1] - Advanced e.g. Grades 6-7 [2] - Advanced e.g. Grades 7-8


MUSICAL CONCEPTSSTRUCTURE

Phrases • Subphrases • Periodic phrases

Devices • Ground bass • Pedal points

10

11

Structural • Modulation to the dominant, subdominant and relative major | minor • Sonata form • Rondo • Fugue • Allemande • Courante • Sarabande • Gigue • Other dances • 32 bar popular song

12



Posture | body awareness • Free, confident, healthy and economic movement that fosters mobility [1] • Playing with economy of movement in challenging and demanding passages using movments that are healthy and natural to the body [2] • Developing awareness of the whole body as the playing mechanism • Developing stamina • Posture and command of the keyboard • Developing speed and agility through the co-ordinated blend of activites between fingers, arm and the body

13

Fingering • Organising fingering to facilitate the desired musical result for the individual (not necessarily what is printed) • Developing brilliance

14

Co-ordination • Greater independence of the movement of hands and arms across the full keyboard • Playing a wide range of chords with control at a variety of tempo attending to tonal quality • Independent use of fingers and articulation between hands and within one hand • Increasingly complex rhythms (including cross rhythms) between the hands and within one hand

Tone Quality | Sound Production Developing a wider palette of tone colours and contrasts through an awareness of touch and the use of the imagination and ear

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16

Touch & Articulation • Finger substitutions • Finger pedalling (over-holding) • Legato (including legatissimo) non legato (tenuto | portato) | staccato

17



KEYBOARD GEOGRAPHY

Scales • The leading arm combined with flexible wrist and the passing of the thumb in scales • All keys - 4 octaves • Staccato | different articulations | different character | different touches | combined touches between the hands | different dynamic levels including gradations | different tempo • 3rd | 6th | 10th apart • Starting on different notes e.g. the highest note, the supertonic, the mediant etc. • Polyrhythmic • Russian form (the grand scale) • Whole tone

Keyboard Orientation | Referential


Arpeggio | Broken Chords • The leading arm combined with the flexible wrist and the passing of the thumb in arpeggios • Root, 1st & 2nd inversion • Dominant 7ths • Diminished 7ths • Russian form (the grand arpeggio)

Other Scales • Double notes: thirds [1] • Double notes: chromatic minor thirds [2] • Double notes: staccato sixths on white notes [1] • Double notes: octaves [2]

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Terms and signs

Phrases • Periodic phrases • Melismatic subphrases

Tempo • Rubato • Ritardando | Rallentando | Ritenuto

Pedal • Sustaining • Una corda • Sostenuto • Pedalling for colour • Refining pedalling - fractional | flutter (2) • Pedalling for stylistic interpretation 2

Ornaments • Trills • Turns • Mordents • Glissandi • Grace notes • Fioratura • Acciaccatura • Appoggiatura • Compound ornaments

Textures • Counterpoint • Melody and accompaniment • Homophonic • Monophonic • Chordal

Timbres Developing a wider palette of tone colours and contrasts through an awareness of touch and the use of the imagination and ear

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STYLISTICHARMONY

Triads All triads in root | 1st | 2nd inversion

Chords • Voicing & balancing • Large chords • Secondary dominant • Chromatic chords: neopolitan 6th • Chromatic chords: augmented 6th • Added note chords: 9th | 11th |13th • Diminished and augmented chords

Cadences Up to and including: • 5# and b’s [1] • All keys [2] • In all keys [2]

Chord Progression Ic V I iib V 1 IV V I I VI IV V

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STYLISTICSTYLE AND PERFORMANCE

Baroque

Classical

Romantic

Style Performance Practice



• Prelude & Fugue • The Suite and Dance Movement • The Baroque Sonata • Toccata • Variation Form • The Baroque Concerto

• Interpretating dotted rhythms (including notes inégales when appropriate) • Phrasing and articulation in Baroque music • Pedalling Baroque music • Finger pedalling • Ornamentation in Baroque music • Interpretation in Baroque music (using dynamics) • Discovering the tempo

• The Sonata & Sonata form • Variation form • Rondo • Concerto • Dance Movements

• Motivic developement • Phrasing and articulation in Classical music • Intrepretation in Classical music • Pedalling in Classical music • Ornamentation in Classical • Agogic accents • Dynamic accents • Sforzando • Understanding bass lines

• Nocturne • Ballade • Songs without words • Polonaise • Romantic Sonata • Variation form • Dance music (waltz, mazurka, polkas etc.) • Character pieces • Concerto • Albums

• Articulation in Romantic music • Pedalling in Romantic music • Ornamentation in Romantic music • Layering of sound • Cantabile (finding meaning between the notes) • Phrasing and articulation in Romantic music (the long line) • Finding the voices • Discovering the tempo • Freedom in interpretation • Expanding the dynamic and colour spectrum • Fioratura • Bravura style and virtuosity • Performances from memory

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STYLISTICSTYLE AND PERFORMANCE

20th Century

21st Century

Interpretation




• Impressionism & symbolism • Neo-classicism • Minimalism • Jazz, popular, rock • Serialism and expressionism • Folk music and nationalism • Dance music (tango, cakewalk, ragtime)

• Touch, articulation, pedalling in Impressionistic music • Expanding the dynamic and colour spectrum • Using the sostenuto pedal • Interpreting rhythm in jazz • Non-conventional notation • Non-conventional uses of the piano

• Chance • Choice • Aleatoric • Jazz and popular styles • Folk music and nationalism (Chinese, South American etc)

• Comparing editions • Urtext, C19th/20th performance editions, 21st century curated editions

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Documents

PIANO FRAMEWORK · PIANO FRAMEWORK: PRE-INSTRUMENTAL 5 MUSICAL CONCEPTS RHYTHM MELODY STRUCTURE Pulse & Meter • Feeling the pulse • Making the pulse conscious • Recognising