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PIANC-InCom-WG27
“Considerations to Reduce Environmental Impacts to Vessels”
WG27Report No. 99, 2008
Sandra Knight
US Commissioner PIANC
July 15, 2009
PIANC-InCom-WG27
PIANC WG27 Membership
2 naval engineers, 3 civil engineers, 3 ecologists, 2 representatives (INCOM ENVICOM), 6 Meetings from Feb. 2003 / Brussels - Feb. 2006 / London
2 editorial meetings, published 2008
Bernhard Söhngen (Chairman) German Waterways Eng. and Res. Center Jochen Koop (Vice Chairman) Federal Institute of Hydrology, GermanySandra Knight (InCom-Representative National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationJorma Rythönen (EnviCom- Represent.) VTT Industrial Systems, FinlandPaul Beckwith British Waterways, Head of EnvironmentNicola Ferravi Servici Technici, ItalyJose Iribarren SIPORT XXI, SpainThomas Keevin U.S. Army Corps of Engineering, St. LouisChristian Wolter Institute for freshwater ecology and fisheriesStephen Maynord (corresponding) USACE ERDC Vicksburg
PIANC-InCom-WG27
WG27 - structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems, primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel River, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
Short portrait of WG 27 – report
Top - down - approach
Bottom - up - approach
Basis: Impact Cascade
PIANC-InCom-WG27
Primary wave field:water level drawdown,
return current
Direct impact: displacement of
fish larvae ...
Direct impact: stranding of fish larvae
Indirect impact of quick drawdown: fluidisation of river bed
Resuspension of bed sediments
Fish Impacts
Example of the Impact Cascade
Correlations are described in more detail in
“fact files”
Correlations are described in more detail in
“fact files”
Mississippi push towunit with 30 barges,about 400 m long.Drawdown time
sailing upstream 5 min.!Large affected area!
PIANC-InCom-WG27
Short portrait of WG 27 – report
WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems, primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
•Size and installed power of vessels are continuously increasing•Changing system behaviour
PIANC-InCom-WG27
WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems, primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
Many vessels drive at 80% of vcrit
Highlights of WG 27 – report
Ship speed reduction is one of the best
measures in case of predominant impacts from primary
wave field!
Ship speed reduction is one of the best
measures in case of predominant impacts from primary
wave field!
PIANC-InCom-WG27
WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems,
primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
0
2
4
6
8
0 1,5 3
Ship speed vS [m/s]
Jet v
elo
city
on
can
al b
ed v
Jet,
B [m
/s]
1 nozzle 1,6 0,6 1,6
2 nozzle 1,6 0,6 1,6 1 nozzle 2,2 0,6 1,6
1 nozzle 1,6 1,2 2,8 1 free 1,6 0,6 1,6
No.Props Prop.Type D kc tS
PD=800kW
Short portrait of WG 27 – report
Depending upon impact: ship speed
reduction may be wrong measure
Depending upon impact: ship speed
reduction may be wrong measure
Increased ship speed reduces impacts from props!
Example: Distribution of engine power from 1 to 2 props reduces jet induced bed shear stress by 40 %!Chance for innovative ship design!
PIANC-InCom-WG27
WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems,
primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
Displacement ship
Planing boat
•Nearly 1 in 20 US citizen owns recreation boats•Small boats should sail far below or well above planing speed
Short portrait of WG 27 – report
PIANC-InCom-WG27
WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems,
primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
•Predominant bank-impact comes from secondary waves of passenger or recreational boats. •Impact not totally avoidable, but because the water level is almost constant, there is chance for effective mitigation by alternative bank protections. •Effective mitigation measures depend on the system
Short portrait of WG 27 – report
PIANC-InCom-WG27
WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems,
primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
>2
1
0.7
0.3
NB Ranges of return currents for each taxa are “typical” and may vary
in upper threshold dependant on site specific conditions
Ret
urn
Cu
rren
t m
/s
Diverse macrophytes Decreasing biodiversity
Rh
eo
litic
in
vert
eb
rate
s
Ma
cro
ph
yte
div
er-
si
ty d
ecr
ea
sin
g
Juvenile fish >100 mm total length in burst swimming mode (max. 20 s)
Sporadic vegetation only
Aq
ua
tic m
oss
an
d
surf
ace
alg
ae
on
ly
Limno- Philic Inverte- brates
Juvenile fish >30 mm (critical swim-ming mode), >20 mm (burst mode)
Juvenile fish >70 mm (critical swim- ming mode), >40 mm (burst mode)
Juvenile fish >55 mm (burst mode), >100 mm (critical swimming mode)
Juvenile fish >140 mm total length in critical swimming mode (max. 1 h)
Rh
eobi
on
t in
vert
eb
rate
s There is no generally valid threshold! But significant impacts start from return current velocities of about 0.3 m/s!This corresponds to a drawdown of about 0.1 m!
Short portrait of WG 27 – report
These numbers are not exact, but they help to decide,
if there is a significant impact problem or not!
These numbers are not exact, but they help to decide,
if there is a significant impact problem or not!
PIANC-InCom-WG27
WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems,
primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)
3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)
4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)
5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)
6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)
7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)
Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide
Process recommendations instead of detailed guidelines from case to case!Basis of the recommendations is the „ecological relevance check“!
Short portrait of WG 27 – report
PIANC-InCom-WG27
Ecological relevance check
Looking on relevant impacts and channel areasin tabular form
present state
importance
vicinity tothresholds
durationfrequency
mitigationpossible?
neighboursarea
affected
WG 27 report is a guide to support decision making processes on a regular basis! It has to be adapted to the special impact problem considered!
WG 27 report is a guide to support decision making processes on a regular basis! It has to be adapted to the special impact problem considered!
PIANC-InCom-WG27
Licensing measures: Overall dimensions of permitted vessels Control of draught and engine power Operational restrictions as permitted bank distance or ship speed
Discussion
Engineering measures:Adapted inland cargo vessels (drive systems, steering, lightweight
construction, overall dimensions) Shelter of ecologically sensitive areas (fairway adaption, wave breakers, erosion control)
Alternative bank protections, especially those using plants
PIANC-InCom-WG27
Fairway adaption
Relative additional width during cornering
Example concerning extremely narrow bends in the German Neckar River for 135 m long motor vessel:Necessary bF 11,4 + 0,26 x 135 47 m
Optimal used bow thruster (cF 2/3):
Necessary bF 11,4 + 0,12 x 135 28 m
Reduction 19 m (is sufficient to use the existing fairway)
PIANC-InCom-WG27
Package of measures for Waterways connected toElbe River
River - adapted vessels, fairway, ship speed
Removal of protections Allowance of erosion
Wave breakersDead wood supply
Sediment supply Bank development
Support shallow water areas
Reeds development Development of shoulders Improved pasture waters
Increases roughness
1) Morph. und biol. Entwicklungspotenziale ... im Elbegebiet gemäß Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, Umweltbüro Essen
New INCOM Working Group
„Alternative bank protections”
New DWA AG WW1.5/2.5“Alternativer Uferschutz”
WG 27 – report Offers design aids for
different lining materials from „grey literature“
PIANC-InCom-WG27
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
G M S, be laden
G M S, leer
Schleppboot
G M S, be laden
G M S, leer
Schlepper
mhh /
krit
Sv
v/
M essw erte
theore tischer Verlauf
10% reduced vS cuts wave heights in half
Limitation of ship speed
Speed limitation and control is an effective and politico-economical measure to reduce impacts! It concerns about 3% of all vessels. 10 % reduction reduces the average speed only by 0,3 %!
Negligible losses but highly economical benefits, e. g. by reduced maintenance costs and also ecological benefits!
For manymitigation measures:
economical and ecological benefits walk
hand in hand!
PIANC-InCom-WG27
DRIVERS: Climate Change, Energy Demands, Economy
IMPACTS:
• Arctic Shipping
• Changes in migratory patterns of TES
• More severe and frequent storms/droughts
• Changing circulation patterns and new challenges for dredging
• Air emissions
• Infrastructure
• Capacity
• Greening the MTS
• Others?
Are we ready for the Next generation of Environmental Challenges?
PIANC-InCom-WG27
CMTS R&D Integrated Action Team
• Subcommittee of the Committee for Marine Transportation Systems
• Approved by Coordinating Board in April, 2009
• Goal 1: Develop a Research and Development Strategic Plan to support the MTS strategy
• Goal 2: Re-establish bi-annual forum for interagency R&D in the MTS
PIANC-InCom-WG27
CMTS R&D Integrated Action Team
• Subcommittee of the Committee for Marine Transportation Systems
• Approved by Coordinating Board in April, 2009
• Goal 1: Develop a Research and Development Strategic Plan to support the MTS strategy
• Goal 2: Re-establish bi-annual forum for interagency R&D in the MTS
PIANC-InCom-WG27
CMTS R&D Integrated Action TeamCall for Input
• What external trends will shape our long-term future?
• What will be the challenges to the MTS as a result of those trends?
• What will we need to know and do to prepare?