PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF MESOPHILOUS … · Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, bukova rastišča, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Ornithogalo-Fagetum, Istra, Slovenija

ActaSilvaeetLigni115(2018),1-19

1

Izvirni znanstveni članek / Original scientific paper

PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF MESOPHILOUS COLLINE-SUBMONTANE FAGUS SYLVATICA AND CARPINUS BETULUS FORESTS IN SLOVENIAN ISTRIAFITOCENOLOŠKA OZNAKA MEZOFILNIH BUKOVIH IN BELOGABROVIH GOZDOV V GRIČEVNEM IN PODGORSKEM PASU SLOVENSKE ISTRE

Igor DAKSKOBLER1, Zvone SADAR2

(1) Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Regional Unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin, [email protected]

(2) Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, Območna enota Sežana, Krajevna enota Kozina, Hrpelje, Reška cesta 14, SI-6240 Kozina, [email protected]

ABSTRACTA phytosociological analysis of 46 relevés of mesophilous colline and submontane Fagus sylvatica as well as (or) Carpinus betulus forests was conducted in Slovenian Istria. It was established that they are frequently syndynamically interrelated: in places, common hornbeam stands are merely a degradation stage on beech sites, and can be classified into the subassociation Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum fraxinetosum orni (its locus classicus is in the Goriška Brda Hills) and into the new subassocia-tion Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Carpinetum betuli seslerietosum autumnalis. Compared with similar submontane stands from other parts of the western and southwestern Slovenia they are slightly poorer in species, with fewer diagnostic species of alliances Erythronio-Carpinion, Aremonio-Fagion and Tilio-Acerion, order Fagetalia sylvaticae and class Vaccinio-Piceetea, and with more diagnostic species of the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae. Geographically, they are characterised by the taxon Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus. Although they cover small areas these forests generate high yields and are therefore important both economically and as biotopes of protected species.

Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, beech sites, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Ornithogalo-Fagetum, Istria, Slovenia

IZVLEČEKFitocenološko smo analizirali 46 popisov mezofilnih gozdov bukve in (ali) belega gabra v kolinskem in submontanskem pasu slovenske Istre. Ugotovili smo, da so med seboj pogosto sindinamsko povezani: sestoji belega gabra so ponekod le degradaci-jska stopnja na bukovih rastiščih, tako da jih lahko uvrstimo v subasociacijo Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum fraxinetosum orni (ki ima klasična nahajališča v Goriških Brdih) in v novo subasociacijo Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Carpinetum betuli seslerietosum autumnalis. V primerjavi s podobnimi podgorskimi sestoji iz drugih delov zahodne in jugozahodne Slovenije so vrstno nekoliko revnejši, z manjšim deležem diagnostičnih vrst zvez Erythronio-Carpinion, Aremonio-Fagion in Tilio-Acerion, reda Fagetalia syl-vaticae in razreda Vaccinio-Piceetea in z večjim deležem vrst reda Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae. Fitogeografsko jih označuje takson Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus. Kljub majhnim površinam so ti gozdovi zaradi donosnih rastišč pomembni gospo-darsko in zaradi zavarovanih vrst tudi biotopsko.

Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, bukova rastišča, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Ornithogalo-Fagetum, Istra, Slovenija

GDK 182:176.1+228(497.4)(045) Prispelo / Received: 20. 2. 2018DOI 10.20315/ASetL.115.1 Sprejeto / Accepted: 10. 4. 2018

1 INTRODUCTION1 UVODPhytosociological characteristics of beech forests in

Slovenian Istria have already been discussed in several papers (Dakskobler, 1996a, 2013, Sadar and Daksko-bler, 2015), but were mainly focused on the stands of the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum that dominate on shady convex slopes. We also discussed more mesophilous beech and common hornbeam fo-rests growing on levelled terrain, colluvial foothills and

gullies with deeper and moister soil than in the predo-minant stands of the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum. We provisionally classified such mesophilous stands into associations Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fage-tum and Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Crapinetum. However, slightly similar beech and common hornbeam stands in the Croatian part of Istria are classified into two other associations, Carici pilosae-Fagetum Oberdorfer 1957 (Trinajstić, 1994, 2008) and Anemono nemo-rosae-Carpinetum Trinajstić 1964 (Trinajstić, 1994,

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DakskoblerI.,SadarZ.:Phytosociologicaldescriptionofmesophilouscolline-submontaneFagussylvaticaandCarpinus...

2008, Vukelić, 2012). The purpose of our analysis of 46 relevés was therefore to test the accuracy of our preli-minary and provisional classifications.

1.1 Ecological description of the study area1.1 Ekološki opis raziskovanega območjaThe surveyed stands were situated mainly on shady

aspects at 30 to 400 m a.s.l. The parent material consi-sts of Eocene flysch and flysch-like sediments with al-ternating marlstone and sandstone layers and interca-lations of breccia and limestones (Pleničar et al., 1973: 32–33, Buser, 2009). Several stands were recorded also on alluvium along small Istrian rivers and streams. Be-ech and common hornbeam stands in Slovenian Istria occur mainly on Eutric brown soils, along rivers also on better-developed fluvisols (Stepančič, 1974, Lo-vrenčak, 1998). The climate in the study area is warm, with mean annual temperature of 11 °C–12 °C and the vegetation period with the mean daytime tempera-ture exceeding 10 °C for around 200 days, from early April to the end of October (Cegnar 1998). The average annual precipitation is 1000 to 1200 mm, with more than half of the rainfall incurring during the vegetation period. Spring and autumn receive more rainfall than winter and summer (Zupančič, 1998). Narrow valleys and gorges where beech and common hornbeam have survived have a colder local climate.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS2 MATERIALI IN METODEPhytosociological relevés of beech and hornbeam

stands in Slovenian Istria were made applying the Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet, 1964) and entered into the FloVegSi database (Fauna, Flora, Vegetation and Paleovegetation of Slovenia) of the Jo-van Hadži Institute of Biology ZRC SAZU (Seliškar et al., 2003). The first step in arranging the relevés was hierarchical classification, so we transformed the com-bined cover-abundance values with numerical values (1–9) according to van der Maarel (1979). All calcula-tions were carried out with the programme package SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani, 2001). We used the dendo-gram obtained with the (unweighted) average linkage method (UPGMA) and Wishart’s similarity ratio as the basis for the arrangement of relevés into analytic Table 1. All the recorded species were classified into sociolo-gical groups (groups of diagnostic species) taking into account numerous review papers and our long-stan-ding experience. The nomenclature source for the na-mes of vascular plants is the Mala flora Slovenije (Mar-tinčič et al., 2007), except for the taxon Helleborus odo-rus Waldst. et Kit. subsp. istriacus Schiffner. Martinčič (2003, 2011) is the nomenclature source for the names of mosses. The nomenclature sources for the names of syntaxa are Šilc and Čarni (2012), except for the name

Fig. 1: Localities of recorded stands of the associations Or-nithogalo-Fagetum and Ornithogalo-Carpinetum in Slovenian Istria

Slika 1: Nahajališča sestojev asociacij Ornithogalo-Fagetum in Ornithogalo-Carpinetum v slovenski Istri


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of the class Querco-Fagetea Braun-Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937. The data on the parent material follow Buser (2009). The source for the nomenclature of soil types is Urbančič et al. (2005).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3 REZULTATI IN RAZPRAVAThe 46 relevés of mesophilous stands, the tree la-

yer of which is dominated by Fagus sylvatica and (or) Carpinus betulus (Figure 1) formed two larger and one smaller group (Figure 2). The first group comprises beech stands, the second common hornbeam stands; three relevés have a different species composition. One of them is a degradation stage of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and beech (on a beech site), the other two are a fascinating pioneer forest of common haw-thorn (Crataegus monogyna) on alluvium, likely a pio-neer form of common hornbeam riparian forest classi-fied into the association Carici pendulae-Crataegetum monogynae nom. prov.

On the whole, the species composition of beech stands is very similar to the species composition of common hornbeam stands. At least in places the stu-died common hornbeam stands are only a degradati-on stage on former beech sites. Trinajstić (1994) came to similar conclusions for the Croatian part of Istria.

Compared to similar submontane stands on flysch and mixed flysch-limestone bedrock elsewhere in the sub-Mediterranean and pre-Alpine sub-Mediterrane-an part of Slovenia (the lower course of the Idrijca and Bača valleys, the Soča Valley between Most na Soči and Solkan, the Idrija Valley, the valleys of the Vipava, Bra-nica and Raša) the mesophilous beech stands in Istria are poorer in species. Very rare or completely absent in Istrian submontane beech forests are some diagno-stic species of the alliances Erythronio-Carpinion and Aremonio-Fagion (Helleborus odorus subsp. odorus, Lamium orvala, Hacquetia epipactis, Euphorbia carnio-lica), as well as some species of the order Fagetalia syl-vaticae (Fraxinus excelsior, Daphne mezereum, Galeob-dolon flavidum, Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum, Prenanthes purpurea) and of the classes Querco-Fage-tea (Veratrum nigrum, Vinca minor, Hepatica nobilis) and Vaccinio-Piceetea (Aposeris foetida, Veronica ur-ticifolia, Maianthemum bifolium, Luzula pilosa). More common in Istrian mesophilous beech forest are some diagnostic species of the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae (Quercus cerris, Sorbus torminalis, Heleborus odorus subsp. istriacus). Certain floristic curiosities that very rarely occur in other so far described forms of the association Ornithogalo-Fagetum are Arum itali-cum and Asparagus acutifolius. Nevertheless, mesophi-

Fig. 2: Dendrogram of mesophilous colline-submontane for-est stands with dominating Fagus sylvatica and (or) Carpinus betulus in Slovenian Istria, UPGMA, 1-similarity ratio: OrF – Ornithogalo-Fagetum, OrC – Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, RpFs – Robinia pseudoacacia-Fagus sylvatica stage, CpCm – Carici pendulae-Crataegetum monogynae nom. prov.

Slika 2: Dendrogram mezofilnih kolinsko-submontanskih goz-dnih sestojev s prevladujočima bukvijo (Fagus sylvatica) in (ali) belim gabrom (Carpinus betulus) v slovenski Istri, UPGMA, 1-si-milarity ratio: OrF – Ornithogalo-Fagetum, OrC – Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, RpFs – Robinia pseudoacacia-Fagus sylvatica stage, CpCm – Carici pendulae-Crataegetum monogynae nom. prov.

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lous beech stands from Slovenian Istria still comprise most of the diagnostic species of the association Or-nithogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum (Marinček et al., 1990, Dakskobler, 1996b, 2006), and we can still classify them into the geographical variant Ornithogalo pyre-naici-Fagetum var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus (Daksko-bler, 2006), while on the level of subassociation they can be classified into the subassociation of drier sites - fraxinetosum orni (Dakskobler, 1996). But our compa-rison clearly shows that phytogeographical differences between the Central Soča Valley, Goriška Brda and the Vipava Valley on one side and Slovenian Istria on the other side are considerable. With comparison of Istri-an communities (Ornithogalo-Fagetum, relevés 1–23 in Table 1, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, relevés 24–43 in Table 1, Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum – Dakskobler, 1996a) and two communites from the Goriška Brda and Vipava Valley (Ornithogalo-Fagetum fraxinetosum orni, Dakskobler, 1996b, Ornithogalo-Fagetum, (mo-stly) Hills near Gorica, Dakskobler, unpublished) we obtained the following result (Table 2, Figure 3).

Istrian communities are grouped together, apart of communities from the Gorica region. Rang of geo-graphical variant is in some way adequate to “small”

association, but the existing Code of phytosociological nomenclature (Weber et al., 2000) does not consider it. Stands of the association Ornithogalo-Fagetum from the Central Soča Valley and lower Vipava Valley should be classified into the new geographical variant var. ge-ogr. Anemone trifolia.

The rarest among the character species of the as-sociation Ornithogalo-Fagetum in Istrian mesophilo-us beech community are Ornithogalum pyrenaicum and Crocus vernus subsp. vernus. These two species are still present in Istria, but are not as common as, for example, in the Central Soča Valley. The reason for less frequent presence of Ornithogalum pyrenaicum in Slovenian part of Istria possibly lies in the geologi-cal bedrock and soil conditions. The optimum for this species are mixed (limestone with marlstone) bedrock and more or less neutral brown soils with enough wa-ter supply. Parent material in Istria is mainly flysch and soils are drier and more acid than in the Central Soča Valley. Classification of these stands into the Central-European association Carici pilosae-Fagetum (Trinaja-stić, 1994, 2008) is inappropriate, because the stands of this association have recently been discussed wi-thin the framework of the association Cephalanthero

Fig. 3: Dendrogram of five types of the sub-Mediterranean Fagus sylvatica (and Carpinus betulus) communites, UPGMA, 1-similarity ratio: OrF-I – Ornithogalo-Fagetum, Istria, this article, OrC-I Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Istria, this article, SF-I – Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Istria (Dakskobler, 1996a), OrF-Gb – Ornithogalo-Fagetum fraxinetosum orni (Dak-skobler, 1996b), OrF-Vd – Ornithogalo-Fagetum, the lower Vipava Valley, Dakskobler, unpublished

Slika 3: Dendrogram petih submediteranskih bukovih (in belogabrovih) združb, UPGMA, 1-similarity ratio: OrF-I – Or-nithogalo-Fagetum, Istra, ta članek, OrC-I Ornithogalo-Carpi-netum, Istra, ta članek, SF-I – Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Istra (Dakskobler, 1996a), OrF-Gb – Ornithogalo-Fagetum fraxinetosum orni (Dakskobler, 1996b), OrF-Vd– Ornithogalo-Fagetum, spodnja Vipavska dolina, Dakskobler, neobjavljeno


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longifoliae-Fagetum Vukelić, Baričević et Šapić 2012 (Vukelić, 2012), the stands of which dominate in the sub-Pannonian part of Croatia. Carex sylvatica, Carex pilosa and Dryopteris filix-mas are good differential species of the Istrian form of the association Ornitho-galo-Fagetum against contact stands of the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum. In terms of their entire species composition the stands of these two associa-tions are very similar (see Figure 3, Tables 2 and 3); decisive here is the difference in medium coverage of several key species (such as Sesleria autumnalis) and also much greater proportion of diagnostic species of the order Fagetalia saylvaticae in the association Orni-thogalo-Fagetum and higher proportion of diagnostic species of the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae in the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum (Table 3). Considerable floristic similarity of various types of beech communities that occur in the same altitudinal belt was established also in the Central Soča Valley (Dakskobler, 1996b).

Despite the rare occurrence of Ornithogalum pyre-naicum we believe that the classification of these most mesophilous beech forests in the area into the associa-tion Ornithogalo-Fagetum is appropriate. In the frame-work of the described syntaxon (Ornithogalo-Fagetum var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus fraxinetosum orni) we distinguish between three variants: the most mesophi-

lous with Allium ursinum and Arum maculatum (var. Al-lium ursinum), the typical variant (var. typica) and a sli-ghtly acidophilic variant with Pteridium aquilinum and Calamagrostis arundinacea (var. Pteridium aquilinum). The current structure of these stands is poor, with predominating coppice. Remains of charcoal piles still bear witness to charcoal production that took place there in the past. Sites of sub-Mediterranean submon-tane beech stands can be very productive (Dakskobler, 2015) and offer the possibility of growing high-quality beech to be used for wood also in Istria.

The species composition of stands with predomi-nating Carpinus betulus was compared with the speci-es composition of similar common hornbeam stands in the valleys of the Branica and Raša (subassociation Or-nithogalo-Carpinetum lamietosum orvalae) – Daksko-bler (2016) and with the species composition of the stands of the association Anemono nemorosae-Carpine-tum from Croatian Istria (the vicinity of Pazin) – Trinaj-stić (1994). The results of the comparison are shown in Figure 4. Forest stands with dominant Carpinus betulus in Slovenian part of Istria differ from similar stands in the vicinity of Pazin by presence of following species: Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Fraxinus ornus, Cornus mas, Sesleria autumnalis,Tamus communis, Asparagus acuti-folius, Lathyrus venetus, Carpinus orientalis, Castanea sativa, Quercus petraea and Ajuga reptans, while the

Fig. 4: Dendrogram of three types of the sub-Mediterranean Carpinus betulus communites, UPGMA, 1-similarity ratio: OrC-Bran – Ornithogalo-Carpinetum lamietosum orvalae, OrC-Istra – Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Slovenian Istria, AnC-Istra – Anemono nemorosae-Carpinetum, Croatian Istria

Slika 4: Dendrogram treh submediteranskih združb belega gabra, UPGMA, 1-similarity ratio: OrC-Bran – Ornithogalo-Carpinetum lamietosum orvalae, OrC-Istra – Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, slovenska Istra, AnC-Istra – Anemono nemoro-sae-Carpinetum, hrvaška Istra

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dran

t)

0548/20548/20548/20548/20548/20548/20548/20548/20548/20549/30548/20548/20548/20548/20548/20548/40548/40548/40548/40548/40548/40548/40548/40548/10449/30449/30549/10448/40448/40448/40548/10547/20547/20548/20548/20548/10549/10549/10549/10548/40548/40549/10549/10549/30548/10548/1

Coor

dinate

GK

Y (D

-48)

m

404871407019407046406848406751406828406950407108405830413396407188407218405042404871404555407933408034407487407431407523407390408433407971398870410466410612411480408424408454408240396289395065395014406765406714396382410868411518411705407346407528410837410720413384396167396257

Coor

dinate

GK

X (D

-48)

m

5038435503843050384695038326503809050382605038409503662150373265034273503860050386155038314503803650381185034014503353350341335034100503411850343425034140503398650394615041476504162550390915044867504485050444535036631503977450397645036901503692050364075038503503930350394745034418503431050383945038244503428250396555039622Pr.1-23Fr.1-23


Tabl

e1: O

rnith

ogal

o-Fa

getu

m, O

rnith

ogal

o-Ca

rpin

etum

, Slo

veni

an Is

tria

Preg

ledn

ica

1: O

rnith

ogal

o-Fa

getu

m, O

rnith

ogal

o-Ca

rpin

etum

, Slo

vens

ka Is

tra


7

Numb

er of

relev

é (Z

apor

edna

štev

ilka p

opisa

) 1

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

1415

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

2627

2829

3031

3233

3435

3637

3839

4041

4243

4445

46

Pr.1-23Fr.1-23


Diag

nosti

c spe

cies o

f the

asso

ciatio

n Orn

ithog

alo-F

agetu

m (D

iagno

stičn

e vrs

te as

ociac

ije O

rnith

ogalo

-Fag

etum)

QIRu

scus

acule

atus

E2a

34

43

44

34

44

54

43

32

1+

1+

+2

+3

53

+5

34

44

45

54

++

+1

++

22

3.

2310

020

100

4598

QPSe

sleria

autum

nalis

E1+

++

.+

+1

++

++

1+

11

.+

++

1+

.+

1+

31

+2

+r

++

+.

++

1+

+1

+2

+.

.20

8719

9540

87QP

Tamu

s com

munis

E1+

++

++

++

++

++

1.

1.

+1

.+

..

+1

2+

+1

++

+1

.+

++

+1

1.

..

+r

11

118

7816

8037

80FS

Fagu

s sylv

atica

E3b

35

55

45

44

44

44

54

54

55

55

54

3+

.r

..

..

..

.+

+.

..

.4

..

.2

..

2310

05

2529

63FS

Fagu

s sylv

atica

E3a

..

+.

+.

+.

+.

+.

1+

1+

1+

++

++

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1565

15

1635

FSFa

gus s

ylvati

caE2

b.

.+

..

+.

+.

+.

++

+1

21

+1

++

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

.+

..

+.

.14

612

1017

37FS

Fagu

s sylv

atica

E2a

+1

+.

..

..

.+

..

+.

.3

+1

2+

1.

1.

..

..

..

..

.1

..

..

.1

+.

..

..

1252

315

1533

FSFa

gus s

ylvati

caE1

+1

11

1+

1+

.1

11

..

.3

+2

22

2.

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

.2

+.

.1

..

1774

315

2146

QPHe

llebo

rus o

doru

s sub

sp. is

triacu

sE1

.+

++

+1

++

+.

++

.+

.+

..

..

+.

+1

++

+.

.1

+.

..

..

++

..

++

.+

1+

1461

1050

2759

QPLa

thyru

s ven

etus

E1.

++

.r

+1

..

++

..

..

++

..

..

++

.+

1+

..

.+

..

++

..

+.

..

..

..

.11

487

3518

39AI

Arum

italic

umE1

1+

..

++

.1

..

..

+.

1.

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

r+

+.

.+

..

..

..

..

1.

730

525

1328

ECOr

nitho

galum

pyre

naicu

mE1

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1+

.1

.+

+.

..

+.

1.

.1

..

++

14

840

1124

ECCr

ocus

vern

us su

bsp.

vern

usE1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1

..

1+

.1

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

14

420

511

Diag

nosti

c spe

cies o

f the

asso

ciatio

n Orn

ithog

alo-C

arpin

etum

(Diag

nosti

čne v

rste

asoc

iacije

Orn

ithog

alo-C

arpin

etum)

FSCa

rpinu

s betu

lusE3

b1

1.

..

.r

11

++

..

..

+.

..

..

.2

33

44

2.

34

45

45

14

34

34

43

.+

.9

3919

9529

63FS

Carp

inus b

etulus

E3a

1+

..

..

+1

.1

+.

+.

.1

..

..

r2

1.

11

11

11

++

11

.1

..

1+

.1

..

..

1148

1470

2554

FSCa

rpinu

s betu

lusE2

b.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

+.

11

..

..

..

..

.+

..

++

..

.0

07

357

15FS

Carp

inus b

etulus

E2a

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1

..

..

..

..

..

..

1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

14

15

24

FSCa

rpinu

s betu

lusE1

.+

..

..

.+

.+

..

..

.1

..

..

..

..

.+

++

..

..

..

1+

+.

.1

12

+.

..

417

1050

1430

QFCr

ataeg

us la

eviga

taE2

b.

..

++

.+

+1

..

.+

+1

++

+1

++

1+

++

1+

+1

1+

11

11

..

++

++

..

..

.16

7016

8032

70QF

Crata

egus

laev

igata

E2a

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

.+

+.

..

+1

..

++

..

..

..

+.

..

..

29

735

920

COCa

rpinu

s orie

ntalis

E3b

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

11

00

00

24

COCa

rpinu

s orie

ntalis

E3a

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+1

+.

..

.+

..

..

.+

1.

..

14

630

715

COCa

rpinu

s orie

ntalis

E2b

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

00

15

24

COCa

rpinu

s orie

ntalis

E2a

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+1

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

+.

00

315

49

QFSc

illa bi

folia

E1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1.

2+

.1

11

..

+.

..

..

..

..

.0

07

357

15QP

Aspa

ragu

s ten

uifoli

usE1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

00

210

24

ECKn

autia

drym

eia su

bsp.

terge

stina

E1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

.+

..

.+

..

..

.0

03

153

7Di

agno

stic s

pecie

s of s

ucce

ssion

al sta

ges (

Diag

nosti

čne v

rste

sukc

esijs

kih st

adije

v)EA

Robin

ia ps

eudo

acac

iaE3

b.

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

r.

..

..

1+

..

..

..

..

..

.1

3.

11

44

207

15EA

Robin

ia ps

eudo

acac

iaE2

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

29

00

24

RPCr

ataeg

us m

onog

yna

E3.

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+1

..

..

.+

..

..

.+

+4

31

44

208

17RP

Crata

egus

mon

ogyn

aE2

b.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

.+

.+

..

.+

11

43

156

13RP

Crata

egus

mon

ogyn

aE2

a+

++

++

+.

..

.+

..

.+

..

..

..

++

..

.+

+.

..

++

.+

++

++

.+

..

.+

.10

4310

5021

46AI

Care

x pen

dula

E1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

+.

..

..

..

.2

30

02

104

9Di

ffere

ntial

spec

ies of

lowe

r unit

s (Ra

zliko

valni

ce ni

žjih s

intak

sono

mskih

enot

)QP

Frax

inus o

rnus

E3b

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

.1

..

+.

..

..

..

+1

14

315

613

QPFr

axinu

s orn

usE3

a+

..

..

+.

+.

11

1+

11

.+

..

..

++

1.

.+

+1

.+

11

++

..

..

..

.1

..

.12

5210

5022

48QP

Frax

inus o

rnus

E2b

..

..

..

+.

..

+.

..

.+

+.

..

..

..

..

11

21

..

++

1+

..

+.

..

1.

+.

417

1050

1533

QPFr

axinu

s orn

usE2

b.

11

+.

..

..

++

1+

..

..

22

+.

..

.+

+1

12

..

..

..

+.

1+

..

+.

+1

110

439

4522

48

8


Numb

er of

relev

é (Z

apor

edna

štev

ilka p

opisa

) 1

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

1415

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

2627

2829

3031

3233

3435

3637

3839

4041

4243

4445

46

Pr.1-23Fr.1-23


QPFr

axinu

s orn

usE1

.1

..

+.

+1

1+

1+

..

.+

+1

2+

..

.1

+.

1+

1.

.+

.1

1.

+1

1.

++

+1

1.

1357

1470

2963

QPSo

rbus

torm

inalis

E3b

..

..

..

..

..

r.

++

..

.+

..

+.

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

.+

..

+.

522

210

817

QPSo

rbus

torm

inalis

E3a

.+

..

..

..

..

..

++

..

++

..

..

.r

+.

.r

+.

..

+.

..

..

+.

..

..

..

522

630

1124

QPSo

rbus

torm

inalis

E2b

+.

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

.+

..

..

..

+.

..

1.

+.

..

..

..

+.

+.

..

..

313

525

817

QPSo

rbus

torm

inalis

E2a

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

1+

..

..

..

..

+.

+.

..

..

29

420

613

QPSo

rbus

torm

inalis

E1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

+.

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

+.

.+

.+

..

..

.2

94

206

13QR

Casta

nea s

ativa

E3b

+.

..

..

+r

..

..

.+

+.

..

+.

+.

+1

..

..

.1

+.

..

..

..

.+

++

..

..

835

630

1430

QRCa

stane

a sati

vaE3

a+

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.2

90

02

4QR

Casta

nea s

ativa

E2a

+.

..

..

..

..

..

++

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

417

00

49

QRCa

stane

a sati

vaE1

..

..

..

.r

..

..

.1

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

313

15

49

FSAl

lium

ursin

umE1

35

33

41

1.

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

++

3.

.1

..

..

..

..

31

835

525

1533

QRPt

eridi

um aq

uilinu

mE1

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

+1

1+

1+

1.

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

.+

+.

..

..

939

315

1226

AFAr

emon

io-Fa

gion

Cycla

men p

urpu

rasc

ens

E1+

++

.+

.+

++

++

++

++

++

1+

.+

..

..

..

..

+.

..

.+

..

..

.+

.+

+.

.18

784

2023

50Da

phne

laur

eola

E2a

..

..

..

.r

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

+.

..

..

..

..

..

14

210

37

Lami

um or

vala

E1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.0

01

51

2Ru

scus

hypo

gloss

umE2

a.

..

..

..

..

..

.1

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.2

90

02

4An

emon

e x pi

ttonii

E1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

r.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.0

01

51

2EC

Eryth

ronio

-Car

pinion

Lonic

era c

aprifo

lium

E2a

1+

+.

..

+1

++

++

+1

++

++

+1

++

11

+1

12

12

.+

+1

12

+1

1+

+.

1.

1.

2087

1890

3985

Prim

ula vu

lgaris

E1.

++

++

1+

++

++

+.

..

++

.+

.+

.+

2+

11

++

11

11

++

+2

11

++

..

11

+16

7018

9037

80Ga

lanthu

s niva

lisE1

.1

11

+1

+.

.1

1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.2

.2

13

+.

..

..

..

..

.1

11

835

525

1635

Eryth

roniu

m de

ns-ca

nisE1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

2+

..

..

2.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

14

315

49

TATil

io-Ac

erion

Arum

mac

ulatum

E1.

+.

+1

++

.+

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

.1

11

1+

+.

..

..

..

..

+7

307

3515

33At

hyriu

m fili

x-fem

inaE1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

++

+.

1+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

626

00

613

Acer

pseu

dopla

tanus

E3b

..

..

..

.r

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

29

15

37

Acer

pseu

dopla

tanus

E2.

..

..

..

..

..

..

1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

++

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1

42

103

7Ac

er ps

eudo

platan

usE1

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

14

210

37

Gera

nium

robe

rtianu

mE1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

14

00

12

Arun

cus d

ioicu

sE1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

00

15

12

Jugla

ns re

giaE2

a.

..

..

..

..

..

+.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1

41

52

4Po

lystic

hum

acule

atum

E1.

..

r.

..

..

..

..

..

.+

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

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Moss

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siden

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++

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..

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29

00

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.2

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02

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29

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..

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29

00

24

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maris

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4Ho

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m ph

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m for

mosu

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Pr. P

rese

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(num

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14


Table 2: Synoptyc Table: Ornithogalo-Fagetum, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Seslerio-Fagetum, Slovenian Istria, Goriška Brda, Vipava Valley

Preglednica 2: Sintezna tabela sintaksonov: Ornithogalo-Fagetum, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Seslerio-Fagetum, Sloven-ska Istra, Goriška Brda, Vipavska dolina

Succesive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5

Number of relevé (Število popisov) 23 19 15 15 10

Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksnov) OrF-

I

OrC-

I

SF-I

OrF-

Gb

OrF-

Vd

AF Aremonio-FagionCyclamen purpurascens E1 78 20 40 73 20Ruscus hypoglossum E2a 9 . . . .Daphne laureola E2a 4 10 . . .Lamium orvala E1 . 5 . 33 80Anemone x pittonii E1 . 5 . 13 10

Anemone trifolia E1 . . . 93 50Euphorbia carniolica E1 . . . 67 20Hacquetia epipactis E1 . . . 33 60Epimedium alpinum E1 . . . . 10Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 . . . . 10Cardamine trifolia E1 . . . . 20

EC Erythronio-CarpinionLonicera caprifolium E2a 87 90 100 67 50Primula vulgaris E1 70 90 60 93 70Galanthus nivalis E1 35 25 . 7 .Ornithogalum pyrenaicum E1 4 40 . 13 30Crocus vernus subsp. vernus E1 4 20 . 93 70Erythronium dens-canis E1 4 15 . 40 50Knautia drymeia subsp. tergestina E1 . 15 7 . .Helleborus odorus E1 . . . 27 30

TA Tilio-AcerionArum maculatum E1 30 35 . . 20Athyrium filix-femina E1 26 . . 67 50Acer pseudoplatanus E3 9 5 13 47 50Acer pseudoplatanus E2 4 10 27 93 50Acer pseudoplatanus E1 4 10 53 73 70Polystichum aculeatum E1 9 . . 13 10Geranium robertianum E1 4 . . . .Juglans regia E2a 4 5 . . 30Ulmus glabra E3 4 . 7 7 20Ulmus glabra E2 4 . 13 40 30Dryopteris affinis E1 4 . . 27 40Senecio nemorensis E1 4 . . 7 20Aruncus dioicus E1 . 5 . 40 10Tilia platyphyllos E2 . 5 . . .Tilia platyphyllos E1 . 5 . . .Acer platanoides E1 . . . . 10

AI Alnion incanae Arum italicum E1 30 25 . . .

Viburnum opulus E2 13 . 20 20 20Populus nigra E3b 4 5 . . .Populus nigra E2 . 5 . . .Carex pendula E1 . 10 . . 10Allium vineale E1 . 10 . . .Rubus caesius E1 . 5 . . .Frangula alnus E2 . 5 . . 10Fraxinus angustifolia E2 . 5 . . .Equisetum arvense E1 . 5 . . .Alnus glutinosa E3 . . . 7 40

FS Fagetalia sylvaticaeFagus sylvatica E3 100 25 100 100 100Fagus sylvatica E2b 74 25 93 100 100Fagus sylvatica E1 74 15 60 67 70


Number of relevé (Število popisov) 23 19 15 15 10Carex sylvatica E1 87 65 27 53 30Galeobdolon montanum E1 87 40 33 . 30Euphorbia amygdaloides E1 70 50 80 . .Polygonatum multiflorum E1 65 35 60 93 60Symphytum tuberosum E1 61 60 53 87 70Viola reichenbachiana E1 61 70 33 60 40Lilium martagon E1 57 50 47 80 40Pulmonaria officinalis E1 57 30 20 47 50Prunus avium E3 35 25 7 40 30Prunus avium E2 22 10 13 73 10Prunus avium E1 57 35 40 53 20Dryopteris filix-mas E1 57 . 27 47 50Carpinus betulus E3 52 100 13 27 80Carpinus betulus E2a 4 35 . 6 50Carpinus betulus E1 17 50 . 6 20Euphorbia dulcis E1 48 50 67 53 80Carex pilosa E1 48 0 40 20 20Allium ursinum E1 35 25 . . 30Lathyrus vernus E1 30 30 . 47 20Salvia glutinosa E1 26 25 27 53 60Campanula trachelium E1 22 40 20 13 10Mercurialis perennis E1 22 30 13 67 50Heracleum sphondylium E1 22 20 13 13 10Galium laevigatum E1 17 30 60 60 50Sanicula europaea E1 17 10 . . 20Brachypodium sylvaticum E1 13 30 . 27 20Scrophularia nodosa E1 13 . . . .Neottia nidus-avis E1 9 10 13 . .Mycelis muralis E1 9 5 . . 10Senecio ovatus E1 4 . . 47 10Melica nutans E1 4 . . 40 .Cardamine bulbifera E1 . 5 . . 30Sambucus nigra E2 . 5 . 13 20Cephalanthera damasonium E1 . . 27 . .Galeobdolon flavidum E1 . . . 67 40Daphne mezereum E1 . . . 67 .Prenanthes purpurea E1 . . . 53 20Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 . . . 40 50Fraxinus excelsior E2 . . . 26 10Tilia cordata E2 . . . 20 .Tilia cordata E3 . . . 13 10Actaea spicata E1 . . . 7 10Circaea lutetiana E1 . . . . 10Lathyrus vernus subsp. flaccidus E1 . . . . 10Paris quadrifolia E1 . . . . 10Ranunculus lanuginosus E1 . . . . 10

QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae (inc. Quercetea ilicis)QI Ruscus aculeatus E2a 100 100 93 100 70

Sesleria autumnalis E1 87 95 100 100 60Tamus communis E1 78 80 93 100 20Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus E1 61 50 27 . .Lathyrus venetus E1 48 35 27 . 10Fraxinus ornus E3 52 65 93 93 50Fraxinus ornus E2 57 85 80 66 50Fraxinus ornus E1 57 70 20 40 50Quercus cerris E3 52 40 60 13 .Quercus cerris E2 . 5 . . .


15


Number of relevé (Število popisov) 23 19 15 15 10Quercus cerris E1 43 20 33 7 .Cornus mas E2 35 65 33 53 30Sorbus torminalis E3 30 45 100 33 10Sorbus torminalis E2 22 30 87 27 10Sorbus torminalis E1 9 20 7 . 10Ostrya carpinifolia E3 26 55 20 46 20Ostrya carpinifolia E2 . 5 . . 10Melittis melissophyllum E1 22 20 100 40 10Tanacetum corymbosum E1 17 25 53 46 10

QI Asparagus acutifolius E2a 13 45 20 . .Sorbus domestica E3 9 10 60 7 .Carpinus orientalis E3 4 30 . . .Carpinus orientalis E2 . 20 . . .Lathyrus niger E1 4 20 53 7 .Orchis purpurea E1 4 10 . . .Carex flacca E1 4 5 . . .Buglossoides purpurocaerulea E1 . 15 . . 10Asparagus tenuifolius E1 . 10 7 13 20

QI Laurus nobilis E2 . 5 . . .QI Rubia peregrina E1 . 5 . . .

Convallaria majalis E1 . 5 . . 10Cotinus coggygria E2 . 5 . . .Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa E1 . 5 . . .Pulmonaria australis E1 . 5 . . .Quercus pubescens E3 . . 20 40 .Quercus pubescens E1 . 5 7 20 .Sorbus aria E2 . . . 13 .Aristolochia lutea E1 . . . 7 30Acer obtusatuzm E1 . . . . 10

QR Quercetalia roborisCastanea sativa E3 39 30 87 100 50Castanea sativa E2 17 . 87 87 10Castanea sativa E1 13 5 33 33 20Pteridium aquilinum E1 39 15 33 80 20Rubus hirtus E2a 39 10 47 60 10Hieracium racemosum E1 17 15 80 13 30Populus tremula E3b 9 . . . .Luzula forsteri E1 4 . . . .Populus tremula E1 4 . . . .Veronica officinalis E1 4 . . . .Serratula tinctoria E1 . 15 50 . 20Hieracium sabaudum E1 . . 20 . .Betonica officinalis E1 . . . 7 10Quercus robur E2 . . . 7 .

QF Querco-FageteaCarex digitata E1 91 85 87 100 90Acer campestre E3 78 75 46 40 30Acer campestre E2 30 45 13 27 20Acer campestre E1 57 85 20 7 20Crataegus laevigata E2 70 80 93 87 60Hedera helix E3a 57 70 40 47 80Hedera helix E1 70 90 30 80 90Anemone nemorosa E1 65 50 73 93 100Melica uniflora E1 52 0 27 7 10Clematis vitalba E3a 9 20 . . .Clematis vitalba E2 30 20 47 53 40Corylus avellana E3a . 5 . . .Corylus avellana E2 26 70 . 40 90Quercus petraea E3 22 50 47 . 70Quercus petraea E2 . 5 . . 10Quercus petraea E1 17 45 13 . 50


Number of relevé (Število popisov) 23 19 15 15 10Viola riviniana E1 22 15 . 7 20Rosa arvensis E2a 22 10 . . 10Ilex aquifolium E3a 13 . 20 . 10Ilex aquifolium E2 22 5 60 7 20Aegopodium podagraria E1 9 25 . 20 30Cephalanthera longifolia E1 9 20 13 . .Festuca heterophylla E1 4 25 20 . 10Cerastium sylvaticum E1 9 . . . .Moehringia trinervia E1 9 . . . .Carex montana E1 4 55 . . .Platanthera chlorantha E1 4 15 47 . .Pyrus pyraster E3b . 10 13 . .Pyrus pyraster E1 4 . 7 . 10Ranunculus ficaria (Ficaria verna) E1 4 5 . . 10Lathraea squamaria E1 4 . . . .Platanthera bifolia E1 4 . . . .Stellaria holostea E1 4 . . . .Scilla bifolia E1 . 35 . 33 20Ulmus minor E3 . 10 7 . 10Ulmus minor E2 . 20 7 . 10Ulmus minor E1 . 5 . . .Malus sylvestris E3 . 20 . . .Listera ovata E1 . 15 . 13 .Pulmonaria stiriaca E1 . . . 27 .Veratrum nigrum E1 . . . 13 .Vinca minor E1 . . . 7 40Hepetica nobilis E1 . . . 7 20

VP Vaccinio-PiceeteaCalamagrostis arundinacea E1 26 5 33 73 .Gentiana asclepiadea E1 13 . 27 20 .Luzula luzuloides E1 9 . 27 7 30Hieracium murorum E1 4 5 47 7 10Orthilia secunda E1 4 . . . .Oxalis acetosella E1 4 . . 13 20Solidago virgaurea E1 . 15 40 27 10Picea abies E2 . 5 . . .Aposeris foetida E1 . . . 29 60Veronica urticifolia E1 . . . 27 10Abies alba E3 . . . 7 10Maianthemum bifolium E1 . . . . 30Luzula pilosa E1 . . . . 30Larix decidua E3 . . . . 10Pinus sylvestris E3 . . . . 10Dryopteris dilatata E1 . . . . 10

RP Rhamno-PruneteaLigustrum vulgare E2a 52 80 27 7 20Crataegus monogyna E3 4 20 . . .Crataegus monogyna E2 48 50 47 53 50Rubus ulmifolius E2a 13 30 . . 50Ficus carica E2b 9 . . . .Cornus sanguinea E2b 4 25 . . .Cornus sanguinea E2a . 30 27 . 10Euonymus europaea E2 4 20 . . 50Prunus spinosa E2 4 5 . . .Juniperus communis E2 . 5 40 . .Rosa arvensis E2 . . 40 13 10Viburnim lantana E2 . . . 7 .

TG Trifolio-GeranieteaViola hirta E1 22 25 . . .Fragaria moschata E1 13 . . . .Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 4 30 33 7 .

16


species Isopyrum thalictroides, Acer obtusatum, Carex pilosa, Melica uniflora and Salix caprea are differenti-al for the stands of the association Anemono nemoro-sae-Carpinetum betuli. There is evidently difference in ecology, while stands from the Slovenian part of Istria thrive on drier sites than stands near Pazin. In terms of species composition the studied stands therefore resemble the stands of the association Ornithogalo-Carpinetum more than the stands of the association Anemono nemorosae-Carpinetum, so we find the clas-sification into the first association more appropriate. Its character and differential species Ruscus aculeatus, Sesleria autumnalis, Crataegus laevigata, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum are relatively frequent and we added also the species Scilla bifolia, Arum italicum and Carpinus orientalis to the differential combination. The latter

two in particular have not yet been reported for the stands of other forms of the association Ornithogalo-Carpinetum. The studied stands are classified into the new subassociation -seslerietosum autumnalis subass. nova. Its nomenclature type, holotypus, is relevé 33 in Table 1. Its differential species are Sesleria autumnalis, Tamus communis, Lathyrus venetus and Carpinus orien-talis. The new subassociation characterises common hornbeam sites in the warm and relatively dry clima-te, that differs from the climate in which the stands of other forms of this association occur. Their stands can be subdivided into three variants: var. Quercus petra-ea, on more acidophilous sites, with often dominant sessile oak in the tree layer, differential species is also Galium laevigatum, var. Arum maculatum, on more me-sophilous sites (differential species is also Allium ur-


Number of relevé (Število popisov) 23 19 15 15 10Viola odorata E1 4 . . 20 .Clinopodium vulgare E1 4 . . . .Campanula rapunculoides E1 . 10 . . 10

EA Epilobietea angustifoliiStachys sylvatica E1 13 5 . . .

Robinia pseudoacacia E3b 4 20 . 7 50 Robinia pseudoacacia E2 9 . . 13 40

Geum urbanum E1 4 5 . . .Erigeron annuus E1 4 . . . .Hypericum hirsutum E1 4 . . . .Torilis japonica E1 4 . . . .Fragaria vesca E1 . 20 . 7 .Eupatorium cannabinum E1 . 5 . 7 .Arctium nemorosum E1 . 5 . . .Lamium maculatum E1 . 5 . . .Calamintha sylvatica E1 . . . 7 10Spiraea japonica E2 . . . . 40Galeopsis pubescens E1 . . . . 10Galeopsis speciosa E1 . . . . 10

FB Festuco-BrometeaChamaecytisus hirsutus E2b . 5 . . .Brachypodium rupestre E1 . 5 . . .

MA Molinio-ArrhenathereteaAjuga reptans E1 65 80 47 . 10Veronica chamaedrys E1 17 10 47 . .Prunella vulgaris E1 . 5 . . .Ranunculus repens E1 . 5 . . .Colchicum autumnale E1 . . . 13 10

AT Asplenietea trichomanis Polypodium vulgare E1 13 5 27 27 20 Asplenium trichomanes E1 4 5 . 7 10

ML Mosses (Mahovi)Isothecium alopecuroides E0 70 15 27 40 30Fissidens taxifolius E0 65 55 93 87 30Ctenidium molluscum E0 39 5 20 13 10Anomodon attenuatus E0 35 10 27 7 .Brachythecium velutinum E0 26 20 47 33 60Eurhynchium striatum E0 26 15 40 13 10Plagiomnium undulatum E0 22 35 13 . .Atrichum undulatum E0 22 20 27 27 40Hypnum cupressiforme E0 22 . 80 20 .


Number of relevé (Število popisov) 23 19 15 15 10Anomodon viticulosus E0 17 15 . . .Plagiothecium denticulatum E0 17 . 47 80 10Brachythecium rutabulum E0 13 10 13 . .Neckera complanata E0 13 5 13 27 .Isothecium myosuroides E0 13 . 67 40 .Thamnobryum alopecurum E0 9 20 . . 10Fissidens dubius E0 9 . . . .Neckera crispa E0 9 . 13 7 20Plagiochila porelloides E0 9 . . 13 10Schistidium apocarpum E0 9 . . 20 10Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme E0 4 . 33 7 .Polytrichum formosum E0 4 . . 13 50Metzgeria furcata E0 4 . . 7 .Homalothecium lutescens E0 4 . . . .Homalothecium philippeanum E0 4 . . . .Mnium affine E0 4 . . . .Porella platyphylla E0 4 . . . .Thuidium tamariscinum E0 . 10 20 20 30Dicranum scoparium E0 . 5 . . .Mnium sp. E0 . 5 . . .Dicranella heteromalla E0 . . 13 46 .Ulota crispa E0 . . 13 . .Peltigera canina E0 . . 13 . .Leucobryum glaucum E0 . . . 7 10Tortella tortuosa E0 . . . 7 .Bartramia pomiformis E0 . . . 7 .Conocephalum conicum E0 . . . . 10

Legend - Legenda1 Ornithogalo-Fagetum var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus fraxi-netosum orni, Istria, this article2 Ornithogalo-Carpinetum var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus, Is-tria, this article3 Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum var. geogr. Sorbus domestica, Istria (Dakskobler 1996a)4 Ornithogalo-Carpinetum var. geogr. Anemone trifolia fraxi-netosum orni, Goriška Brda (Dakskobler 1996b)5 Ornithogalo-Fagetum var. geogr. Anemone trifolia, Vipava Valley, Goriška Brda (Dakskobler, unpublished)


17

sinum) and var. Prunus avium, as a more pioneer form (differential species are also Viola hirta and Vincetoxi-cum hirundinaria).

In terms of phytogeography these stands are classi-fied into the geographical variant var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus var. geogr. nova (the nomenclature type is the same relevé as the nomenclature type of the new su-bassociation). This geographical variant was already discussed in a previous paper (Dakskobler, 2016), but was not typified at the time.

4 CONCLUSIONS4 ZAKLJUČKIMesophilous beech and common hornbeam forests

are very rare in Slovenian Istria, where they mainly

occupy small areas. The common hornbeam commu-nity is often only a stage of degradation on former be-ech sites. The current occurrence of beech stands and numerous species characteristic for its communities (such as Erythronium dens-canis, Cyclamen purpura-scens, Mecurialis perennis, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lilium martagon, Allium ursinum, Salvia glutinosa, Pul-monaria officinalis, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polystichum aculeatum and other), mainly in the catchment area of the Dragonja, partly also the Rižana and Malinska, in-directly indicates previously definitely more abundant presence of beech in this area, something that has been reported also by palynologists (Culiberg, 1995, Šercelj, 1996), dendrologists and geneticists (Brus, 2010). It is the responsibility of the forestry profession to preser-ve these stands through adequate management and to allow beech to regenerate and develop new generati-ons. Istrian forests with their diversity of tree speci-es (economically interesting are the minority species Sorbus domestica and S. torminalis) and the diversity of their sites, which is due to the vicinity of the Adri-atic Sea, pose a unique challenge that should be given much more attention both in terms of research as well as silviculture and forest management. Their role as biotopes is also significant, given that they serve as si-tes of several protected species (Anon., 2004): Ruscus aculeatus, R. hypoglossum, Cyclamen purpurascens, Galanthus nivalis, Erythronium dens-canis, Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus, Lilium martagon, Neottia ni-dus-avis, Ilex aquifolioum, Orchis purpurea, O. mascula subsp. speciosa, Cephalanthera longifolia, Platanthera bifolia, P. chlorantha as well as several species that are rare either in Slovenia or Istria (Luzula forsteri, Orthilia secunda).

5 POVZETEK5 SUMMARYFitocenološka analiza kolinsko-submontanskih

bukovih in belogabrovih sestojev v flišnem delu slo-venske Istre s hierarhično klasifikacijo je pokazala, da lahko razlikujemo dve asociaciji Ornithogalo-Fagetum in Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, pri čemer so sestoji druge asociacije pogosto le degradacijski stadij prve. Mezo-filni bukovi sestoji v Istri so v primerjavi s podobnimi gričevnimi in podgorskimi sestoji na flišni in mešani flišno-apnenčasti matični podlagi drugod v submedite-ranskem in predalpsko-submediteranskem delu Slove-nije vrstno revnejši.

V njih so redka ali sploh ne uspevajo nekatere di-agnostične vrste zvez Erythronio-Carpinion in Aremo-nio-Fagion (Helleborus odorus subsp. odorus, Lamium orvala, Hacquetia epipactis,Euphorbia carniolica), prav

Table 3: Phytosociological groups in the syntaxa Ornithoga-lo-Fagetum, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum and Seslerio-Fagetum; SW and W SloveniaPreglednica 3: Fitocenološke skupine v sintaksonih Orni-thogalo-Fagetum, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Seslerio-Fagetum, jugozahodna in zahodna Slovenija

Succesive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5Number of relevé (Število popisov) 23 19 15 15 10

Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksnov) OrF-

I

OrC-

I

SF-I

OrF-

Gb

OrF-

Vd

Aremonio-Fagion 2 0,9 0,8 5,5 5,4Erythronio-Carpinion 4,5 6,4 3,5 6 5,8Tilio-Acerion 2,4 1,7 2,3 7,3 7,9Alnion incanae 1,1 1,6 0,4 0,5 1,5Fagetalia sylvaticae 30 23 20 30 28Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae (inc. Quercetea ilicis) 18 24 25 15 9,7

Quercetalia roboris 4,1 2 9,1 6,8 3,3Querco-Fagetea 18 24 15 13 19Vaccinio-Piceetea 1,3 0,7 3,6 3,7 4,6Rhamno-Prunetea 3,1 5,8 3,8 1,4 3,7Trifolio-Geranietea (inc. Festuco-Brometea) 1,1 1,6 0,7 0,5 0,2

Epilobietea angustifolii 1 1,4 0 0,7 3,1Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 1,8 2,2 2 0,2 0,4Asplenietea trichomanis 0,4 0,2 0,6 0,6 0,6Mosses (Mahovi) 10 5,3 13 9,5 6,6Total (Skupaj) 100 100 100 100 100

Legend - Legenda1 Ornithogalo-Fagetum var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus fraxi-netosum orni, Istria, this article2 Ornithogalo-Carpinetum var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus, Is-tria, this article3 Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum var. geogr. Sorbus domestica, Istria (Dakskobler 1996a)4 Ornithogalo-Carpinetum var. geogr. Anemone trifolia fraxi-netosum orni, Goriška Brda (Dakskobler 1996b)5 Ornithogalo-Fagetum var. geogr. Anemone trifolia, Vipava Valley, Goriška Brda (Dakskobler, unpublished)

18


tako nekatere vrste reda Fagetalia sylvaticae (Fraxinus excelsior, Daphne mezereum, Galeobdolon flavidum, Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum, Prenanthes pur-purea) in razredov Querco-Fagetea (Veratrum nigrum, Vinca minor, Hepatica nobilis) in Vaccinio-Piceetea (Aposeris foetida, Veronica urticifolia, Maianthemum bifolium, Luzula pilosa). V istrskih mezofilnih buko-vih sestojih so pogostejše nekatere diagnostične vrste reda Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae (Quercus cerris, Sorbus torminalis, Heleborus odorus subsp. istriacus). Floristične posebnosti, ki sta v drugih do zdaj opisanih oblikah te asociacije zelo redki, sta vrsti Arum italicum in Asparagus acutifolius. V preučenih sestojih še vedno uspeva večina diagnostičnih vrst asociacije Ornitho-galo pyrenaici-Fagetum, najredkejši med njimi sta vr-sti Ornithogalum pyrenaicum in Crocus vernus subsp. vernus. Uvrščamo jih v geografsko varianto Ornitho-galo pyrenaici-Fagetum var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus (Dakskobler, 2006), na rangu subasociacije pa v njeno suho obliko -fraxinetosum orni Dakskobler 1996. Vrste Carex sylvatica, Carex pilosa in Dryopteris filix-mas so dobre razlikovalnice istrske oblike asociacije Ornitho-galo-Fagetum nasproti floristično precej podobnim stičnim sestojem asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fage-tum. Uvrstitev teh sestojev v srednjeevropsko asociaci-jo Carici pilosae-Fagetum (omenjajo jo v hrvaškem delu Istre) ni ustrezna, saj v novejšem času sestoje te aso-ciacije obravnavajo v okviru asociacije Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum, katere sestoji pa prevladujejo v subpanonskem delu Hrvaške.

Sestoje s prevladujočim belim gabrom smo na pod-lagi primerjave z vrstno sestavo podobnih sestojev belega gabra v dolinah Branice in Raše (subasociacija Ornithogalo-Carpinetum betuli lamietosum orvalae) in sestojev asociacije Anemono nemorosae-Carpinetum iz hrvaškega dela Istre (okolica Pazina) uvrstili v novo subasociacijo Ornithogalo-Carpinetum betuli seslerie-tosum autumnalis. Njene razlikovalnice so vrste Sesle-ria autumnalis, Tamus communis, Lathyrus venetus in Carpinus orientalis. Od sestojev asociacije Anemono-Carpinetum se razlikujejo po bistveno večji prisotno-sti naslednjih predvsem toploljubnih vrst Ornithoga-lum pyrenaicum, Fraxinus ornus, Cornus mas, Sesleria autumnalis, Tamus communis, Asparagus acutifolius, Lathyrus venetus, Carpinus orientalis, Castanea sativa, Quercus petraeae in Ajuga reptans, medtem ko so vrste Isopyrum thalictroides, Acer obtusatum, Carex pilosa, Melica uniflora in Salix caprea razlikovalne za beloga-brovo združbo iz hrvaškega dela Istre.

Nova subasociacija označuje belogabrova rastišča v toplem in razmeroma suhem podnebju, drugačnem od podnebja, v katerem uspevajo sestoji drugih oblik

te asociacije. Razlikujemo tri variante: na nekoliko bolj kislih tleh varianto z gradnom (var. Quercus petraea, razlikovalnica je tudi vrsta Galium laevigatum), bolj vlagoljubno obliko var. Arum maculatum (razlikovalni-ca je tudi vrsta Allium ursinum) in bolj pionirsko obli-ko, var. Prunus avium (razlikovalnici sta tudi vrsti Viola hirta in Vincetoxicum hirundinaria). V fitogeografskem smislu te sestoje uvrščamo v geografsko varianto var. geogr. Helleborus istriacus.

Zdajšnje uspevanje bukovih sestojev in številnih za njene združbe značilnih vrst (na primer Erythronium dens-canis, Cyclamen purpurascens, Mecurialis peren-nis, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lilium martagon, Alli-um ursinum, Salvia glutinosa, Pulmonaria officinalis, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polystichum aculeatum in drugih) predvsem v povodju Dragonje, deloma tudi Rižane in Malinske, je posreden dokaz za nekoč zagotovo večjo razširjenost bukve v tem prostoru, ki jo nakazujejo spoznanja palinologov, dendrologov in genetikov. Na-loga gozdarske stroke je, da te sestoje s primernim go-spodarjenjem ohranja in omogoča bukvi pomlajevanje in razvoj novih generacij. Istrski gozdovi so po razno-likosti drevesnih vrst (med njimi sta tudi gospodarsko zanimiva skorš, Sorbus domestica in brek, S. tormina-lis) in tudi po raznolikosti rastišč zaradi neposredne bližine Jadranskega morja svojevrsten izziv, ki bi mu morali tako v raziskovalnem kot praktično gozdnogo-jitvenem delu posvetiti precej več pozornosti kot do-slej. Pomembna je tudi njihova biotopska vloga, saj so rastišča nekaterih zavarovanih vrst (Ruscus aculeatus, R. hypoglossum, Cyclamen purpurascens, Galanthus ni-valis, Erythronium dens-canis, Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus, Lilium martagon, Neottia nidus-avis, Ilex aqui-folioum, Orchis purpurea, O. mascula subsp. speciosa, Cephalanthera longifolia, Platanthera bifolia, P. chlo-rantha) in nekaterih v Sloveniji ali v Istri redkih vrst (Luzula forsteri, Orthilia secunda).

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS6 ZAHVALAThe authors acknowledge the financial support

from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P1-0236). Two anonymous reviewers he-lped us with valuable improvements and corrections. Iztok Sajko made Figure 1 for print. English translation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič.

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PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF MESOPHILOUS … · Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, bukova rastišča, Ornithogalo-Carpinetum, Ornithogalo-Fagetum, Istra, Slovenija