Physics unit 1Energy transfer by heating Infrared radiation (1.1) Every object emits infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is electromagnetic waves between visible light and microwaves in the electromagnetic spectrum. The hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it emits. We can use special cameras to see animals in the dark that can detect infrared radiation. Living things tend to have a much warmer body rather the environment, so they are much easier to see. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet and x-rays. Electromagnetic waves are electrical and magnetic waves that travel through space. The sun emits all kinds of electromagnetic radiation but our earths atmosphere blocks out most of the radiation that would have us. However it doesnt block out infrared radiation from the sun. Infrared radiation and light with short wavelength emit from the sun and can pass through the earths atmosphere that then heats up the objects in the earths atmosphere Infrared radiation from the warm objects is trapped in the earths atmosphere because the objects emit infrared radiation that have short wavelengths so they could pass through and escape the earths atmospheres.Surface and radiation (1.2) Light and shiny outer surfaces emit much less radiation than a dark matt surface. For example rescue teams usually give survivors shiny and light blankets because their surface doesnt emit infrared radiation as much so less heat is released keeping the victim warm. Dark, matt surfaces are better at emitting than light and shiny surfaces Matt surfaces have a lot of cavities so when radiation is reflected it is reflected twice off the surface and so it absorbs more radiation Smooth surfaces only have one direct reflection hit it then absorbs and reflect back out in away from the surface in the same spot, so not as much radiation is absorbed. So shin and smooth objects reflect more and absorb less than dark and matt surfaces. So to sum up dark and matt surfaces emit and absorb radiation better And shiny smooth surfaces reflect radiation better States of matter (1.3)

The particles in a gas are much more further from each other than in a liquid they move around more randomly and much faster. Gases have more energy than liquids due to the increased amount of collision because the particles are faster. But because the particles are further apart so the density of the gas is much lower than the other states.The particles in a liquid are in contact with each other, they move around randomly and so they dont have their own fixed shape and so liquids can flow. Liquids have more energy than solids due to the increased amount of collision between the particles. The particles in a solid are tightly help together, next to each other in a fixed positions, they vibrate about their fixed positions so the solid keeps its own shape. Solids have the least amount of energy due to the lack of movement between the particles.

Conduction (1.4) We need to know what materials are the best conductor (energy transfer of particle to particle) and the best insulator (material that is a poor conductor) We can test for the best conductor by having three wax rods of different material and putting a thin layer of wax at the each of each one, then burning the three rods at the other end of the wax at the same time, to see which material conducts the best. The rod that has the most melted wax is the best conductor. Metal conduct energy better than non-metals Copper conducts better than steel Wood conducts better than glass To test for the best insulator you can use two or more material to insulate a beaker of water with the same volume and use a thermometer to measure the starting temperature and the finishing temperature. The beaker that that had the leas