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Physics Review
for the GHSGT
SpeedMeasure of how quickly an object gets from one place to another
Speed, distance and time
Speed and velocityv=d/tSteeper the line, greater the speed
Distance vs. Time
AccelerationRate of change in speed per timeExample
Driver of a car hitting the gas and traveling faster
35 mi/hr/sec
Driver of a car hitting the brakes-20 mi/hr/sec (negative acceleration)
a=200-0/0.8a=250 m/s2
MomentumThe more momentum an object has,
the more difficult it is to STOP!
Momentum
Velocity
Mass
Force A push or pullFree Body Diagram
Shows forces acting on an object
Balanced forces shown
6 N
6 N
Unbalanced Forces
Unbalanced forces shownOpposite directions so subtract to calculate net forceSame direction, add to calculate net force
2 N
6 N
Friction and air resistanceThe force between 2 objects in contact that opposes the motion of either objectTypes of friction
RollingSlidingAirViscous (fluids)
GravityThe attraction
Gravitational force between to objects is proportional to the product of their masses.
The farther away the objects are, the smaller the gravitational force.
Newton’s First Law An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion maintains its velocity unless it experiences an unbalanced force.
Examples:Objects moving at a constant speed or not moving at all
A force will cause a mass to accelerate!
Gravity
Weight vs. Mass
w=mg F=ma
Remember the similarity between these two formulas. Weight is your mass times acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s/s on Earth
Work
W=FdUnit of measurement – Joule (J)Same unit of measurement as Energy!
Work: components of force must be parallel to displacement
Picking up suitcase Carrying the suitcase
Types of energySolarElectricalNuclearChemicalMechanical
PotentialKinetic
Conservation of mechanical energy
In the absence of friction, the total mechanical energy remains constant
Temperature scalesFahrenheitEnglish systemWater freezes - 32°Water boils - 212°Room temp - 68°
Celsius (centigrade)Metric systemWater freezes – 0°Water boils – 100°Room temp – 20°
Kelvin Celsius +
273
Converting Celsius and Fahrenheit
Thermal energyNot the same as temperature!Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the molecules.Thermal energy is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules of the substance.Amount of thermal energy stored depends on 3 things:
Mass, temperature and amount of energy stored per degree
Heat Transfer
Insulator or conductor?
Materials that conduct heat easily are:
Thermal conductors
Materials that conduct heat poorly are:
Thermal insulators
Heat equation
Q = mcΔT
Heat energy
mass
Specific heat
Change in temperature
Amount of thermal energy stored depends on 3 things: Mass, temperature and amount of energy stored per degree
Parts of a transverse wave
Longitudinal (compressional) Waves
Waves
Frequency and wavelength
Frequency = cycles/ timeWavelength = length of waveA – Longest wavelengthC – greatest frequency and energy
A CB
v=fλ
Wave behavior
Constructive and destructive interference
How sound travels
Doppler EffectAs a rapidly moving object approaches you, you hear a higher pitch because of the compressed sound waves causing a higher frequency. As the object speeds away from you the sound waves stretch out and you hear a lower pitch because of the lower frequency.
Refraction, Diffraction and Reflection
Convex and Concave Lenses
Static electricity and Moving Electricity
(Current)
Ohm’s Law
Electrical circuit diagrams
Magnetism