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Physics P1 Foundation and Higher Mark Scheme

M1. (a) radiates absorbs / conducts reflects

for 1 mark each 3

(b) C make sure the lamp is the same distance from both tubes B switch on the lamp A switch off the lamp E wait for the temperature to stop rising D read the thermometers

for 1 mark each 5

[8]

M2. (a) (i) a horizontal distance indicated and labelled

gains 1 mark

but horizontal distance indicated between identical points on adjacent waves (to within 3-4mm) and labelled

gains 2 marks 2

(ii) peak ↔ trough indicated*

gains 1 mark

but peak / trough ↔ mean indicated*

(* to within 1-2mm either end)

gains 2 marks (allow 1 mark if both lines unlabelled or 2 marks if both lines accurately drawn and unlabelled)

2

(b) • 1.5

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• hertz / Hz or (waves / cycles) per second

for 1 mark each (do not allow wavelength / hertz per second)

2

[6]

M3. (a) (i) 15*

(ii) 60*

[* if incorrect but (ii)>(i) and (i) + (ii) = 75 then credit 1 mark]

(iii) 25

each for 1 mark 3

(b) stove because more of the energy heats up room / heats the room more or less energy escapes up chimney / less energy wasted

[Do not allow „less waste‟ with the stove] or no un burnt fuel in smoke

reason for 1 mark 1

[4]

M4. (a) (i) 65

(ii) 5

(iii) 30

[credit 1 mark if (i) + (ii) + (iii) = 100 or if (i) > (iii) > (ii)]

for 1 mark each 3

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(b) heating local schools saves 16+ J / 16.25

better cables saves 2.5 J

better lamps saves 2.4 J (out of each 100 J)

for 1 mark each

best to use waste heat to heat schools

for 1 mark 4

(NB credit answer consistent with own calculations – even if these incorrect but must be based on at least 2 derived figures)

(c) (i) / 0.03(3) / 3(.3)%

(credit correct fraction even if incorrectly converted to %)

(ii) / 0.1 / 1%

for 1 mark each 2

[9]

M5.

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each for 1 mark allow „error carried forward' to the last box‟

[3]

##

(a) 60

(b) 15

(c) 5

each for 1 mark credit 1 mark for (a) +(b)+ (c) = 80 or (a) > (b) > (c) to maximum of 3

[3]

##

(a) cooking and heating water 30 heating rooms 50

each for 1 mark 2

(b) coal idea that amount used fell/declined/line goes down

gains 1 mark

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but idea that fall/decline is steady/gradually/approx halved

gains 2 marks

gas ideas that amount used rose/increased in/from 1980/more used before 1980/ref to 1980 as an important date/rapid increase in use (credit idea that gas>coal from c.1990 in either part with 1 mark (to maximum 4)

each for 1 mark max 4

(c) • less carbon dioxide produced

• less change to weather/food production/gained warming/water levels (no mark for “greenhouse gas” alone)

• no/less sulphur dioxide produced/coal produces sulphur dioxide

• less acid rain/damage to fish/buildings/trees/crops/animals/tumours etc (do not credit reference to cost unless : cheaper so can spend more on environment)

(“It” used in an answer will refer to “gas”) any 3 for 1 mark each

3

[9]

M8. (a) gamma rays above x-rays

for 1 mark

(b) upper radio wave boundary correct (10-1m) (± 1mm)

for 1 mark

(c) visible radiation/light

• within the middle third of a wavelength band

• in the correct wavelength range (10-6 – 10-7m)

each for 1 mark

(d) ultraviolet between *visible radiation and X-rays

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for 1 mark

(e) microwaves above *radio waves and below *infra red (*not necessarily immediately)

for 1 mark

(f) between 108Hz + 107Hz and nearer to 108Hz than to 107Hz

gains 1 mark [7]

M9. 3 20 0.3

each for 1 mark [3]

M10. (a) 60% sector correct other two sectors closer to 13:7 than 12:8 or 14:6 sectors correctly labelled (w.r.t rank order of size)

each for 1 mark 3

(b) (i) ideas that wasted energy is transferred to surrounding air pan stove is converted to another/correctly named energy form

any 2 for 1 mark each 2

(ii) 40

for 1 mark 1

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[6]

M11. (a) ( B) ( ) (A C)

A = B or A/B = 20

gains 1 mark

but A = B = 20

gains 2 marks

A + B + C = 100

for 1 further mark

or C = 60 3

(b) evidence of or 20%/0.2 gains 1 mark

but 25%/0.25 or figure consistent with B in part (a)

gains 2 marks 2

(c) ideas that “lost” energy is (also) transferred (in ways we don‟t want) total amount of energy (before and after any transfer) remains the same energy becomes (progressively) more spread out/less easy to transfer again this applies to all the energy/even to the energy usefully transferred

each for 1 mark 4

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M12. (a) sectors closer to correct value than ± 1% nuclear (5%) gas 24% moving water 1%

each for 1 mark

maximum of 2 marks 3

sectors labelled correctly w.r.t. rank order of size

for 1 mark

But deduct 1 mark if not all sectors used

(b) 5 × as much (do not credit simply more/4% more) 4 × as much

1

(c) wind/waves/solar/tides (allow geothermal/wood/biomass)

any one for 1 mark 1

(d) idea that electricity is a secondary/man made source/needs another source to produce it

for 1 mark 1

[6]

##

(a) sectors nearer to correct value than to 1% either side coal 35% nuclear 5% gas 24% moving water 1%

each for 1 mark - to a maximum of 3 marks deduct 1 mark if sector left blank

three sectors labelled correctly w.r.t. rank order of size

for 1 mark 4

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(b) (fossil) fuels (allow combustible/flammable/non renewable) 1

(c) moving water/hydro wind/waves/tides/solar (allow geothermal/ wood/biomass)

each for 1 mark 2

(d) any indication that we get more (energy from nuclear sources)

gains 1 mark

but 5 times as much/more

gains 2 marks 2

[9]

M14. (a) amplitude marked as approximately half a wave height

great precision is not required 1

wavelength marked as a trough to trough distance or a peak to peak distance

accept an equivalent repeat distance anywhere on the wave 1

(b) the number of waves each second

accept cycles per second accept 25 waves pass each second

1

(c) any pair from

microwave cooking or communication or mobile phone

radio communication or entertainment

infra-red cooking or heating or remote control or security or night sights or thermal imaging

accept sensible specific uses

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2

[5]

M15. (a) (heat) is conducted through the glass

the answers must be within the context of the question 1

(heat) passes through glass and air by radiation

both glass and air required 1

(heat) crosses the air gap by convection

mention of conduction through air is neutral 1

(b) any one from

light

accept sunlight

gamma rays

X-rays

radio

accept sound or ir or microwaves or electromagnet waves 1

(c) any two from

cuts down convection currents

accept stops air moving

air pockets trap air (from moving)

accept has air pockets do not accept stops heat moving or traps heat

foam is a poor conductor

air in the foam is a good insulator

accept air is a good insulator in air pockets for both marks 2

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(d) evaporation (of the water)

do not accept rain is cold 1

takes energy from the house

accept takes heat away or higher energy molecules leave first

1

[8]

M16. (i) gravitational or potential

do not accept stored 1

light

credit solar 1

kinetic or movement

credit moving 1

chemical 1

(ii) any one from

gas

coal 1

(iii) any one from

oil

do not accept petrol or paraffin

peat or turf nuclear

credit coal or gas if not given as answer to part (ii) do not accept wood or fossil fuel or chemical

1

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[6]

M17. (i) D, C or B, in either order, then A

tick or cross on the A 1

(ii) matt absorbs energy (better than shiny)

the converse arguments are acceptable 1

black absorbs energy (better than white) 1

[3]

M18. (a) mark independently

(from) gravitational

accept potential do not credit stored

1

(to) kinetic

accept movement 1

(b) advantage

* the current can be low (for the same power) * less energy or heat loss or power loss

accept the cables do not have to be (so) thick

accept less cost to support higher (rather than heavier) cables

accept aluminium can be used and aluminium is cheaper than copper

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do not credit efficient or cheaper

do not credit no loss of energy

do not credit electricity loss 2

disadvantage

* it is difficult to insulate high voltage * pylons have to be taller and so more expensive

...to give a good separation between them and the ground /people/high vehicles

or ... to prevent/reduce the danger of electric shock or lethal

do not credit dangerous

do not credit get a shock

do not credit reference to step down transformers or electromagnetic field

2

[6]

M19. (a) insulation

allow example e.g fibreglass 1

double glazing

allow curtains 1

draught excluder

allow double glazing / close fitting door

allow turning down thermostat once only / turn down the heating

1

(b) transfers more useful energy

allow converts more energy into light / less into heat / less energy wasted

1

[4]

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M20. (a) D 1

(b) C 1

(c) B 1

[3]

M21. (i) absorbed by water / water heated 1

hot water heats (rest of) food / idea of particle vibration 1

(ii) 300 000 000 / 3 × 108

correct answer with no working = 2 allow 1 mark for s = f x w or correct working i.e., 10000 (000000) × 0.03 N.B. correct answer from incorrectly recalled relationship / substitution = 0

2

[4]

M22. (a) any two successive peaks labelled W

accept any 2 points on same part of adjacent waves correct by eye

1

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half „height‟ of wave labelled A

correct by eye N.B. at least one of the answers must be labelled

1

(b) 0.2

correct answer with no working = 2 allow 1 mark for s = f x w or correct working i.e., 2 × 0.1 N.B. correct answer from incorrectly recalled relationship = 0

2

m/s (unit)

independent mark do not allow mps or mHz 1

[5]

M23. Read all the answer first. See below.

Mark the first two advantages and disadvantages (√ or X) ignoring

neutral answers. Only allow a third advantage if there is only one disadvantage given. Only allow a third disadvantage if only one advantage is given.

max. 3 advantages (e.g. cheap fuel, good availability, saving fossil fuels, low running costs, reliable, more energy / kg, less fuel needed, no greenhouse gases emitted, no SO2 causing acid rain)

max. 3 disadvantages (e.g. danger to health of local community, non renewable, high cost of decommissioning, long half life of waste materials, need for safe storage of waste, high cost of commissioning, danger involved in transporting fuel / waste)

max. 4 marks [4]

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M24. …….. conduction …….. convection …….. insulation …….. radiation

for 1 mark each [4]

M25. (a) (i) …….. light …… electrical 2

for 1 mark each

(ii) …….. electrical……chemical

for 1 mark each 2

(iii) …….. electrical ….. kinetic

for 1 mark each 2

(b) (i) 1500 / 10

gains 1 mark 1

but 150

gains 2 marks 1

(ii) heat (thermal) or sound

for 1 mark 1

[9]

M26. (a) number of complete vibrations per second

for 1 mark 1

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(b) (i) correct trace (more waves), ignore amplitude

for 1 mark 1

(ii) correct trace (higher amplitude), ignore frequency

for 1 mark 1

(c) (i) higher

for 1 mark 1

(ii) quieter

for 1 mark 1

[5]

M27. (a) (i) hot water rises (not heat)

for 1 mark

due to convection currents or water expands/becomes less dense on heating or less dense water rises

any for 1 mark 2

(ii) inside hotter (than outside)

for 1 mark 1

(iii) (heat transfer by) conduction

for 1 mark 1

(iv) surround/cover/insulate tank with poor conductor or named insulator

for 1 mark each 2

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(b) (i) air is an insulator/poor conductor

for 1 mark 1

(ii) convection stopped foam is an insulator/poor conductor

for 1 mark each 2

[9]

M28. (a) (i) Carries heat up (as convection current) 1

(ii) (1) By conduction or from molecule to molecule (2) By radiation or as IR

2

(iii) Use shiny surface (inside or outside) or small area 1

(b) (i) Rise more quickly 1

(ii) Dull surface good absorber (accept “attract” = “absorb” if context correct, then penalise spg mark.

Shiny surface poor absorber 2

(c) (i) Fall more quickly 1

(ii) Dull surface good emitter Shiny surface poor emitter

2

[10]

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M29. (a) (i) Microphone 1

(ii) Loudspeaker 1

(b) (i) By radio waves

(ii) By electrical vibrations or a.c.

(iii) By light waves

for 1 mark each 3

(c) Quieter (not softer/lower) 1

[6]

M30. (a) Sun Any valid

for 1 mark each 2

(b) From electric/pe or chemical in battery

for 1 mark

to ke, light, sound, heat

3 for 1 mark each 4

(c) Gravitational pe OR just pe For any gravity feed OR Elastic pe any valid OR Food For maintaining body/life etc. OR Any descriptive answer e.g. water in a high lake used to produce hydroelectric power

2 for 1 mark each

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2

[8]

M31. (i) reduces

for 1 mark 1

(ii) less heat/energy/power wasted (in power lines)

for 1 mark 1

(iii) for safety

for 1 mark 1

[3]

M32. (a) plastic/glass walls; vacuum; insulating top

any two for 1 mark each 2

(b) silvering/shiny on either wall

for 1 mark 1

[3]

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M33. (a) 60

for 1 mark 1

(b) electrical to light

gains 1 mark

but electricity to light and heat

gains 2 mark

anything to heat and light

gains 1 mark 2

(c) (unwanted) heat produced

for 1 mark 1

[4]

M34. (a) (i) sources of energy

for 1 mark

(ii) wood coal oil gas

all correct gains 2 marks 3 correct gains 1 mark

3

(b) geothermal nuclear tides wind solar

all correct gains 2 marks 4 correct gains 1 mark

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2

(c) non-renewable fuels cause pollution (or reverse) conserve/limit use of coal/gas/oil; so supplies last longer/renewable sources can be replaced

any 2 from 4 for 1 mark each 2

[7]

M35. (a) (i) sources of energy

for 1 mark

(ii) wood coal oil gas

all correct gains 2 marks 3 correct gains 1 mark

3

(b) geothermal nuclear tides wind solar

all correct gains 2 marks 4 correct gains 1 mark

2

(c) non-renewable fuels cause pollution (or reverse) conserve/limit use of coal/gas/oil; so supplies last longer/renewable sources can be replaced

any 2 from 4 for 1 mark each 2

[7]

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