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Proceedings of theXIII International Workshop
on
Physics of Semiconductor Devices(IWPSD - 2005)
December 13-17, 2005
Vol. I
Editors:Vikram KumarS.K. AgarwalS.N. Singh
TECHNISCHEINFORMATIONSBiBLIOTHEK
UNIVERSiTATSBiBLIOTHEKHANNOVER
National Physical LaboratoryNew Delhi
ALLIED PUBLISHERS PVT. LIMITEDNew Delhi • Mumbai • Kolkata • Lucknow • Chennai
Nagpur • Bangalore • Hyderabad • Ahmedabad
Contents
Vol. I
Co-Sponsors v
Preface vii
Section A: Optoelectronics
Invited Papers1. Peculiar Light 5
P. St. J. Russell
2. Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors: 7AC Performance CapabilitiesD.L. Pulfrey, D.L. John and LC. Castro
3. Narrow Spectral Band Monolithic Lead-Chalcogenide-on-Si 14mid-IR Photodetectors and High Reflectance Bragg MirrorsHans Zogg, Martin Arnold, Ferdinand Felder and Mohamed Rahim
4. Opportunities and Challenges in Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics 20Ajeet Rohatgi, Mohamed Hilali, Alan Ristow, Vichai Meemongkolkiat,Ajay Upadhyaya, Kenta Nakayashiki, Vijay Yelundur and Abasifreke Ebong
5. InAsSb Based Mid-Infrared Photodetectors: Theoretical Studies 29and Experimental ResultsP. Chakrabarti
6. Innovations in Light-Emitting Devices 38E. Fred Schubert, Jong Kyu Kim, J. -Q. Xi and Hong Luo
7. Profiling of Light Emission of Homoepitaxial GaN-Based 49Laser DiodesM. Godlewski, M.R. Phillips, T. Wojtowicz, R. Czernecki, G. Targowski,P. Perlin, M. Leszczynski, S. Figge and D. Hommel
8. Integrated Optical and Photonic Nanostructures on Silicon 56S. R. Singh
9. Nanostructured Conducting Polymer Films for Optoelectronic Devices 65Mitsuyoshi Onoda, Kazuya Tada, P.K. BhatnagarandPC. Mathur
10. Flexible Solar Cells on Polymer Foils with Record Efficiencies 71D. Eire" maud, D. Rudmann, H. M. Upadhyaya and A. N. Tiwari
11. Recent Work on Transport and Stability of Polymers Leds 79S. C. Jain and R. Mertens
12. Recent Advances in Infrared and Visible Imaging Technology 85Jagmohan Bajaj and Atul Joshi
13. Nanostrutured Solar Cells Based on Organic and 100Inorganic SemiconductorsVijay P Singh, R.S. Singh, Allen M. Hermann,Visweshwaran Jayaraman and Karen Sampson
Contributed Papers14. Comparison of Dislocation Induced Tunnelling Current and 111
Shunt Resistance Contributions to the Electrical Impedance ofNarrow Band-Gap HgCdTe DiodesSudha Gupta and Vishnu Gopal
15. Current-Voltage Characteristics of Al-(n)CdSe-Ag,Ni,Sn Junctions 116M.N. Borah, S. Chaliha, PC. Sarmah and A. Rahman
16. A Novel Method for Self-Consistent Simulation of 120Semiconductor LasersManmohan Singh Shishodia, G.B. Reddy and Anurag Sharma
17. Analytical Modeling of Photo-Effects on the Frequency- 125Dependent Output Conductance of GaAs MESFET'sNeti. V.L. Narasimha Murty and S. Jit
18. Be ION-Implantation in HgCdTe 129R. Manchanda, O.P. Thakur, A. Malik, R. Pal, A. Dhaul, M.B. Dutt,R.K. Sharma and P.K. Basu
19. Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) as Antireflection Coating for 133Silicon Solar CellC.M.S. Rauthan, Sushil Kumar and P.N. Dixit
xi
20. Optimization of FACET Coating for High Power 137AlGaAs/GaAs Laser DiodesAlokJain, T.V.S.L. Satyavani, Sunil Sharma, Deepti Jain, Satish Mohan,A.A. Naik, Amit Bhatti, S.K. Mehta and H.P. Vyas
21. Photoluminescence and Stress/Strain Studies of Porous Silicon 141Films: Role of Surface Morphology of Si (100)Shailesh N. Sharma, G. Bhagavannarayana, S. Chandra Mohan and R. Debnath
22. Effect of Back Emitter Properties of Spectral Response and 145Reverse I-V Characteristics of Silicon p+-n-n+ (Pin) PhotodiodesB.C. Chakravarty, Jyoti Tripathi, R. Kumar, M. Lai, P.K. Singh and S.N. Singh
23. Transport Properties in Surface Layer of n-HgCdTe 149R. Manchanda, O.P. Thakur, A. Malik, R. Pal, R.K. Sharma and P.K. Basu
24. GaAs for Optoelectronic Devices 153Zahid Hasan Mahmood, Qamrun Nahar, Saeed Mahmud Ullah,U. Mehboob Pasha and Jalalur Rahman
25. Ion Implanted Disordered Silicon for Bolometric Applications 158M.B. Dutt, Vandna Mittal, S.P. Chowdhury and P.K. Chaudhary
26. Chemically Synthesized CdTe Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications 163V.B. Patil and D.S. Sutrave
27. Studies on Photovoltaic Properties of SnS Thin Films 1698.1 RautandV.B. Patil
28. Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells with Cd, xPbxSe Thin Film Electrode 173S.I RautandV.B. Patil
29. Silicon Photodiodes for High Efficiency Photon Detection 178P.K. Singh, R. Gandotra, B.C. Chakravarty, S.N. Singh, S. Kumar andB.R. Singh
30. Smooth and Vertical Mirrors on MBE Grown n (100) 182GaAs by EtchingZahid Hasan Mahmood, Qamrun Nahar, KhandakarMd. Zahiruddin andJalalur Rahman
xii
31. Extremely Broadening Bandwidth of Superluminescent 187Diodes by Using Quantum Well Engineering and ObservingThree Novel EffectsG. Sh. Shmavonyan
32. Increasing the Efficiency of Photoelectrochemical Conversion of 191Solar EnergyG. Sh. Shmavonyan and T. Tchelidze
3 3. Generation-Recombination processes in B oron 196Implanted p-HgCdTeR. Pal, A. Malik, R. Manchanda, V. Mittal, R.K. Sharma, V. Dhar,R. Murlidharan and H.P. Vyas
34. Effect of Localized Shunt Resistance on Spectral Response of 201Silicon Solar CellPriyanka, M. Lai and S.N. Singh
35. Effect of Poly (Styrene-Acrylonitrile)Copolymer Interface 206Barrier Layer on X-Ray Sensitivity of Amorphous Selenium FilmsS. Chand, G.D. Sharma and S. Dwiwedi
36. Blue Shift in Photoluminescence Peak Position of Tris 211(8-Hydroxyquinoline) Metal Complex Thin Films Used asEmitting Layer in Organic Light Emitting DevicesVivek Kumar Shukla and Satyendra Kumar
37. Photoexcited Carrier Relaxation Dynamics in CdSe Nanocrystal 217Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Deposition at Different TemperaturesM.C. Rath, J.A. Mondal, H.N. Ghosh, D.K. Palit and T. Mukherjee
38. Photoluminescence Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Cu 222Doped ZnO FilmsA.B. Maity and S. Chaudhuri
39. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of HgCdTe for IR Detector Applications 227using a Novel Slider BoatA. Dixit, P.K. Sharma, N.K. Nayyar, Alka Dhar, R.K. Sharma and P.K. Basu
40. Characterisation of HgCdTe Processed Using Plasma Techniques 231B.A. Park, C.A. Musca, J.M. Dell, K.J. Winchester and L. Faraone
xiii
41. Estimation of Front Surface Recombination Velocity of 235Minority Carriers For N+-P-P+ Silicon Solar Cells from ShortWavelength Spectral ResponseA.K. Sharma, S.K. Agarwal and S. N. Singh
42. Effect of Bias Light Intensity on Quantum Efficiency of 241Large-Area, Tandem Junction Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell ModulesB. Prasad, B. K. Pant, A. K. Saxena, S. Bhattacharya and R.K. Bhogra
Section B: Nanotechnology
Invited Papers
43. Multiscale Model for Germanium Quantum Dots in 249Semi-Infinite SiliconV.K. Tewary and D. T. Read
44. Characteristics of Germanium Nanocrystals for Flash 255Memory DevicesS. K. Ray, K. Das, A. Dhar and B. K. Mathur
45. Innovative Device Structures and New Materials for 262NanoelectronicsKrishna C. Saraswat, Chi On Chui, Tejas Krishnamohan and Ammar Nayfeh
46. Carbon Nanotubes- Novel Method of Synthesis and Energy 271Related ApplicationsS. Ramaprabhu
47. Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes 278V. D. Vankar and Sanjay K. Srivastava
48. Nano-Bubbles/Cavities Induced by Rare Gas Implantation in 286SiO2: Application to Low-k DielectricsE. Ntsoenzok, H. Assaf and M. O. Ruault
49. Hetero-Epitaxial Growth of Low-Dimensional Phases and 293NanostructuresS.M. Shivaprasad
XIV
50. Opportunities and Challenges Nanoelectronics 301Allen Hermann, Tapas Chaudhuri, Vijay Singh and R. S. Singh
51. SOI-Based Silicon Nanodevices 308
Yasuhiko Ishikawa, Ratno Nuryadi, Hiroya Ikeda and Michiharu Tabe
Contributed Papers
52. Synthesis and Characterisation of Silicon Nanoparticles by 319Chemical Vapour Deposition for NanoelectronicDevices ApplicationsA. Kumar, B.C. Joshi, A.K. Sharma, A. Karthigeyan,D.P. Runthala and R.P. Gupta
53. Variation in Structural Morphology of Carbon Nanomaterials 323by CCVD MethodDipti Porwal, K. Mukhopadhyay K. Ram and G.N. Mathur
54. Visible Photoluminescence from Ion-Implanted 327Silicon-On-SapphireRajesh Kumar, H.S. Mavi, A.K. Shukla and V.D. Vankar
55. Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition for CNT 331Growth Directly Over GlassP. Chaturvedi, S. Pal, Preeti Verma, U.S. Ojha, M. Kumar,R.K. Chaubey J.S.B.S. Rawat, M. Bal, P.K. ChaudharyP.K. Bhatnagar, Harsh and H.P. Vyas
56. Nanostructured Features of Thin Films of Zinc Oxide 335Harish Bahadur, A.K. Srivastava, S.C. Garg, A. Basu, Prem Pall andSudhir Chandra
57. Crystallite Size Distribution and Photoluminescence 339in Porous Silicon LayersMd. Nazrul Islam and Satyendra Kumar
58. Investigation of Dopant Distribution in Nanophosphors 343using TOF-Sims and Laser-SNMSB.R. Chakraborty D. Haranath and Harish Chander
XV
59. Phonon-Drag Thermopower and Hot Electron Energy 348Loss Rate of a One Dimensional Electron Gas inBloch-Gruneisen RegimeS.S. Kubakaddi
60. Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT's) for Microwave Vacuum Devices 353M. Kumar, S. Pal, P. Kumar, P. Chaturvedi, Preeti Verma, Neeraj Jain,D.S Rawal, J.S.B.S. Rawat, M. Bal, P. Ghosal, Harsh and H.P. Vyas
61. Electron Energy Loss Rate due to Confined Lo Phonons in 359Semiconductor Quantum WellsK.R. Usharaniand S.S. Kubakaddi
62. Luminescence Studies of ZnS:Mn Nanophosphors 363Harish Chander, D. Haranath and N. Karar
63. Luminescence Studies on YAG:Ce Nanophosphor for 367White Led ApplicationsD. Haranath, Harish Chander and Pooja Sharma
64. Origin of Non-Band Gap Luminescence in Pure 371Nanocrystalline ZnSN. Karar, Harish Chander and M. Kar
65. Electronic Properties of Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline 375Silicon Films Deposited by PECVDA. Bhardwaj, M. Dilshad, Sushil Kumar, C.M.S. Rauthan,S.S. Rajput and P.N. Dixit
66. Effect of Evolution of Powders in Silaneargon Plasma at 379Low Power Density on a-Si:H Samples PropertiesN. Dutta Gupta, C. Longeaud, A. Bhaduri, P. Chaudhuri andS. Vignoli and O. Marty
67. Study ofa-C:H Films Deposited from Methane-Argon 384Mixture on the Grounded and RF Powered Electrodes ofARF-PECVD UnitN. Dutta Gupta, C. Longeaud, A. Bhaduri and P. Chaudhuri
68. Amine Induced Surface Modification of TOPO-Capped 389CdSe NanocrystalsHimani Sharma, Shailesh N. Sharma, Gurmeet Singh and S.M. Shivaprasad
xvi
69. Ageing and Heat Treatment Studies in CdTe Quantum Dots 393Kriti Sharma, Praveen K. Pandey, Abhishek Verma, Swati Nagpal,P.K. Bhatnagar and PC. Mathur
70. Contribution of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes in a Bundle 377Sample Prepared by CVD TechniqueS.S. Islam, K.A. Shah, H.S. Mavi, A.K. Shukla and Harsh
71. Synthesis and Characterisations of CdSe Nanowires 402A. Loualiche, K. Yu-Zhang, D.Z. Guo, J. Mallet, M. Molinari and M. Troyon
72. Growth of Nanodiamond Films using C2H2 and AR 409Gaseous Mixture by Pulsed PECVD Technique
Sushil Kumar, C.M.S. Rauthan, Rishi Sharma, R.P. Gupta and P.N. Dixit
73. Study of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) 413Growh on Fe-Pt Nanocrystalline FilmsSamina Khan, Monika Aggarwal, Zishan H. Khan, K.N. Tripathi,S.K. Agarwal and M. Husain
74. Transport Mechanism for Boolean Logic Implementation 417using Resonant Tunneling Diode Coupled Single-ElecronQuantum DOT DeviceS.S. Dan, M. Ray and C.K. Sarkar
75. Synthesis of Carbon Encapsulated Iron/Carbide Nanorods 422by Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical VaporDeposition TechniqueSanjay K. Srivastava, D.V. Sridhar Rao, Vasant D. Vankarand Vikram Kumar
76. Photoluminescence Characterisation of PbS Nanostructures 426Grown in Polyvinyl AlcoholNaresh Babu Pendyala and K.S.R. Koteswara Rao
11. Patterning of Silicon Surface with Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Beam 431Brijesh Kumar and R.K. Soni
78. Carbon Nanotube Based Wireless Biological Sensors 435Kiran Aatre, Jining Xie, Jose Abraham, Vijay Veradan,Jitesh Veetil and Kaiming Ye
xvii
79. InxGa, xAs Quantum Dots: Structural Studies by Rheed, 440AFM and TEMD. V. Sridhara Rao, K. Muraleedharan, R. Balamuralikrishnan,T. Srinivasan, R. Muralidharan, P. Sen, and V.D. Vankar
80. Polymer-Capped Nanocrystalline ZnS Thin Films Prepared 444by Chemical ProcessR. Maity U.N. Maiti, S.F. Ahmed and K.K. Chattopadhyay
81. Structural and Optical Properties of ZnS Nanoparticles 449Synthesized by RF-Magnetron Sputtering TechniqueP. K. Ghosh, S. Nandy, S. Jana and K. K. Chattopadhyay
82. Influence of Quantum Confinement on the Einstein Relation in 454Heavily Doped Nonlinear Optical and Optoelectronic Materials:Simplified Theory and Suggestion for Experimental DeterminationK.P.Ghatak, D.De, S. Ghosal, S.N. Banerjee and J.P. Baneerjee
83. Quantum Correction Models for Modern Semiconductor Devices 458Martin Wagner, Markus Karnerand Tibor Grasser
84. On the Thermoelectric Power in Strained Layer Quantum 462Well Superlattices with Graded Interfaces in the Presenceof a Quantizing Magnetic FieldK.P.Ghatak, D.De, S. Ghosal, S.N. Banerjee and J.P. Baneerjee
85. Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications : An Overview 466B. Jayaprakash and A. K. Goel
86. An Easy Way to Get 2D/3D Architecture of Carbon 470Nanotube BundlesKingsuk Mukhopadhyay Kanik Ram and K. U. Bhasker Rao
87. Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Supercapacitors 472A. Leela Mohana Reddy, M.M. Shaijumon andS. Ramaprabhu
88. Nanopatterning of GaAs Surface by Ar-Ion Irradiation 476S.K. Mohanta, R.K. Soni, S. Tripathy and S.J. Chua
xvlll
89 In Plane Optical Polarization Anisotropy of InAs/GaAs Self 480Assembled Quantum DotsJaymta Bhattacharyya, Sandlp Ghosh, Stefan Malzer,G /•/, Dohler and B.M, Arora
90. Visible Photoluminescence from Self-Assembled 484Go Quantum StructuresMunoj Kumar, H.S. MBVI, S, Rath, A,K, Shukls and V,D, Vankar
91. Synthesis oi Carbon Nanotubes by ECR 488Plasma-Assisted CVDMonika Aggarwal, Samina Khan, Zishan H. Khan, M. Zulfeqaur,S K. Agarwal and M. Husain
92. Structure and Electrical Characteristics of Nanocrystulline 492Nichrome Films
Vinayak, R.D.Shrivastava, Anshu Goyal, Robert Laishram,Anusnree Tomar, H.P.Vyas and V.D. Vankar
93. Growth of CdS Nanostruclures on Nano-Porous Alumina Template 497S.P. Mondal, R.K. Singha, K. Das, A. Dhar and S.K. Ray
94. Preparation of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide Powder by 501Hydrothermal RouteKiranJain, Rashmi, N. Karar and H.Chandra
Section C: Sensors and MEMS
Invited Papers
95 Polycrystalline Silicon on Insulator (PSOI) for 509MEMS ApplicationsK.N.Bhat, R.Joseph Daniel and Enakshi Bhattacharya
9b. MEMS for Tunable Infrared Sensor Arrays 515/.. Faraone
97. MEMS Based Accelerameter for Control of Environmental 521Pollution from AutomobilesSantiram Kal
xlx
98. Progress of Soft Actuators Based on Conducting Polymers 529Kellchl Kaneto
99. Applications of MEMS Technology for NanosatellHes 535BrljN.Agrawal
Contributed Papers100. Fabrication and Characterisation of an lON-Sensitive 543
Field-Effect Transistor as ApH Sensor and for IonicConcentration Measurements in Aqueous Solutions of SaltsV. K. Khanna, A. Kumar, Y. K. Jain and S. Ahmad
101. Experimental Study and Physico-Chemical Analysis of the 547Response Characteristics of an ISFET (lON-SensitiveField-Effect Transistor)-Based Glucose Biosensor Exposed toVarious AnalytesV. K. Khanna, A. Kumar, Y. K. Jain and S. Ahmad
102. Development of Signal Conditioning Circuit for Direct 351Readout of pH by ION-Sensitive Field-Effect TransistorV. K. Khanna, G. R. Naik, D. K. Agrawal, A. Kumar, Y. K. Jain and S. Ahmad
103. Tin Oxide Gas Sensor: Effect of Various Dopants 554Abhilasha Srivastava, Rashmi and Kiran Jain
104. Optimisation of Polysilicon Piezoresistors for Pressure 558Sensor ApplicationS. R. Manjula, V.Vinoth Kumar, K.Sivakumar, EnakshiBhattacharyaandKN.Bhat
105. Sensitive Silicon and Porous Silicon Triglyceride Biosensors 562Arun Mathew, Ganesh Pandian, Anju Chadha and Enakshi Bhattacharya
106. Etch Stop Technique Release Cantilever Beam Assembly 565Ramjay Pal, Shanker Dutta, Praveen Kumar, Y.P. Khosla,Geeta Saxena, Jagbir Singh, O.P.Hooda, Surender Kumar, P. Dattaand S. K. Lomash
107. Design and Analysis of MEMS Based In-Plane Microneedle 568Shankar Dutta, Shaveta, D.K. Bhattacharya, P.Datta and S.K. Lomash
XX
108. Application of Thermoelectrics for Minituarized 572Adsorption CoolingBidyut Baran Saha, Anutosh Chakraborty, Shigeru Koyamaand Kirn Choon Ng
109. 3C-SIC Epitaxy for MEMS Applications 581S.E. Saddow, M. Reyes, M. Waits, S. HarveyY. Shishkin, B. Geil and J. T. Wolan
110. Anodic Bonding Micromachining of Silicon by 586ION-Cut TechniqueMB. Dutt, S.P. Chowdhury, A.K. Mishra andS.P. Gupta
111. Structural and Optical Properties of RF Sputtered Silicon 590Nitride Films for MEMSVivekanand Bhatt, C. M. Singal and Sudhir Chandra
112. Wireless Point-of-Care Monitoring of 594Neural Activity Using NEMSAshwin K. Whitchurch, Jose K. Abraham and Vijay K. Varadan
113. Pulsed Laser Deposited Palladium Thin Films: 599A Hydrogen SensorM. Krishna Kumar, M. S Ramachandra Rao and S. Ramaprabhu
114. Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon as a Potential Material for 604Room Temperature BolometerV.K. Jain, Sushil Kumar, C.M.S. Rauthan, S.S.Rajput and P.N. Dixit
115. Microchannels for Microfluidic Applications 609Ranvir Singh, V.K.Saravanan, Amir Ahmad and Amita Gupta
116. Select Gas Absorpton in Carbon Nanotubes Loading a 614Microwave Resonant Cavity to Sense AirborneToxin GasesJ. A. Roberts, A. Anand and J. N. Dahiya
117. Fabrication of High Sensitivity Pressure Sensor Based 620on Porous SiliconL.Sujatha, V. Vinoth Kumar and Enakshi Bhattacharya
XXI
118. Symmetric Toggle Switch - An Electrostatic Low Actuation 025Voltage RF MEMS Switch for Wireless Communication:Varactor Configuration
KamalJ Rangra, B. Margesin, F. Giacomozzi and G. Soncini
Section D: VLSI and ULSI Technologies
Invited Papers
119. Material Parameter Identification for Interconnect Analysis 63.S
Stefan Holzerand Siegfried Selberherr
120. Material and Process Issues of Ni-Salicide Technology 642
Bing-Zong Li, Yu-Long Jiang, Guo-Ping Ru and Xin-Ping Qu
121. Recent Innovations in Schottky Rectifier Design 650
M. Jagadesh Kumar
122. Wideband Characteristics of Multigates MOS Devices 656
Vikram Passi and Jean-Pierre Raskin
123. Multi-Gate FETs for the Sub-65nm CMOS Technologies - 666Implications for Circuit Design
M.V. Rammohan Reddy, D.K. Sharma, M.B. Patil and V. Ramgopal Rao
124. Controlling Dopant Diffusion for Shallow Junctions 674
Amitabh Jain
125. Quantum and Spin Tunnel Devices for Memory Applications 678
Stephen Sudirgo, Sean L. Rommel and Santosh K. Kurinec
Contributed Papers126. Work Function for Pt-Ru Alloy Metal Gate Electrode for PMOs 691
R.M. Todi, K.B. Sundaram and K.R. Coffey
127. Electrical and Structural Characteristics of Cobalt-Nickel-Silicide 695Thin Films for Ultrashallow Junction Devices
D. Panda, A. Basar, A. Dhar and S.K. Ray
xxll
128. Chemical Oxidation of Silicon to Grow Ultra Thin Oxide 701BinsuJ. Kallath, Vaibhav G. Marathe, Nandlta DasGupta andAmitava DasGupta
129. Realisation of Quantum Dot (QD) Boolean Logic Gate for 705Image Processing ApplicationsM. Ray, S.S. Dan and C.K. Sarkar
130. Study ofThinNIjSI Film Growth Dynamics at 710Low TemperatureYu-Long Jiang, Guo°Plng Ru, Xln-PIng Qu and Blng-Zong LI
131. Voltage Drop Analysis of PNP and NPN Punch-Through 715StructuresKhurshsd Ahmad Shsh
132. Hlgh=k Dielectric Material Properties and Thermodynamie 720Analysis of Layered Tl/HfO3/SiO3/Si Structure forInterface EngineeringR,K, N§har§ndAp§rn§ Bh@rm§
Author Index (VoU) 725Combined Author Index (Vok, I & II) 731