PHYSICS MODULE Introduction to Physics

Physics Module : Paper 1 (by nick SMSHS) – Introduction To Physics 1

Physics Module : Paper 1 (by nick SMSHS) – Introduction To Physics

1. A field of study in physics that is related to temperature and thermal energy is A heat B light C electricity D nuclear physics

2. Which of the following is a SI base unit?A decimeterB meterC kilometerD Megameter

3. Which of the following sets is the set of prefixes arranged in ascending order?A nano, mega, mili, kiloB mega, kilo, nano, miliC nano, mili, kilo, megaD kilo, mili, mega, nano

4. Which of the following is not a symbol of a base SI unit?

A kg B s C A D oC

5. Which group contains scalar quantities only?

A B

C D

6. Time, work and speed areA base quantities C scalar quantitiesB derived quantities D vector quantities

7. Mass can be categorized asA. Derived quantityB. Base quantityC. Vector quantity

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Speed / LajuWeight / BeratTime / MasaVolume / Isipadu

Distance / JarakWork / KerjaMass / JisimTime / Masa

Force / DayaMomentum / MomentumVelocity / HalajuWeight / Berat

Displacement / SesaranArea / LuasDensity / KetumpatanEnergy / Tenaga


8. Which of the following quantities is a vector quantity ? A Mass B Speed C Work D Momentum

9. Which of the following shows the relation between the base quantities for density?

A

B

C

D

10. Which of the following quantities below is a base quantity?A Momentum C SpeedB Time D Force

11. Which of the following physical quantities is not a base quantity?A Temperature C MassB Electric charge D Time

12. What is the unit of momentum in terms of base SI units?A Ns C kg m s-1

B kg m s- ² D Nm

13. Which of the following is the unit of a base quantity ?A. Kilometer C JouleB. Kilogram D Voltan.

14. Which of the following submultiple and it’s prefix is correct ? Submultiple Prefix A. 10-6 kilo B. 10-3 mili C 10-2 hecto D 10-1 deca

15. Which of the following arrangements of the prefixes is in descending order ? A Milli, centi, micro, deci

B Deci , centi, milli, micro, C Centi, deci, milli, micro

16. Which of the following lists of physical quantities consist of only scalar quantities ?

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A Mass, time, displacement, forceB Density, speed, energy, temperatureC Time, speed, momentum, temperatureD Acceleration, speed, energy, time

17. Which of the following physical quantities has the correct SI units? Quantities SI unitsA. Acceleration ms-1

B. Momentum kg ms-1

C. Density kg cm-3

D. Pressure kg m-1 s-1

18. Which of the following is a vector quantity?A Temperature B Electric currentC Density D Displacement

19. Which of the following is the correct option for scalar and vector quantity?

Scalar quantity Vector quantityA Displacement VelocityB Frequency SpeedC Power Force

20. A scalar quantity is A a physical quantity that has magnitude only B a physical quantity that has magnitude and direction C a quantity that can be measured using a measuring scales. D a base quantity and cannot be derived from other quantities

21. Which physical quantity has the correct S.I unit?

22. Which of the following measurements has the smallest value?A 1.0 x 10² km C 1.0 x 108 cmB 1.0 x 107 mm D 1.0 x 109 nm

23. The velocity of a car is 40 m s-1 .What is its velocity in km h-1?A 112 km h-1 C 144 km h-1

B 121 km h-1 D 130 km h-1

24. Which one of the following measurements is the smallest ?A 1.5 x 10 2 kg B 1.5 x 10 7 g C 1.5 x 10 12 µ g

25. What is the equivalent value for 40 ms-1 in kmh-1

Physical quantity S.I UnitA Time minuteB Mass NewtonC Length meterD Temperature Celcius

4


A 1.10 x 10-5 B 1.44 x 10-5 C 14.4

D 144 E 1440

26. A radio station transmitted a radio wave with frequency of 25 MHz. The value of the frequency is equivalent to

A 2.5 x 10-5 Hz B 2.5 x 10-2 Hz. C 2.5 x 104 Hz. D 2.5 x 107 Hz. E 2.5 x 109 Hz.

27. ERA radio wave frequency 103.3 MHz, written in Hz unit is A. 1.033 x 104 Hz B. 1.033 x 105 Hz C. 1.033 x 106 Hz D. 1.033 x 107 Hz

E. 1.033 x 108 Hz 28. A car is traveling at a speed of 90 km h-1. What is its speed in m s-1?

A 9.0 ms-1 B 18.0 ms-1 C 25.0 ms-1

D 30.0 ms-1 E 20.0 ms-1

29. A piece of copper wire is 0.50 m long, and its diameter is1.52 mm. What is the appropriate instrument that can be used to measure the length and the thickness of the copper wire ? Length ThicknessA Meter rule Vernier calipersB Meter rule Micrometer screw gaugeC Measuring tape Vernier calipersD Vernier calipers Micrometer screw gauge

30. Which of the following statements about zero error is true ? A Can be reduced by finding the average reading.

B Exists in either positive value or negative value.C Increases when the range of the scale is larger.

D Increases when the value of the reading is larger.

31. An experiment is carried out to find the relationship between mass and acceleration of a trolley on a wooden runway. The experiment is repeated by adding the number of trolleys. The responding variable in this experiment is A. the length of the wooden runway. B. acceleration C. mass D. time

32. Which of the following steps can reduce the parallax error while recording the value ofcurrent from an ammeter?A Use more sensitive ammeter .B Calculate the average value from the repeated readings C Use a magnifying lens to read the reading from the ammeter .D Use an ammeter with a plane mirror underneath the pointer needle .

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33. The ability of an instrument to detect a small changes in the quantity to be measured is calledA. accuracy B. precisionC. sensitivity D. error

34. Among the 4 sets of archery results A, B, C and D shown in figure, which set is consistent but not accurate ? A

35. Consistency of an instrument isA the ability to detect a small change in the quantity to be measured.B the ability to measure a quantity with a little deviation.C the ability to measure the actual valueD the ability to stand a change of environmental factors

36. Which of the following steps is the correct in designing and carrying out an experiment?A Analisation state the aim list the variables list of apparatus

procedures tabulation B Procedures state the aim list the variables list of apparatus

tabulation analysationC State the aim list the variables list of apparatus procedures

tabulation analisationD List the variables list of apparatus state the aim procedures

tabulation analysation

37. A student conducted an experiment to study the relationship between the mass of the pendulum and its period of oscillation. Which of the following statements is correct?

A The manipulated variable is the length of pendulum. B The responding variable can be determined with the stop watch. C The period of oscillation is scaled at x-axis for plotting the graph. D The mass of pendulum should be the same throughout the experiment

38. Which of the following causes systematic errors?A Parallax error

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B Incorrect measurement C Change of temperature D Zero error

39. A shop-keeper places two identical blocks of cheese on a set of scales and notices that their combined mass is 240 g. Each block measures 2.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 10.0 cm.

A 0.42 g / cm3 B 0.83 g / cm3

C 1.2 g / cm3 D 2.4 g / cm3

40. Diagram shows a hole at the wooden block.

Which measuring tool is the most suitable will be use to measure the diameter and the depth of the hole?A Ruler C Micrometer screw gauge and rulerB Ruler and vernier calipers D Vernier calipers

41. Diagram 41.1 above shows the existence of zero error when the gap of a micrometer screw gauge is closed.

Diagram 41.2 shows the reading of the micrometer screw gauge after an object is placed for the measurement of its thickness.

Diagram 41.1 Diagram 41.2

The actual reading of the thickness is

7

HoleWoodenblock


A 2.25 mm B 2.28 mm C 2.75 mm D 2.78 mm

42. Figure 1 shows the scale of a micrometer screw gauge.

What is the reading of the micrometer?

A 8.31 mm B 8.81 mm C 8.81 cm

D 8.31 cm

43. Figure 1(a) shows the existence of zero error of a vernier calipers. Figure 1(b) shows the reading of the vernier calipers for diameter of metal sphere.

8

FIGURE 1


The actual reading of diameter of the metal sphere is

A 2.02 cm B 2.04 cmC 2.06 cm D 2.08 cm

44. The diagram shows part of a micrometer screw gauge.

What is the reading of the micrometer?

A 4.28 mm B 4.32 mmC 4.78 mm D 4.82 mm

45. Figure shows a micrometer screw gauge which is used to measure the diameter of an object.

Diameter of the object is A. 2.31 mm B. 2.32 mm C. 2.33 mmD. 2.87 mm E. 2.88 mm

46.

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

Diagram (a) shows the reading of the micrometer screw gauge when the jaws are tight. Diagram (b) shows the reading of the micrometer screw gauge when it is used to measure the thickness of a coin. What is the thickness of the coin ?A 2.20 mmB 2.30 mm

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Without an object With an object


C 2.40 mmD 2.50 mmE 2.90 mm

47. Diagram shows a pair of vernier calipers used to measure the thickness of a wooden block. If a pair of vernier calipers has -0.02 cm zero error, the actual reading of the vernier calipers is

A 1.55 cm B 1.56 cm C 1.57 cmD 1.58 cm E 2.50 cm

48. Which of the following statements is true concerning the use of a pair of vernier calipers. A The outside jaws are used to measure internal diameters B The inside jaws are used to measure thickness of a book C The tail is used to measure the depths of a liquid in a beaker D The inside jaws are used to measure external diameters 49. The diagram shows the reading of a ball bearing. The diameter of the ball bearing is

A 1.100 cm D 1.150 cmB 1.110 cm E 1.183 cmC 1.133 cm

50. Diagram (i) shows a vernier caliper scale with a zero error when the two jaws of the vernier calipers touch each other. Diagram (ii) shows a reading when it is used to measure the thickness of a piece of wood.

What is the actual reading of the measurement?

10

Diagram (i) Diagram (ii)


A. 9.01 cmB. 9.11 cmC. 9.14 cmD. 9.15 cm

51. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer screw gauge.

What is the reading of the micrometer ?A 6.58 mm C 6.03 mmB 6.52 mm D 6.02 mm

52. The diagram above shows a micrometer screw gauge used to measure the thickness of a coin.

What is the reading shown ?A 3.05 mm D 3.65 mmB 3.50 mm E 3.95 mmC 3.55 mm

53. What is the reading of the vernier calipers as shown in the diagram below?

A 3.90 cm B 3.70 cm C 3.16 cmD 2.67 cm E 2.61 cm

54. Diagram (i) shows the zero error of a vernier calipers. Diagram (ii) shows the reading of the thickness of a coin when this vernier callipers is used. What is the corrected value of the thinkness of the coin?

Diagram (i) Diagram (ii)

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A 4.11 cm D 4.66 cmB 4.15 cm E 4.70 cmC 4.21 cm

55. Diagram shows a pair of vernier calipers reading when it is closed. The subsequent readings

must be corrected by…..

A Adding 0.06 cm C Adding 0.04 cmB Substracting 0.06 cm D Substracting 0.04 cm

56. A vernier calipers is shown in diagram below.

The vernier calipers is used to measure the diameter of a marble . The reading produced has to be A subtracted by 0.07 cm . B added with 0.07 cm C subtracted by 0.03 cm . D added with 0.03 cm .

57. Which of the following statements about micrometer screw gauge is correct?A Its sensitivity is 0.01 cmB It has two types of jawC Each division on the thimble is 0.01 mmD The main division is on its ratchet

12

Main scale

Vernier scale


58. A glass rod being measured by three different instruments. Which of the following readings is measured with micrometer screw gauge?A 1.85 mm C 1.851 mmB 1.85 cm D 18.51 cm

59. Which of the following is suitable measured with micrometer screw gauge?A The thickness of a bookB The width of a bookC The width of a crackD The thickness of a cardboard

60. A student needs to measure the internal diameter of a test tube as accurately as possible. Which instrument should be used?

A. Metre rule C. Vernier calipersB. Measuring tape D. Micrometer screw gauge

61. What is the reading of ammeter

A. 0.27 A B. 0.54 A C. 2.7 AD. 3.7 A E. 5.4 A

62. The table shows the results obtained from an experiment to examine the resistivity of a wire.

Diameter of wire / mm Current / A Potential difference / V0.40 0.36 3.60.80 0.41 3.81.20 0.55 4.51.60 0.72 5.02.00 0.88 5.1

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Which one of the following statements is true about the experiment?A The smallest scale on the ammeter is 0.02 A.B The smallest scale on the voltmeter is 0.1 V.C The diameter of the wire is the responding variable.D The diameter of the wire is measured with vernier calipers.

63. The accuracy of a measurement can be increased byA. Neglecting the zero errorB. Neglecting the parallax errorC. Taking average of several readingsD. Rounding up values to the nearest decimals

64. Which of the following steps can reduce the parallax error while recording the value of current from an ammeter?A. Use more sensitive ammeter.B. Calculate the average value from the repeated readingsC. Use a magnified lens to read the reading from the ammeter.D. Use an ammeter with a plane mirror underneath the pointer needle.

65. A, B, C and D show the shooting marks on a target. Which marks can explain the concept of consistency of a measurement?

A B

C D

66. Diagram below shows the marks on a target board made by arrows shot by two archers, M and N.

Which of the following is true about the archers ?A. N is not accurate because his arrow marks are far from each other.B. N is not consistent because his five arrow marks are far from the target.C. M is more accurate because his five arrow marks are close to each other.D. M is more precise because his five arrow marks are close to each other.

67. The graphical method is an easy and effective method of analyzing experimental

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results because a graph can A produce accurate experimental results. B improve the accuracy of experimental measurements.C improve the sensitivity of the measuring instrument.

D clearly show the relationship between the experimental quantities68. The diagram shows an ammeter has a mirror behind the pointer.

What is the function of the mirror?A Focus the lightB To avoid parallax error C The scale can be brighter D The image of pointer becomes bigger

69. The diagram shows a graph plotted from an experiment .

Which of the following statement about the graph is not true?

A The title of the graph is graph force,F against time,t .

15

Mirror

Pointer

-10


B Time, t is the manipulated variable .C The gradient of the graph is 4 Ns-1 .D The force is directly proportional to the time .

70. Diagram show a graph of P against 1/Q.

Which of the following is true?

A. P is directly proportional with Q B. P is inversely to 1/Q C. P is inversely to Q

71. The diagram shows graph Y against 1/X . Which of the following relationship between X and Y is correct if the gradient is -m and the Y-intercept is t?

A Y = t - mX C

B

D X = t – mY

72. The graph shows the relationship between s and t.

16

1/Q

P


The relationship between a and b is represented by the equation

A

B

C

D

73. The graph shows the relationship between s and t.

Which of the following equations represent the graph?

A

B

C

D

E

74. The graph shows the relationship between v and t.

The relationship between v and t is represented by the equation:

A B

17

s

m

0 nt

v/m

t/s

-12

3


C D

75. v/ms-1

Which statement about the graph is correct?

A v = 10 t + 5 B v = 2t + 10C v = -2t + 10 D v = 5t -10

76. Based on the figure shown, state the relationship between mass and acceleration.

A. Acceleration is inversely proportional to massB. Acceleration is directly proportional to mass

C. Acceleration is inversely proportional to

77. Diagram shows a graph relating two physical quantities, H and K.

Which statement is correct? / Pernyataan manakah benar?A H is the manipulated variable / H ialah pembolehubah dimanipulasiB K is the constant variable / K ialah pembolehubah dimalarkan

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t/s5

10

/ kg-1

a/ms-2

H

K0


C H decreases linearly with K / H berkurang secara linear dengan KD H is directly proportional to K / H berkadar terus dengan K

1 A physical quantity is ……………………………………………………………………..

BASE QUANTITIES

2 A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities.

3 List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units.

Base quantity Symbol S.I. Unit Symbol for S.I. Unit

Length

Mass

Time

Current

Temperature

4 Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are :

i) ………………………… unit ……………..

ii) ………………………. .. unit ……………..

DERIVED QUANTITIES

1 A derived quantity is …….…………………………………………………………………

2 Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.

Derived quantity

Formula Derived unitName of

derived unit

area area = length x width m x m = m2 –

volume volume = length x width x height m x m x m = m3 –

density –

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Derived quantity

Formula Derived unitName of

derived unit

velocity –

momentum momentum = mass x velocity

Acceleration

Force force = mass x acceleration

pressure

weightweight = mass x gravitational

acceleration

work work = force x displacement

power

kinetic energy

potential energy

P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height

charge charge = current x time

voltage

resistance

Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement, perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.

STANDARD FORM

1. Standard form = A x 10n , 1 < A < 10 and n = integer

2. Standard form is used to simplify the expression of very large and small numbers

PREFIXES

1. Prefixes are usually used to represent a large physical quantity or extremely small quantity in S.I units.

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2. It will be written before the unit as a multiplying factor

How to change the unit :Eg : 1. Mega to nano

1.33 MA = 1.33 x 106 A= 1.33 x 10 6-(-9) nA= 1.33 x 10 -15 nA

2. Tera to micro

1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 10 12m= 1.23 x 10 12 – (-6)m = 1.23 x 10 18m

3. piko to Mega

5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA = 5.456 x 10 -9pA = 5.456 x 10 -9 –(6) MA = 5.456 x 10 -15 MA

4. Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. These extremely large and small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes

A. Write the following quantities in standard form :

a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =…………………………………………………….

b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg = ………….

c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = ………………………………………………………

d. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = …………………………………………..........

e. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = ………………………………………………….

B. Write the quantities in standard prefixes:

a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = ……………………………………………….

b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = …………………………………………………….

c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ……………………………..

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d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ……………………………..

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

1 Scalar quantities are ……………………………………………………………………….

Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………

2 Vector quantities are………………………………………………………………………...

Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………

MEASUREMENTS

Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure

1. There are various types of measuring instrument with different measuring capabilities.

2. We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to measure a particular quantityEg:A. Ammeter : is use to determine the electric current

B. Measuring cylinder : is use to determine the volume of liquid.

B. Ruler : is use to determine the length

wrong right wrong 10 11 12 13 14 15 Reading = ……………… cm

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pointer mirror pointer mirror

Pointer’s image is behind the pointer

incorret reading correct reading

1 2 30 4

1 2 30 4

Pointer’s image can be seen

Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale)

wrong position of eye

wrong position of eye water


C. Vernier calliper

1. A venier calliper is used to measure : i. small object

ii. depth of a holeiii. external diameter of a cylinder or pipeiv. internal diameter of a pipe or tube

2. A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of 0.01 cm.

3. Length of vernier scale = ……… cmVernier scale is divided into 10 divisionsLength of the divisions = ………. cm

Eg:

Main scale = …………………. Vernier scale = …………………..

Final reading = …………………..

23

0 1

0 5 10

Main scale in cm

Vernier scale

cm 0 1 2 3 4 SKALA

UTAMA 0 5 10

inside jawsVernier scale

outside jaws

Main scale

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 cm

Find the division of vernier scale which is coincides with any part of the main scale

small object depth

of a hole

external diameter of a cylinder or pipe internal diameter of a pipe

or tube

0.01cm

The different between the main scale and vernier scale is = ……………………………. cm


Eg: The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading.

Vernier calliper reading = ……………. cm

D. Micrometer screw gauge.

A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure : i. objects that are small in size ii. diameter of a wire iii. diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings

Eg:

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0 5 10

0 1

Sleeve scale : ……………

Thimble scale : ………….

Total reading : …………..

Sleeve scale : ……………

Thimble scale : ………….

Total reading : …………..

One complete turn of the thimble(50 division) moves the spindle by 0.50 mm.Division of thimble = ………………….. = …………………..A accuracy of micrometer screw gauge = ……………..


Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. Write down the readings shown by the following

(a)

Answer : …………………………………

(b)

Answer : …………………………………

(c)

Answer : …………………………………

(d)

25

0 5 10

0 1

0 5 10

6 7

0 5 10

7 8

0 5 10

4 5 A B

Q P


Answer : …………………………………

2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.

Zero error = ………… cm

(b) The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are

40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.

3. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.

(a) (b)

Answer: …………………………. Answer:…………………..

(c) (d)

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0 5 10

5 6

0 5 10

0 1

Reading shown = …………..…….cm

Corrected reading = …………..……..cm

35

400 5

30

0 5 10 35

20

250

15

200 5


Answer:………………………… Answer:…………………….

4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

Zero error = …........…….. mm Zero error = …................ mm

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

ACCURACY AND CONSISTENCY IN MEASUREMENTS

1. Accuracy : …………………………………………………………………………………

2. Consistency : ………………………………………………………………………………

3. Sensitivity : …………………………………………………………………………………

………………………… ……………………… ……………………………..

27

target

target

0 0

45

5

0

0

5

0

0 0 5

15

20

Zero error = ……………… mm Reading shown = ………………… mm

Corrected reading = ………………… mm


…………………….. …………………………….. ………………………………

ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS

1. All measurements are values ………………………………………………………………

2. In other word, it is a matter of ……………………………………………………………

3. This is because ……………………………………………………………………………

4. Two main types of errors:

4.1 ……………………………………………

Occurs due to :

a) ………………………………………………………………………………………

b) ………………………………………………………………………………………

c) ………………………………………………………………………………………

Examples :

a) ………………………………………………………………………………………

b) ………………………………………………………………………………………

c) ………………………………………………………………………………………

4.2 ……………………………………………..

Occurs due to

a) ………………………………………………………………………………………

b) ………………………………………………………………………………………

c) ………………………………………………………………………………………

Example :

a) …………………………………………………………………………………..…

b) ……………………………………………………………………………………..

.....................................................................................................................

Eg:

a. Parallax error :

It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of the instrument.

Example : Wrong

Right position of the eye (no error)

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Random error

carelessness in making the measurement.

parallex error , incorrect positioning of the eye when taking the readings.

sudden change of ambient factors such as temperature or air circulation.

Readings are close to the actual value but they are not consistent.

Can be minimized by consistently repeating the measurement at different

places in an identical manner.

of approximation only.

how close the measurement is to the actual value.

error exist in all measurements.

Systematic errors

a weakness of the instrument

the difference between reaction time of the brain and the action.

zero error is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use.

Range of the measuring instrument – absolute error .

Reaction time of the brain.

Initial reading is not at the zero scale – zero error

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Wrong

b. Zero error : where the pointer is not at zero when not in use

Correct reading = observed reading – zero error

Positive zero error Negative zero error

Positive zero error Negative zero error

c. Absolute error : Refer to the smallest reading that can be measured by an instrument.

Eg. If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cmThen, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm

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Zero error of micrometer screw gauge

Horizontal reference

Horizontal reference

3 divisions above horizontal reference 2 divisions below

horizontal reference

Zero error = 0.02 mm Zero error = 0.03 mm

0 1 cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zero error = - 0.04 cm

0 1 cm

Zero error = + 0.03 cm

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PHYSICS MODULE Introduction to Physics