PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL

ANTHROPOLOGY

~ UNIT 4 ~

What is Physical/Biological Anthropology?

Study of the _______________aspects of humans and _____________ humans.

Non-cultural – all ____________ characteristics that are genetically ________

Near-human - includes __________, apes, other ___________, & our ____________ancestors

The Three Categories?1. Human Biology – human__________,

genetic inheritance patterns, non-cultural _______________ to environment, and other biological characteristics of our species, _________

2. Primatology - ______________ primate studies.  Usually done in a _____________ setting among ________ apes, monkeys, and related animals.  Interested in learning about the ____________ and behavior _______ of primates--our ____________ living relatives. 

3. Paleoanthropology - Recover the _______ record of _________ humans and their _________ ancestors in order to understand the path of our _______________.  Often work with geologists, ________________, and scientists with other specialties who help them reconstruct _______________ environments.

searching for fossils and artifacts of our distant human ancestors in a  French cave

CHAPTER 11

HUMAN BIOLOGY

Pre-Darwin Theories 1. Creationism - special and _____________

creation by _________ of every species and that ________________do not ______________through ___________from generation to generation.

2. The "Great Chain of Being" - _______ created an ____________ and _____________ series of life forms, each one grading into the next, from simplest to most ___________, and that all ___________, including humans, were created in their _________ form and that they have remained ______________ since then. 

3. Catastrophism – there was a ___________ & sudden _________ catastrophes (great floods and rapid formation of mountains).  ___________ & animals living in those parts of the world were often ______________.  Then _____________ forms moved in from other areas.  Result - ___________ show a ___________changes in ____________. 

4. Uniformitarianism - ___________ forces changing the ___________of the earth's _________ have been operating in the past much the same way.  “The _____________ is the key to understanding the __________. ” – Had a great affect on _______ ________________in the 1830’s.

Charles DarwinHe didn’t invent the idea of ________________, but

carried out the ______________ to prove that it has occurred

In the ___________________ he made the observations that eventually led him to ________ what causes _________ and animals to ___________

The _________________________ by Means of Natural Selection,

orThe ________________________________________ in the Struggle for Life

1st edition published in ____________

Galápagos Islands__________ voyage on H.M.S.

__________

______________ are slightly ___________ from one _____________ to another

have _______________ found in ______________ part of the world. Similar ones exist on the ______________ coast of _______________________________

Natural Selection Nature selected the best

______________ to survive and to ___________________

He believed the ________________ already existed and that _____________ just selected for the most suitable __________ shape and against __________ useful ones

◦Darwin described this process as the “______________________________"

Evolution Evidence has come from four sources:

1. The ___________ record of change in earlier species

2. The _________________ and _______________ similarities of related life forms

3. The _______________ distribution of related species

4.  The recorded ____________________ in living organisms over many generations

Fossils_____________ of

animals and plants found in _________ rock deposits

Provides evidence that the ______________animals and plants of today were ____________ by earlier _____________ ones.

Fossil Hominids: Lucy1974 Discovered in

__________________ million years oldAdult _________ about __________years oldHer arms are __________

than humans today, but __________ than a _______________

She is between the two species on the _________________

'Ardi,' Oldest Human Ancestor?_______ million years

oldFound in _______________________ It's not a _________ It's not a ____________Could ___________&

____________________last ________________of

chimpanzees and humans.

_________________________fossil - earliest bird in fossil record. Thought to be ___________ million years old.

Found 1891 in _______________________. More than 10 have been found. Has many features of a dinosaurs & birds such as scales on head, feathers, wings, a tail, etc.

Chemical and Anatomical Similarities

All plants and animals receive specific characteristics from their ______________ by inheriting particular combinations of ___________________. 

______________ is the same for all _____________

Species share the same types of ___________ because they ______________ them from a common _________________ that had them. 

All living things either share a ________________ or they came into existence as a result of ____________ ______________________

Geographic Distribution

isolated ______________ and _________ groups often ____________ their own distinct plant and animal ____________________

______________ in these areas have been evolving in _____________ from the rest of the world for _________________ of years.

Genetic Changes _____________________ - new

________________ of plants and animals (ex. ________________)

individuals lacking the _______________ characteristics are ______________ to _____________.  Therefore, the following generations have the _____________ traits.

Classification of Living Things

Today we use the system invented by the ______ naturalist ______________________

published in his ___________________, in _____

defined ____________ and introduced the system where each species receives a _______ and species _____________

grouped the organisms according to __________

Extinction __________________ of species

occurs at the _____________ of the last ________________ of that species.

The ____________________ extinction event was the Earth’s most severe extinction event, rendering extinct ____________ of all ________ species and _________ of _______________________________species.

Thylacine yawning

Quagga at London's Regent's Park Zoo, 1870 - last specimen in captivity died in 1883 at Artis Magistra Zoo in Amsterdam.

Thylacinus in Washington D.C. National Zoo, c. 1906 - It was 1936 when the last Thylacine took its final breath in Hobart Zoo, Tasmania

Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacine) photographed in a cage with a chicken 1936 - this marsupial carnivore