Physical SciencePhysical Science States of Matter States of Matter

Kinetic & Potential EnergyKinetic & Potential Energy

Energy Transfer (radiation, Energy Transfer (radiation, conduction & convection) conduction & convection)

66thth Grade GLCE’s Grade GLCE’s

66thth Grade Science Companion Document Grade Science Companion Document

P.EN.M.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy – Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances may have potential energy due to their relative positions in a system. Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all forms of potential energy.

P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer – Different forms of energy can be transferred from place to place by radiation, conduction, or convection. When energy is transferred from one system to another, the quantity of energy before the transfer is equal to the quantity of energy after the transfer.

P.CM.M.1 Changes in State – Matter changing from state to state can be explained by using models, which show that matter is composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes of state occur, the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in structure. When the changes in state occur, mass is conserved because matter is not created or destroyed.

P.EN.M.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy

Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances may have potential energy due to their relative positions in a system. Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all forms of potential energy.

P.EN.06.11 Identify kinetic or potential energy in

everyday situations (for example: stretched rubber band, objects in motion, ball on a hill, food energy).

P.EN.06.12 Demonstrate the transformation between potential and kinetic energy in simple mechanical systems (for example: roller coasters, pendulums).

P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer

Different forms of energy can be transferred from place to place by radiation, conduction, or convection. When energy is transferred from one system to another, the quantity of energy before the transfer is equal to the quantity of energy after the transfer.

P.EN.06.41 Explain how different forms of energy can be transferred from one place to another by radiation, conduction, or convection.

P.EN.06.42 Illustrate how energy can be transferred while no energy is lost or gained in the transfer.

P.CM.M.1 Changes in State Matter changing from state to state can be explained

by using models, which show that matter is composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes of state occur, the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in structure. When the changes in state occur, mass is conserved because matter is not created or destroyed.

P.CM.06.11 Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms

of arrangement and relative motion of the atoms or molecules.

P.CM.06.12 Explain how mass is conserved as a substance changes from state to state in a closed system.

Critically Important/State Critically Important/State Assessable Vocabulary Assessable Vocabulary

energy transfer heat transfer states of matter conduction convection radiation kinetic energy potential energy atoms molecules mass closed system transformation

Atoms & MoleculesAtoms & Molecules Atom Atom – Basic unit of matter consisting of a nucleus – Basic unit of matter consisting of a nucleus

containing protons and neutrons surrounded by containing protons and neutrons surrounded by circling electrons. circling electrons.

MoleculesMolecules – Atoms combine to make molecules. – Atoms combine to make molecules.

Element Element – Found on the Periodic Table. – Found on the Periodic Table. Combinations of elements are the building blocks Combinations of elements are the building blocks of all matter. of all matter.

CompoundsCompounds - Substances made up of two or more - Substances made up of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. A formula can atoms chemically bonded together. A formula can be written. be written.

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

BasicsBasics

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_intro.hhttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_intro.htmltml

http://http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodicwww.learner.org/interactives/periodic//

Changes in State (of Matter)Changes in State (of Matter)

There are 3 major states of matter, they There are 3 major states of matter, they are…are…SolidsSolidsLiquidsLiquidsGassesGasses

In all three states of matter, molecules are In all three states of matter, molecules are in constant motion. in constant motion.

SolidsSolids

In a In a solidsolid, relatively strong forces are , relatively strong forces are exerted between the molecules, so the exerted between the molecules, so the molecules of the material vibrate molecules of the material vibrate slowly. slowly.

Solids, therefore, have a definite shape Solids, therefore, have a definite shape and volume.and volume.

Phases of matter - solidsPhases of matter - solids

Definite shape Definite shape

Definite volumeDefinite volume

Rigid 3-D structureRigid 3-D structure

Atoms/molecules Atoms/molecules bonded in placebonded in place

LiquidsLiquids

When heat energy is added, the When heat energy is added, the molecules vibrate faster as they absorb molecules vibrate faster as they absorb the energy. the energy.

At the melting temperature of the At the melting temperature of the material, the molecules have gained material, the molecules have gained enough energy, so that they can slip enough energy, so that they can slip and slide past each other. and slide past each other.

The material is now a The material is now a liquidliquid..

Phases of matter - liquidsPhases of matter - liquids Definite volumeDefinite volume

Indefinite shapeIndefinite shape

GassesGasses

Liquids still have a definite volume, but Liquids still have a definite volume, but take the shape of their container. take the shape of their container.

When more heat energy is added, the When more heat energy is added, the motion of the molecules within the motion of the molecules within the liquid increases, until some of the liquid increases, until some of the molecules overcome the forces, molecules overcome the forces, becoming a gas. becoming a gas.

The liquid has now evaporated to a The liquid has now evaporated to a gasgas..

Phases of matter - gasesPhases of matter - gases

Indefinite volume and shapeIndefinite volume and shape Molecules mostly not in contact Molecules mostly not in contact Allowed motionsAllowed motions

Vibration and rotation (molecules with more than Vibration and rotation (molecules with more than one atom)one atom)

Translation on random, mostly free paths Translation on random, mostly free paths

The reverse is also trueThe reverse is also trueGas molecules are separated by Gas molecules are separated by

relatively great distances and move relatively great distances and move about freely. about freely.

Gases take the shape and volume of Gases take the shape and volume of their container. their container.

Conversely, when enough energy is Conversely, when enough energy is lost from gas molecules, they lost from gas molecules, they condensecondense into the liquid phase. into the liquid phase.

ActivityActivity

Arrange students from class as atoms in a Arrange students from class as atoms in a gas, then atoms in a liquid and finally gas, then atoms in a liquid and finally atoms in a solid. atoms in a solid.

Discuss the properties of each phase of Discuss the properties of each phase of matter. matter.

And yet another phase of matter…And yet another phase of matter…

Plasma is another phase of matter that is Plasma is another phase of matter that is sometimes recognized by scientists. sometimes recognized by scientists. It is a state above the gas phase. It is a state above the gas phase.

Click the link to see another explanation of the Click the link to see another explanation of the states of matter. states of matter. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.htmlhttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

more heat energy less heat energy

+E -E

warmer colder

GasGas (water vapor)

LiquidLiquid(water)(water)

SolidSolid(ice)(ice)

No definite shapeNo definite shape No definite shapeNo definite shape Definite shapeDefinite shape

No definite volumeNo definite volume Definite volumeDefinite volume Definite volumeDefinite volume

PlasmaPlasma BECBEC

Expand

Contract

Condensation Freezing

Evaporation Melting

States of Matter

Heat/Energy Heat/Energy TransferTransfer

United Streaming VideoUnited Streaming Video

Temperature Temperature

A measure of the internal A measure of the internal energy of an object, or energy of an object, or how how fastfast the molecules in a the molecules in a substance are moving. substance are moving.

Measured in Measured in degreesdegrees, using a , using a thermometer. thermometer.

Example: A flame is hotter Example: A flame is hotter than a radiator. than a radiator.

Movement of energy from 1 Movement of energy from 1 place to another. Flows from place to another. Flows from hot to cold only. hot to cold only.

Depends on the Depends on the number of number of moleculesmolecules in a substance. in a substance.

Measured in Measured in calories/Caloriescalories/Calories

**calorie calorie – amount of – amount of energy required to raise 1energy required to raise 1gg of of water 1degree Celsius.water 1degree Celsius.

**CalorieCalorie – amount of – amount of energy required to raise 1energy required to raise 1KgKg of water 1 degree Celsius. of water 1 degree Celsius.

Example: a radiator can heat Example: a radiator can heat a room more easily than a a room more easily than a candle because it contains candle because it contains more molecules. more molecules.

Heat Heat

Heat TransferHeat Transfer

Three mechanisms for heat transfer due to a Three mechanisms for heat transfer due to a temperature difference.temperature difference.

1.1. ConductionConduction

2.2. ConvectionConvection

3.3. Radiation Radiation

Natural flow is always from higher Natural flow is always from higher temperature regions to cooler ones. temperature regions to cooler ones.

We could pop popcorn by using each of the transfer methods.

(1) Pop popcorn in a pan on the stove – conduction

(2) Pop popcorn in a hot air popcorn popper – convection

(3) Pop popcorn in the microwave –

radiation.

3 Methods of Energy Transfer3 Methods of Energy Transfer

Three Methods of Three Methods of Heat/Energy TransferHeat/Energy Transfer

Heat always goes from hot to cold.Heat always goes from hot to cold. Heat is movement of energy from a warmer Heat is movement of energy from a warmer

object to a cooler object.object to a cooler object.

ConductionConduction What happens as a spoon What happens as a spoon

heats up in a pot of soup?heats up in a pot of soup? The heat is transported from The heat is transported from

the hot soup and the pot to the the hot soup and the pot to the particles in the spoon. particles in the spoon.

The particles near the bottom The particles near the bottom of the spoon vibrates faster as of the spoon vibrates faster as they are heated, so they bump they are heated, so they bump into other particles as they into other particles as they travel through the handle of travel through the handle of the spoon and pot.the spoon and pot.

Soon the handle will be too hot Soon the handle will be too hot to hold!to hold!

Usually associated with solids.Usually associated with solids.

Conductors vs InsulatorsConductors vs Insulators

ConductorConductor – Transfers energy easily. – Transfers energy easily. (example – metals)(example – metals)

Insulator Insulator – Does NOT transfer energy easily. – Does NOT transfer energy easily. (example – plastics, paper, glass) (example – plastics, paper, glass)

These terms are opposites. These terms are opposites.

ConvectionConvection

Conduction heats up the spoon, but how does the soup Conduction heats up the spoon, but how does the soup inside the pot heat up? Heat transfer involving the movement inside the pot heat up? Heat transfer involving the movement of of fluids- liquids and gases-fluids- liquids and gases- it is called convection. it is called convection.

During convection, heat particles of fluids begin to flow During convection, heat particles of fluids begin to flow transferring heat energy from one part of the fluid to another.transferring heat energy from one part of the fluid to another.

Convection and DensityConvection and Density

The warmer particles are The warmer particles are moving faster, they moving faster, they spread out more.spread out more.

So they are less dense So they are less dense and rise.and rise.

After giving their energy After giving their energy to the cooler fluid at the to the cooler fluid at the top, they are now cooler top, they are now cooler and more dense. More and more dense. More dense fluids sink.dense fluids sink.

Convection Currents DiagramConvection Currents Diagram

Convection CurrentsConvection Currents

The heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in The heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid’s density, and the force of gravity the fluid’s density, and the force of gravity combine to place the currents in motion. combine to place the currents in motion.

Convection currents continue as long as heat is Convection currents continue as long as heat is added. Without heat the currents will stop added. Without heat the currents will stop when all of the material has reached the same when all of the material has reached the same temperature. However, heat from the Earth’s temperature. However, heat from the Earth’s mantle and core causes the currents to form in mantle and core causes the currents to form in the asthenosphere.the asthenosphere.

Specific HeatSpecific Heat

What heats up faster the land or the What heats up faster the land or the ocean? ocean?

SimulationSimulation

Radiation Radiation

Heat transfer by radiation Heat transfer by radiation takes place with no direct takes place with no direct contact between a heat contact between a heat source of an object.source of an object.

Will transfer through the Will transfer through the vacuum of space. Matter is vacuum of space. Matter is not required.not required.

Radiation Radiation

Other familiar forms of Other familiar forms of radiation include the heat radiation include the heat you feel around a flame or you feel around a flame or open fire. Radiation also open fire. Radiation also enables sunlight to warm enables sunlight to warm Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.

3 Types of Heat Transfer3 Types of Heat Transfer

ConvectionConvection ConductionConduction RadiationRadiation

Fluids Fluids (liquids & (liquids &

gasses)gasses) Heat Heat transferred by transferred by current – heat current – heat rises /cool falls. rises /cool falls.

SolidsSolidsHeat Heat transferred from transferred from adjacent adjacent objects. objects.

No matter No matter required. required. Heat Heat transferred transferred through space. through space.

Potential and Kinetic EnergyPotential and Kinetic Energy

Kinetic & Potential EnergyKinetic & Potential Energy

Compare how a rubber ball, a ping-pong ball and a clay ball bounce when dropped from a high height.

How is all energy divided?How is all energy divided?

PotentialEnergy

KineticEnergy

All Energy

GravitationPotentialEnergy

ElasticPotentialEnergy

ChemicalPotentialEnergy

What is Potential Energy?What is Potential Energy?

o Energy that is Energy that is stored and waiting stored and waiting to be used laterto be used later

What is Gravitational Potential What is Gravitational Potential Energy?Energy?

o Potential energy Potential energy due to an object’s due to an object’s positionposition

o P.E. = mass xP.E. = mass x height x height x

gravitygravity

Don’t look down, Rover!

Good boy!

What is Elastic Potential What is Elastic Potential Energy?Energy?

o Potential energy due compression Potential energy due compression or expansion of an elastic object.or expansion of an elastic object.

Notice the ball compressingand expanding

What is Chemical Potential What is Chemical Potential Energy?Energy?

o Potential energy Potential energy stored within the stored within the chemical bonds chemical bonds of an objectof an object

What is Kinetic Energy?What is Kinetic Energy?

o Energy an object has Energy an object has due to its motiondue to its motion

o K.E. = .5(mass x K.E. = .5(mass x speedspeed22))