Physical Development: Pre-school Physical Development: Pre-school childrenchildren

These children are developing their gross motor skills (their ability to use their large muscles).

They are also developing their fine motor skills, such as learning how to tie their shoes.

They need materials that help them develop these critical skills—large paper, large crayons, building blocks, etc.

A word on “handedness”A word on “handedness”

About 90% of children prefer to use their right hand for writing and other high level skills.

About 10% of children prefer their left hand for fine motor tasks.

“Handedness” is genetic, not something that people choose. It is important to respect the child’s preference. Do not try to change a child’s “handedness.”

Handedness develops during the pre-school years…

Physical Development: the Physical Development: the elementary school yearselementary school years

Children continue to develop their gross and fine motor skills during the elementary years.

Girls will tend to be larger and more mature than boys at this age.

There may be very large differences in the rate of maturation among children of this age.

AdolescenceAdolescencePuberty—the beginning of sexual maturity.

Girls go through puberty, in general, earlier than boys.

The changes that adolescents go through affect their whole identity.

There are large differences in maturational rates of adolescents, yet this can strongly affect students: early maturing boys and late maturing girls face fewer social problems. Late maturing boys and early maturing girls have more potential difficulties.

Adolescents tend to focus on body image. In today’s culture, this can lead to eating disorders such as anorexia (self-starvation) and bulimia (binge eating).

The Adolescent BrainThe Adolescent Brain

Adolescents look like adults, but inside, they really are not.

Their brains are in the process of maturing, so they are able to do more than younger children, particularly when they are not in a stressful situation.

They tend to be emotionally intense and to need emotionally intense responses. They may have difficulty curbing their impulses (which can lead to risky behavior).

Adolescents and sleepAdolescents and sleep

Adolescents need about 9 hours of sleep a night but often have a hard time falling asleep early in the evening. This is especially a problem in districts where the high school day begins at 7:30 a.m.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Social development: the advances people make in their ability to interact and get along with others.

Peer relationships•Number of friends•Quality of friendships•Balance & harmony in peer interactions

Functioning in learning groupSuggesting different group rolesAccepting group roles offered by othersContributing ideas effectivelyProviding productive feedback to others in group

Social Problem SolvingIdentifying factors that impeded group progressOffering alternative plans of actionAccepting suggestions of others

Perspective TakingRecognizing that people have different perspectives on issuesAccepting different points of view

Assessing Social Development:

Promoting Social Development: Promoting Social Development: Instructional StrategiesInstructional Strategies

Model & instruct:Practice what you preach!

Establish rules:Be consistent!

Help students understand the rules!

Practice & give feedback

VocabularyVocabularyAutono-mous

morality

Collective self-

esteem

Crisis

Empathy

External morality

Identity

Internalization

Inter-personal harmony

stage

Law and order stage

Market exchange

stage

Moral dilemma

Personal develop-

ment

Perspective taking

Proactive aggression

Punish-ment-

obedience stage

Self-concept

Self-esteem

Self-worth

Social conventions

Social contract

stage

Social develop-

ment

Social problem solving

Universal principles

stage

Puberty

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia Psychosocial

Develop-mental crisis

Autonomy

Initiative

Industry

Identity achievement

Moratorium

Identity foreclosure

Identity diffusion

Integrity

Generativity

Bioecological model

Blended families

Parenting styles

Relational aggression

Overt aggression

Hostile aggression

Instrumental aggression

Nigrescence

Racial and ethnic pride

Theory of mind

Morality of cooperation

Moral realism

Distributive justice

Moral reasoning