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CHAPTER 7Physical Development of Infants
INFANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth refers to
changes in size such as weight or length.
Development refers to increases and changes in emotional, social, intellectual, and physical SKILLS.
INFANT PHYSICALDEVELOPMENT
PATTERNS
Head to footNear to far
Simple to complex
HEAD TO FOOT Movement of head starts prenatally. After birth, raise head to see objects. Then muscle control moves down to
arms and hands. Usually by age 1, baby’s legs and feet
have developed skills to begin walking.
NEAR TO FAR Development starts close to trunk (legs,
neck, arms, torso) of body and moves outward.
At first, babies wave arms when they see an object they want. Later they reach out and grasp object.
SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
Develop large muscles of the trunk first, then small muscles (like in the fingers).
Move from simple (rolling, walking, etc.) to complex (grasping and directing a crayon).
INFLUENCES ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Heredity (nature) Environment (nurture)
HEREDITY Definition: the physical makeup from the
parents.
Doesn’t mean person automatically inherits traits (Ex. Someone’s genes may give him the potential to be musically gifted but if never given opportunity to sing or play an instrument (i.e. nurture), the talent may never develop.
ENVIRONMENT
Includes influences such asNutritionAmount of stimulationHealthRelationships
NUTRITION
Affects physical G & D such as bone strength, brain development, and height
Not getting enough calories or necessary nutrients puts baby at risk for illness, delayed growth or even death.
STIMULATION
Critical to brain development. Need a world where all senses can be
used. Experiences should happen frequently and have variety.
Experiences are stored in the brain and connections are made (high chair = food)
Lack of stimulation can delay development in other areas.
Ex. Infants aren’t born with language skills. They must be exposed to language and encouraged to talk.
HEALTH
Healthy baby
eats well
Eating well
creates energy
Energy leads to different activities
Activities stimulate
brain, develop muscle
Activities cause hunger, require fuel from healthy
eating
RELATIONSHIPS Even babies can enjoy simple interactive play. Babies enjoy listening to music, clapping hands
together, hearing an adult sing nursery rhymes, etc.
Baby play promotes physical and brain development and social interaction.
Nurtures baby’s sense of security and well-being.
GROWTH DURING THE 1ST YEAR
Section 7-1 cont’d
QUICK FACTS Very few babies match the average
measurements on growth charts because children grow at individual rates.
WEIGHT AND LENGTH Weight gain is 1of the best signs of good
health in newborns. Newborns lose about 10% of birth
weight in first five days of life. Babies triple weight from birth to 1. Length increases 50%. Boys = weight slightly more and are
slightly longer than girls during babyhood.
Heredity more strongly influences height than weight.
BODY SHAPE Newborns – skinny arms and legs,
abdomen large, head may be elongated from trip through birth canal
Umbilical cord usually falls off within 3 weeks.
A baby’s head grows rapidly within the first year to accommodate the growing brain.
VISION First week – blurry Week 2 to one month
– 7-10 inches and 2 dimensional (like a picture), eyes may appear crossed at times (disappears after abt 4 months)
Month 1- 6 months – 3 feet and demonstrate depth perception (3D), eye muscles strengthen
6 months plus – clarity and sharpness of an adult
Babies prefer high contrast patterns
HEARING Develops before
birth By age 7 months,
babies recognize parents by voice
Language dev. begins by hearing, imitating, then understanding.
Prematurity or frequent ear infections can delay language acquisition
TOUCH Meeting
children’s needs with a gentle touch builds trust.
In the first year, babies begin to notice different textures (soft blanket, father’s scratchy beard, etc.)
SMELL AND TASTE Smell develops
after birth. Within 10 days of
birth, they can distinguish the smell of their mother from other people.
By 2 weeks, babies can distinguish some tastes.
Babies put things in their mouths as a way of learning about their world.
VOICE
Voice changes as lungs mature and throat muscles, lips, teeth, and vocal cords grow.
By age 1, most babies can imitate speech sounds and understand simple phrases.
MOTOR SKILLS
By 9 months, many babies are crawling. Between 10 and 12 months, many babies are walking a few steps alone.
At 7 mos, babies “rake” at objects. Between 9 and 12 months, they fine-tune their ability to self-feed, drink from a cup, and pick up objects with thumb and forefinger.
Gross motor skills Involve large muscles
like legs, shoulders
Fine motor skills Involves smaller
muscles like fingers
REFLEXES
The sucking reflex – stimulated when something, such as a bottle, is put in the baby’s mouth.
The rooting reflex - automatically turn and make sucking (rooting) motions with the mouth when the cheek/lip is touched. The rooting reflex ensures successful breastfeeding.
– instinctive, automatic responses, many of which help them survive the first several weeks of life.
HAND-EYE COORDINATION
Certain toys can help develop hand-eye coordination.
Essential for many tasks in life Eating Catching a ball Coloring pictures Tying shoes
By 1 year, most babies can pick up an object and put it in another place.
-Ability to move hands and fingers precisely in relation to what is seen
Section 7-2
Infant Care Skills
Handling Babies Newborn’s neck
muscles aren’t strong enough to support the head.
By 4 months, babies can hold their heads up without support.
Photo from Dipity.com
Shaken Baby Syndrome Can lead to mental
retardation, cerebral palsy, blindness, broken bones, neck injuries, or even death.
Also called Abusive Head Trauma
Pitches the infant's brain back and forth within the skull
Ruptures blood vessels and nerves throughout the brain and tears the brain tissue.
brain may strike the inside of the skull, causing bruising and bleeding to the brain.
Sleep Essential for growth
and development. Babies, children and
teens – sleep coincides with release of chemicals that contribute to growth.
Avoid pillows, fluffy blankets, and toys in bed with sleeping baby.
Sleep cont’d Babies should
be face up for safety.
Consistent bed time with a routine.
Experts recommend go to a crying baby and comfort without picking up.
Sleep Patterns Newborns =16 hours
(includes naps) 3 month olds = 14-15
hrs (longer sleeping at night plus naps)
1 year = 12 hrs (9-10 hrs of this at night)
Feeding Babies Year 1- baby’s basic source of nutrition
is breast milk or formula. Around 6 mos., introduce solid foods
such as watery cereal, strained fruits, vegetables, and meats.
8 mos = ½ formula/bm and ½ solid food 1 year = most nutrition from solid food Under 1 yr = no cow’s milk/hard to
digest Fruit JUICE promotes tooth decay/may
curb appetite…wait to 6 mos. and limit.
Breast vs. bottle feeding Breast
Contains all nutrients
Natural antibodies Germ free/easy
digest Get fewer ear and
respiratory infections, allergies
Less likely to develop asthma
Bottle Specially made to
meet needs Cow’s milk or soy convenient
Feeding Burping Doctors recommend
newborns be fed as much and as often as they want
Breast fed = 8-12x a day
Bottle = every 3-4 hrs
Typically at 12 lbs, babies no longer need a late night feeding because stomachs hold more
Try to burp twice Spit up is common
from time to time
WEANING Will show signs when ready Typically occurs between 9-12 mos. Signs
Playing while feeding Pushing away Showing a preference from eating from
the spoon
Solid foods Introduce each new food 4 days apart.
Makes it easier to identify trouble foods. 8-10 months = introduce finger foods
such as dry toast, cereal, small pieces of chicken, pasta, banana
Chapter 7
Section 3Infant Health and Wellness
Objectives TLW
Demonstrate how to bathe a babyDemonstrate how to diaper a babyDescribe the signs of teethingDescribe at least 5 important ways to keep
baby safe at home.Explain why checkups and immunizations
are important.
Bathing a Baby… Newborns have sponge baths until navel
heals. Portable baby tubs, large dishpans, or
sinks are great alternatives to large tubs.
By ages 2 to 3 months, babies should have baths 2-3 times a week.
Cradle cap – yellow, crusty patches on the scalp – can be treated by washing the baby’s scalp daily with mild shampoo. Do not use baby oil or shampoo excessively or it may become worse.
Diapering… Very young babies may need 12-15
diaper changes daily. Diaper rash – rough, irritated skin
caused by bacteria in the diaper.Severe- treat with medicated creamsMild – change diaper more frequently &
clean diaper areas wellAllow area to air out. No waterproof pants.
Diaper types… Disposable
Convenient, more sanitary, keep drierSensitivity, environmental waste
ClothEconomical, environmental friendlyTime-consuming
Diapering Steps… Teeth… Remove diaper and
clean the baby with wipes/washcloths.
Hold baby’s ankles together and slide new diaper underneath.
Dispose of used supplies.
Signs of teething With first teeth, wipe
with washcloth or baby’s toothbrush
At 6 mos., if local drinking water doesn’t contain fluoride, ask doctor about supplement.
Keeping Baby Safe… Keep floors clear of small objects. Keep all plastic bags away from infants. Do not leave babies alone in or near
water. Keep all poisons out of reach of children. Use safety covers on electrical outlets. Never leave vulnerable to animals, pets. Make sure sleepwear is flame retardant.
Regular Checkups… Pediatricians will do first checkup before
you leave hospital. Follow up visit within the next two
weeks. Visits at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months to
track baby’s growth and development. Immunizations are required for daycare
and school. Immunization causes the body to create
antibodies that will be present if the baby is exposed to a sickness. This will enable baby to fight off or get a milder case of the sickness.
Signs of possible illness… Irritability Lack of energy Constipation/diarrhea Nasal congestion Persistent coughing Rashes Vomiting Fever