Taxonomy Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata- amphioxus
or lancelet Subphylum Urochordata- tunicates or sea squirts
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha- jawless and cartilaginous,
hagfish and lamprey Class Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous, sharks and
rays Class Osteichthyes- bony fish Class Amphibia- cecilians,
salamanders, frogs, toads Class Reptilia- snakes, lizards, turtles,
tortoises, alligators, crocodiles, tuataras Class Aves- birds Class
Mammalia- dogs, cats, lions, horses, cows, bears, giraffes,
elephants, monkeys, kangaroos, humans, platypus, mice, beavers,
seals, sea lions, walruses, whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees,
dugongs, anteaters, armadillos, sloths, bats, shrews, moles,
hedgehogs Fish Cold Blooded (Ectotherm) Warm Blooded
(Endotherm)
Slide 3
18 ft. Oarfish
Slide 4
Characteristics of Chordates Dorsal notochord ~ rod of tough,
flexible tissue running the length of the animals body and serving
as its primary support. *In most chordates, notochord is replaced
by vertebrae before birth or hatching. Vertebrae ~ composed of
either a tough flexible material (cartilage) or bone Vertebral
column ~ all the vertebrae together.
Slide 5
Characteristics of Chordates Dorsal tubular nerve cord ~
located dorsal to the notochord or vert. column. The nerve cord and
brain, which is attached to the anterior end of the cord, compose
the main part of the nervous system. *the vertebrae may encase the
nerve cord to protect it.
Slide 6
Characteristics of Chordates Pharyngeal pouches ~ are present
during embryonic development. Are folds of skin along the neck. In
aquatic organisms openings develop at the pouches. Allow water flow
over gills. Non aquatic organisms ~ pouches develop into structures
located in the lower face, neck and upper chest region.
Slide 7
Subphylums Cephalochordata ~ Aquatic, have notochords entire
lives. Amphioxus or lancelet, typical cephalochordate, eel-like
creature, about 2 inches long.
Slide 8
Subphylums Urochordata ~ have notochords in larval stage.
Tunicates or sea squirts ~ typical urochordate, pump water through
small pores on their bodies. Tadpoles of these animals have all
three of the characteristics of chordates, but lose all but
pharyngeal slits as adults.
Slide 9
Subphylums Vertebrata ~ contains animals with backbones.
Vertebrates live in virtually every habitat from the ocean floor to
the upper fringes of the atmosphere. 95% of Chordates are
Vertebrates. Great variety within subphylum.
Slide 10
Slide 11
Vertebrata Classes Seven classes of Subphylum Vertebrata: First
five are Ectothermic ~ cold-blooded, does not have the ability to
generate its own body heat or maintain a constant body temp. above
its surroundings. Depends on heat from other sources to stay alive:
1.Agnatha ~ jawless fish, lack bone or paired fins. Examples are
lamprey and hagfish 2.Chondrichthyes ~ cartilaginous skeleton,
paired fins. Examples are sharks, skates and rays. 3.Osteichthyes ~
fish with bony skeleton. Examples are bass, perch, trout.
4.Amphibia ~ lay eggs in water, have aquatic larval stage. Examples
are frogs, toads and salamanders. 5.Reptilia ~ dry scaly skin,
amniotic egg, internal fertilization. Examples are turtles, snakes
and alligators.
Slide 12
Vertebrate Classes Endothermic ~ warm-blooded, generate their
own body hear to maintain body temp. within a narrow range. May
burn 30 times as much energy as an ectothermic animal of the same
weight. 6.Aves ~ hollow bones, flying feathers. Examples are any
bird, flamingo, penguin, robin, etc. 7.Mammalia ~ hair, nurse young
with milk. Examples are dogs lions and humans.
Slide 13
Support and Movement Endoskeleton ~ internal skeleton that
vertebrates have. Functions/Characteristics: surround, protect and
support delicate organs Movement occurs due to muscles that cover
bones. Permits greater freedom of movement than an exoskeleton Much
lighter than an exoskeleton Two divisions of skeleton Axial ~
consists of vertebral column, skull, and ribs Appendicular ~
composed of girdles and limb bones Two girdles A. Pectoral ~ the
anterior region B. Pelvic ~ posterior
Slide 14
Circulation and Excretion Vertebrates have a closed circulatory
system, which means the blood stays within the blood vessels during
its journey through the body. Contains : 1.Heart, which can have
2-4 chambers 2.Blood vessels Three types: A. Arteries ~ carry blood
away from the heart to body tissues. Highly oxygenated. B.
Capillaries - terminal branches of the arteries. Thin- walled
vessels that pass through body tissues, that supply tissues with
nutrients and oxygen and remove wastes and carbon dioxide from
tissues. C. Veins ~ begin in capillaries and carry blood from body
tissues back to the heart. Very low in oxygen, high in wastes.
Hemoglobin ~ red, iron containing, oxygen-carrying pigment present
in red blood cells. Kidneys ~ filter out wastes carried by the
blood stream.
Slide 15
Nutrition Feeding methods of vertebrates: 1.Carnivorous ~
animals feed upon other animals. Have sharp teeth, claws or other
specialized structures to help with process. 2.Herbivorous ~
animals eat plants. Have grinding teeth to breakdown cellulose of
plants, and often bacteria in digestive tract to aid process.
3.Omnivorous ~ eat both plants and animals. Have a variety of teeth
to aid in eating both. Alimentary canal ~ composed of an esophagus,
stomach and intestines. With the liver, gallbladder and pancreas as
accessory organs. Composes the digestive system of
vertebrates.
Slide 16
Reproduction In most vertebrates, the sexes are separate. Males
~ have paired testes that produce sperm Females ~ have paired
ovaries that produce eggs. Methods of fertilization 1.External ~
male fertilizes the eggs by releasing sperm onto them after the
female lays them. Takes place in water, and eggs have no shell.
2.Internal ~ male places the sperm inside the females body where
the eggs are fertilized. Three basic methods of embryo development:
1. Oviparous ~ produce offspring from eggs that hatch outside the
body. 2.Viviparous ~ produce live offspring that have been nurtured
to birth inside the uterus or similar structure in the mother.
3.Ovoviviparous ~ organisms produce live offspring that were not
nurtured through a direct connection to the mother. The fertilized
egg often with a shell, remain in the mothers body and hatch there.
Benefit for egg because of the more constant body temperature of
the mom.
Slide 17
Nervous System Nervous system contains: 1.Brain 2.Spinal cord
3.Cranial nerves (branch from the brain) 4.Spinal nerves (branch
from the spinal cord) 5.Sensory organs( eyes, ears, taste buds)
Divisions of the Five major lobes of the brain, from anterior to
posterior: 1.Olfactory lobes ~ receive impulses from the smell
receptors of the nostrils 2.Cerebrum ~ controls voluntary muscle
activity 3.Optic lobes ~ Receives impulses from the eyes
4.Cerebellum ~ coordinates muscle activity and some involuntary
activities 5.Medulla oblongata ~ transports impulses to and from
the spinal cord, including some reflexes.
Slide 18
Vertebrate Behavior Behavior ~ the way an animal responds to
its environment. Three types of vertebrate behavior: 1.Inborn
behavior (innate behavior) ~ behavior that the organism has from
birth and does not need to develop. A.Reflex behavior ~ automatic,
involuntary response to a stimulus. Examples: blinking and
recoiling from pain B.Instinct behavior ~ elaborate behaviors,
apparently the result of a stimulus or series of stimuli. Examples:
salmon returning to birthplace, mating rituals, self-preservation
2.Conditioned behavior (learned behavior) ~ response learned by
experience. Examples: spraying by skunk, eating something bitter or
toxic, training. Modeling ~ learning important behaviors by
watching others of their species. 3. Intelligent behavior ~ the
ability to use knowledge to manipulate the environment or the
ability to communicate, which can be instinctive or learned.
Examples: chimps using stones to crack open nuts, twigs to fish out
termite mounds, woodpecker finch using cactus spine to dig out
grubs.
